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[[File:Diego de Alvear y Ponce de León.jpg|thumb|Diego de Alvear y Ponce de León]]
'''Diego de Alvear y Ponce de León''' (1749–1830) was a Spanish military commander and [[politician]].
A grandson of the founder of the "Alvear" wine company of [[Montilla]], he was the father of the Argentine politician [[Carlos María de Alvear]], grandfather of another Argentine politician, [[Torcuato de Alvear]], and great-grandfather of [[Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear]], the president of Argentina between 1922 and 1928.
He took the name of his grandfather, Diego de Alvear y Escalera, the founder of Alvear. Ponce de León belonged, therefore, to an important family of wine growers in [[Andalusia]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://elmundovino.elmundo.es/elmundovino/des_bodega.html?param=18 elmundo.es]</ref>
==Political and military career in the colonies==
[[File:Virreinato.png|thumb|200px|Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1783. Jurisdiction over western Patagonia to the Magellan strait and the coast of Atacama in the Pacific, considered by the Chilean historians as belonging to the Capitanía General de Chile]]
He studied in [[Jesuit]] schools, first in Montilla and later at Granada, until the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. After entering the [[Spanish navy]] as [[midshipman]] (1770), he arrived at the [[Rio de la Plata]] in 1774 and fought in the "Sacramento War" (also known as "Ceballos Expedition" 1776-1777).<ref>{{in lang|es}}  [http://www.autores.org.ar/appardella/Spanish/clarin/Clasan.htm Autores.org]</ref> Its name derives from a colonial conflict between Spain and [[Portugal]] for control of [[Colonia del Sacramento]]<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.viajeros.com/diario-3272.html viajeros.com]</ref> in what today is [[Uruguay]], where the Spanish forces were commanded by [[Pedro de Cevallos]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.ingenierosdelrey.com/guerras/1776_sacramento/1776_sacramento.htm 1776 ingenierosdelrey.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927202805/http://www.ingenierosdelrey.com/guerras/1776_sacramento/1776_sacramento.htm |date=2008-09-27 }}</ref> After a favorable resolution to Spanish interests, [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] created the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] and named general [[Pedro de Cevallos]] as [[viceroy]].
It was on this new viceroyalty where Diego de Alvear y Ponce de León lived for almost thirty years. He continued his ascending military career reaching the rank of general and in 1781 wed María Balbastro, with whom he had nine children.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.autores.org.ar/appardella/Spanish/clarin/Clasan.htm autores.org]</ref>
Among the works during this stage in his life, he worked on the delineation of the border between Spanish and Portuguese territories. It was an endeavor started by king Charles III, where political objectives and military ideals where mixed. After the aforementioned colonial conflict, both kingdoms decided to clearly mark the borders of their colonial possessions. Charles III ordered that to accomplish this task, they had to divide the border in five sections to be studied separately. Diego de Alvear received command of the task for one of these sections to be studied, which encompassed the areas around the [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]] rivers. Here he spent 18 years (1782–1800) doing [[Topography]] work, [[Botany|botanic]] studies and preparing reports on the [[Tupi people|Tupi]] and [[Guarani people|Guarani]] peoples.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/78033959871203807132457/p0000001.htm cervantesvirtual.com]</ref>
==Battle of Cabo Santa María==
[[File:Francis Sartorius - Four frigates capturing Spanish treasure ships, 5 October 1804.jpg|thumb|300px|[[José de Bustamante y Guerra|Bustamante]]'s flotilla being intercepted by four British frigates commanded by Moore; ''Amphion'' reaches the ''Mercedes'' (by Francis Sartorius)]]
On August 7, 1804 Diego de Alvear, already a general, embarked in [[Montevideo]] en route to Spain in the [[frigate]] "Mercedes" carrying with him the riches accumulated after those many years of service in the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]] area, and also his wife and children. The [[flotilla]], headed for [[Cádiz]], was composed of four frigates commanded by [[José de Bustamante y Guerra]].
On October 5, 1804, near the Portuguese coast of [[Algarve]], the Spanish ships were met by a [[Royal Navy]] flotilla, with the British commander demanding that the Spanish flotilla proceed to a British-controlled port for inspection. Diego Alvear and his son [[Carlos María de Alvear|Carlos María]] were called to the flagship ''Medea'', to serve as interpreters as they spoke English. The encounter soon turned into [[Action of 5 October 1804|a battle]], and a Royal Navy [[carronade]] soon hit the "Mercedes", which sank, carrying with her Don Diego's riches and the life of his wife and children. The only surviving son was Carlos María, who was with him. Two months later, in December 1804, Spain declared war on Great Britain.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.abc.es/20080511/cultura-arqueologia/tragedia-mercedes_200805110252.html abc.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514164229/http://www.abc.es/20080511/cultura-arqueologia/tragedia-mercedes_200805110252.html |date=2008-05-14 }}</ref>
==Second marriage and return to Spain==
After the sinking of the ''Mercedes'', the flotilla was captured and sailed to [[England]] where Diego de Alvear was made prisoner, but with honours and privileges. The tragic family loss was not lost on the British to the point that the British government decided to reimburse don Diego part of his economic losses due to the sinking of the ''Mercedes''.
