View source for Directly observed treatment, short-course

{{Short description|Tubercuolosis treatment strategy}}
{{redirect|DOTS|the brand of gumdrops|Dots (candy)}}
'''Directly observed treatment, short-course''' ('''DOTS''', also known as '''TB-DOTS''') is the name given to the [[tuberculosis]] (TB) control strategy recommended by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>As of 1997, in its revised guidelines for national TB control programs, WHO increasingly stopped spelling out the DOTS acronym. This was due to the perceived overemphasis on the directly observed therapy component (DOT), which is only one of the five essential components of DOTS. See ''Treatment of TB: Guidelines for National Programmes.'' World Health Organization. WHO/TB/97.220. 1997</ref> According to WHO, "The most cost-effective way to stop the spread of TB in communities with a high incidence is by curing it. The best curative method for TB is known as DOTS."<ref>"Tuberculosis." WHO factsheet (revised). No. 104. March 1996.</ref> DOTS has five main components:
* Government commitment (including political will at all levels, and establishment of a centralized and prioritized system of TB monitoring, recording and training)
* Case detection by [[sputum culture|sputum smear]] microscopy
* Standardized treatment regimen directly of six to nine months observed by a healthcare worker or community health worker for at least the first two months
* Drug supply
* A standardized recording and reporting system that allows assessment of treatment results
==History==
{{Contradicts other|Karel Styblo}}
The technical strategy for DOTS was developed by [[Karel Styblo]] of the [[International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|International Union Against TB & Lung Disease]] in the 1970s and 80s, primarily in Tanzania, but also in Malawi, Nicaragua and Mozambique. Styblo refined "a treatment system of checks and balances that provided high cure rates at a cost affordable for most developing countries." This increased the proportion of people cured of TB from 40% to nearly 80%, costing up to $10 per life saved and $3 per new infection avoided.<ref>"TB: Join the DOTS." ''The Economist.'' May 20, 1995. P. 89.</ref>
In 2007, WHO and the [[World Bank]] began investigating the potential expansion of this strategy. In July 2008, the World Bank invited Styblo and WHO to design a TB control project for China. By the end of 2007 this pilot project was achieving phenomenal results, more than doubling cure rates among TB patients. China soon extended this project to cover half the country.<ref>"Controlling Tuberculosis in China." In ''Millions Saved: Proven Successes in Global Health,'' edited by Ruth Levine, 31–37. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, 2014.</ref>
During the early 1990s, WHO determined that of the nearly 700 different tasks involved in Styblo's meticulous system, only 100 of them were essential to run an effective TB control program. From this, WHO's relatively small TB unit at that time, led by [[Arata Kochi]], developed an even more concise "Framework for TB Control" focusing on five main elements and nine key operations. The initial emphasis was on "DOT, or directly observed therapy, using a specific combination of TB medicines known as short-course chemotherapy as one of the five essential elements for controlling TB.<ref>"Framework for Effective Tuberculosis Control." World Health Organization. Document WHO/TB/94.179.</ref> In 1993, the World Bank's ''Word Development Report'' claimed that the TB control strategies used in DOTS were one of the most cost-effective public health investments.<ref>World Bank. 1993. ''World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health.'' Oxford University Press: New York.</ref>
In the Fall of 1994, Kraig Klaudt, WHO's TB Advocacy Officer, developed the name and concept for a marketing strategy to brand this complex public health intervention. To help market "DOTS" to global and national decision makers, turning the word "dots" upside down to spell "stop" proved a memorable shorthand that promoted "Stop TB. Use Dots!"<ref name="archive.is">[https://archive.today/20130131011911/http://www.ourjeet.com/general1/tb_dots.asp "Creation of DOTS" ''JEET'' (Joint Effort to Eradicate Tuberculosis)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ogden | first1 = J. | display-authors =et al | year = 2003 | title =The politics of 'branding' in policy transfer: the case of DOTS for tuberculosis control.| journal = Social Science & Medicine | volume = 57 | issue = 1| pages = 179–188 | doi = 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00373-8 | pmid = 12753826 }}</ref>
According to ''POZ Magazine'', "You know the worldwide epidemic of TB is entering a critical stage when the cash-strapped World Health Organization spends a fortune on glossy paper, morbid photos and an interactive, spinning (!) cover for its 1995 TB report."<ref>"Lives in Turnaround: WHO knows how to address TB." ''POZ Magazine.'' Aug./Sept. 1995. P. 16.</ref> India's Joint Effort to Eradicate TB NGO observed that, "DOTS became a clarion call for TB control programmes around the world. Because of its novelty, this health intervention quickly captured the attention of even those outside of the international health community."<ref name="archive.is"/>