During his captivity he met, going to mass, the young Irish Luisa Ward, whom he would later marry and have ten children. In December 1805 he returned to Spain and in 1806 arrived in Madrid. As said Diego de Alvear married Luisa on January 20, 1807, in Montilla ([[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], Spain).
==Spanish War of Independence and defense of Cádiz==
In August 1807, Alvear was put in charge of the artillery units defending the city of [[Cádiz]], where he would distinguish himself defending the city from the French troops, who had invaded Spain in 1808.
Diego de Alvear organized the city's defenses, having been one of his first successes to get the French Rosilly flotilla, interned in Cádiz Bay until then (as until a month and a half before France had been an ally) surrender in June 1808. Another important task was the reorganization of Cádiz's militias, a corps of two thousand volunteers called the "Distinguished Volunteers of Cádiz".
In March 1810, Diego de Alvear was named military governor of the Isle of León (today [[San Fernando, Cádiz|San Fernando]]) and his success at the defense of Cádiz would get him the ''Gran Cruz de Hermenegildo'' decoration. The writer [[José de Espronceda]] would later dedicate a poem to him: "To Don Diego de Alvear".
==Ferdinand VII reign: fight between liberals and absolutists==
After the [[Peninsular War|War of Independence]], Diego de Alvear requested permission to travel to England. The request was accepted and he lived in Great Britain between 1814 and 1817. Upon his return in 1817, he lived as a recluse in Montilla in the family's wine growing business, even though the political events of the country would lead him to actively participate once more. In 1820 Spain instituted the "[[Trienio Liberal]]" and in 1821 a series of movements by military forces quartered in Córdoba would try to reinstate absolutist power. Diego de Alvear was opposed to this and organized a volunteer militia in Montilla, resisting the absolutist rebels until the arrival of reinforcements which ended the movement. As an award for his actions, he was named in 1822 Commander of the Montilla Militia and in 1823 he returned to Cádiz.
The restoration of absolutism in 1823 forced him to return to Montilla, be detained and released several times and caused a serious economic loss.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.1808-1814.org/frames/frambios.html 1808-1814.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925175605/http://www.1808-1814.org/frames/frambios.html |date=2008-09-25 }}</ref> He also lost, and had reinstated his titles and honours in several occasions, at the whim of the crown, until 1829 when he finally recuperates all his titles and honors. He died in Madrid, on January 15, 1830.
==A man of culture==
Don Diego spoke several languages: Spanish, Latin, English, French, Italian, Portuguese and some [[Old Tupi language|Tupí]] and [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]], having learned these two latter ones during his geographic work in the colonial sector he commanded. He also had great mathematical and astronomical knowledge, connected with his military activities in the navy and army artillery and the work he did delimiting the colonial possession borders between Spain and Portugal in the River Plate area.
He wrote several books, including "Descripción de Buenos Aires" (''Descriptions of Buenos Aires'') and "Demarcación de los territorios de España y Portugal" (''demarcation between the territories of Spain and Portugal'').
==Modern times: the finding of the wreck of the ''Mercedes''==
The wreck of the frigate ''Mercedes'', whose sinking caused the death of Alvear's first wife and his children, was recently found and salvaged by the treasure hunter company [[Odyssey Marine Exploration]] between March and May 2007. This company, using [[Gibraltar]] as base, has recovered enormous quantities of silver and gold coins, plus cannon and copper ingots from the wreck. Most of these were sent to the United States by cargo plane from Gibraltar.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/learn_english/newsid_7392000/7392930.stm BBC]</ref> The Spanish government has sued the company on this issue.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080925175605/http://www.1808-1814.org/frames/frambios.html Diego de Alvear biography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514164229/http://www.abc.es/20080511/cultura-arqueologia/tragedia-mercedes_200805110252.html El expolio de "Odissey: La tragedia de la "Mercedes"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514144203/http://www.abc.es/20080511/cultura-arqueologia/preguntas-respuesta_200805110254.html El expolio de "Odissey": Preguntas sin respuestas]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704101224/http://www.montillaonline.com/personajesilustres/Ficheros/diego_de_alvear.htm Diego de Alvear data]
*[http://elmundovino.elmundo.es/elmundovino/des_bodega.html?param=18 Alvear wineries foundation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080510234939/http://www.alvear.es/historia/historia.htm Alvear wineries]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080927202805/http://www.ingenierosdelrey.com/guerras/1776_sacramento/1776_sacramento.htm La guerra de Sacramento Sacramento War]
*[http://www.viajeros.com/diario-3272.html viajeros.com]
*[http://cecivicos.blogia.com/2006/110601-pedido-de-adn.php cecivicos]
*[http://www.mapuche.info/mapuint/lapolla070102.html El origen mestizo del General San Martín]
*[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/78033959871203807132457/p0000001.htm Diego de Alvear biography]
==Bibliography==
*Alvear y Ward, Sabina. "Historia de Don Diego de Alvear y Ponce de León", Madrid 1891, cit. en Marrast, R. (ed.) "José de Espronceda.Poesía lírica y fragmentos épicos", ed. Castalia, 1979. {{ISBN|84-7039-097-X}}, págs. 146-147.
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[[Category:Spanish politicians]]
[[Category:1749 births]]
[[Category:1830 deaths]]
[[Category:Spanish military officers]]
[[Category:People from Campiña Sur (Córdoba)]]
[[Category:18th-century Spanish military personnel]]