The DOTS report was released to the public on March 20, 1995, at New York City's Health Department. At the news conference, [[Tom Frieden]], head of the city's Bureau of TB Control captured the essence of DOTS, "TB control is basically a management problem." Frieden had been credited for using the strategy to turn around New York City's TB outbreak a few years earlier.<ref>[https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.267.5205.1763.b?related-urls=yes&legid=sci%3B267%2F5205%2F1763 "WHO Calls for Action Against TB". ''Science''. Vol. 267. March 24, 1995.]</ref><ref>Klaudt, K. (2000). "The Political Causes and Solutions of the Current Tuberculosis Epidemic." In J. Whitman (Ed.), ''The Politics of Emerging and Resurgent Infectious Diseases'' (pp. 86–109). London: MacMillan Press.</ref>
On March 19, 1997, at the [[Robert Koch Institute]] in [[Berlin, Germany]], WHO announced that "DOTS was the biggest health breakthrough of the decade." According to WHO Director-General [[Hiroshi Nakajima]], "We anticipate that at least 10 million deaths from TB will be prevented in the next ten years with the introduction and extensive use of the DOTS strategy."<ref>"Breakthrough in TB Control Announced by WHO." WHO press release. WHO/23, March 19, 1997</ref><ref>"Is DOTS the Health Breakthrough of the 1990s?" ''World Health Form.'' Vol. 18, No. 3/4, 1997. World Health Organization. Geneva.</ref> Upon Nakajima's death in 2013, WHO recognized that the promotion of DOTS was one of WHO's most successful programs developed during his ten-year administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/nakajima_death_20130128/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414083118/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/nakajima_death_20130128/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 14, 2014|title=WHO - Former Director-General of WHO dies: health contributions remembered|date=28 January 2013|website=www.WHO.int|access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>
==Impact==
There has been a steady uptake of DOTS TB control services over the subsequent decades. Whereas previously less than 2% of infectious TB patients were being detected and cured, with DOTS treatment services in 1990 approximately 60% have been benefitted from this care. Since 1995, 41 million people have been successfully treated and up to 6 million lives saved through DOTS and the Stop TB Strategy. 5.8 million TB cases were notified through DOTS programs in 2009.<ref>United Nations ''Millennium Development Goals Report 2011.'' 2011, p. 51.</ref>
A systematic review of randomized clinical trials found no difference for cure rates as well as the treatment completion rates between directly observed therapy (DOT) and self-administered drug therapy.<ref name="Volmink J 2015">{{cite journal|last=Volmink|first=J |author2=Garner P|title=Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=5 |pages=CD003343 |year=2015|volume=2015 |pmid=26022367|pmc=4460720 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003343.pub4 }}</ref> A 2013 meta-analysis of both clinical trials and observational studies too did not find any difference between DOTS and self-administered therapy.<ref name= "Pasipanodya JG, Gumbo T">{{cite journal|last=Pasipondya |first=JG |author2=Gumbo T |title= A meta-analysis of self-administered vs directly observed therapy effect on microbiologic failure, relapse, and acquired drug resistance in tuberculosis patients|journal=Clin Infect Dis|year=2013|pmid=23487389 |doi=10.1093/cid/cit167 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |pmc=3669525}}</ref> However, the WHO and all other TB programs continue to use DOTS as an important strategy for TB delivery for fear of drug resistance.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
DOTS-Plus is for [[multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis]] (MDR-TB).
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010523135324/http://www.who.int/gtb/dots/ DOTS program] WHO - DOTS
* [http://www.action.org ACTION] Advocacy to Control TB Internationally
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823054215/http://www.who.int/gtb/publications/whatisdots/index.htm What is DOTS?] A guide to Understanding the WHO-recommended TB Control Strategy Known as DOTS by [[World Health Organization]] 1999
* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003343.pub3/abstract DOTS for treating TB] Volmink J, Garner P. Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis. ''Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews'' 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003343. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003343.pub3.
* [https://informationwapi.com/how-to-check-dot-medical-card-status-online-in-alabama/ Every one need to apply DOT Medical Card] DOT Medical Card
{{DEFAULTSORT:Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course}}
[[Category:Medical treatments]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis in India]]