View source for Dog food

{{short description|Food intended for consumption by dogs usually made from meat}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{about|food that is produced to feed dogs|the human consumption of dog flesh and parts|Dog meat|other uses}}
{{Globalize|1=article|2=United States|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Dog food in a bowl.jpg|thumb|Dry dog food in a bowl]]
<!--In various countries, the semantics of the words "food" and "meat" are not entirely clear-cut, and a person from a non-English(any other language) speaking country may be looking for "canine meat" rather than "dog food". This is especially the case in some South East Asian countries; hence there is always the possibility for confusion between the two topics.-->
'''Dog food''' is specifically formulated food intended for consumption by [[dog]]s and other related canines. Dogs are considered to be [[omnivore]]s with a [[Carnivore|carnivorous]] bias. They have the sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances, yet also have ten genes that are responsible for [[starch]] and [[glucose]] digestion, as well as the ability to produce [[amylase]], an enzyme that functions to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars – something that [[obligate carnivores]] like cats lack.<ref name=axelssonetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Axelsson | first1 = E. | last2 = Ratnakumar | first2 = A. | last3 = Arendt | first3 = M.L. | last4 = Maqbool | first4 = K. | last5 = Webster | first5 = M.T. | last6 = Perloski | first6 = M. | last7 = Liberg | first7 = O. | last8 = Arnemo | first8 = J.M. | last9 = Hedhammar | first9 = Å. | last10 = Lindblad-Toh | first10 = K. | title = The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet | doi = 10.1038/nature11837 | journal = Nature | volume = 495 | issue = 7441 | pages = 360–364 | year = 2013 | pmid =  23354050|bibcode = 2013Natur.495..360A | s2cid = 4415412 }}</ref> Dogs evolved the ability living alongside humans in agricultural societies, as they managed on scrap [[leftover]]s and excrement from humans.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=M |last2=Cairns |first2=K M |last3=Ballard |first3=J W O |last4=Savolainen |first4=P |last5=Axelsson |first5=E |title=Diet adaptation in dog reflects spread of prehistoric agriculture |journal=Heredity |date=13 July 2016 |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=301–306 |doi=10.1038/hdy.2016.48 |pmid=27406651 |pmc=5061917}}</ref><ref name=Pajic2019>{{cite journal |last1=Pajic |first1=Petar |last2=Pavlidis |first2=Pavlos |last3=Dean |first3=Kirsten |last4=Neznanova |first4=Lubov |last5=Romano |first5=Rose-Anne |last6=Garneau |first6=Danielle |last7=Daugherity |first7=Erin |last8=Globig |first8=Anja |last9=Ruhl |first9=Stefan |last10=Gokcumen |first10=Omer |title=Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals |journal=eLife |date=14 May 2019 |volume=8 |doi=10.7554/eLife.44628 |pmid=31084707 |doi-access=free |pmc=6516957}}
* {{cite magazine |author=Mareike C Janiak |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Evolution: Of starch and spit |magazine=eLife |url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/47523}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animals-and-us/202008/did-eating-human-poop-play-role-in-the-evolution-dogs|title = Did Eating Human Poop Play a Role in the Evolution of Dogs? &#124; Psychology Today}}</ref>
Dogs have managed to adapt over thousands of years to survive on the meat and non-meat scraps and [[leftovers]] of human existence and thrive on a variety of foods, with studies suggesting dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves.<ref name=axelssonetal2013/>
The dog food recommendation should be based on nutrient suitability instead of dog's preferences. Pet owners should consider their dog's breed, size, age, and health condition and choose food that is appropriate for their dog's nutritional needs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Hee Seok |last2=Kim |first2=Young Ae |date=March 2021 |title=A dog food recommendation system based on nutrient suitability |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/exsy.12623 |journal=Expert Systems |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/exsy.12623 |s2cid=225422919 |issn=0266-4720}}</ref>
In the United States alone, the dog food market was expected to reach $23.3 billion by 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/dog-food-in-the-us/report|title=Dog Food in the US|website=Euromonitor.com|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813080328/https://www.euromonitor.com/dog-food-in-the-us/report|url-status=live}}</ref>
==History==
Prior to being domesticated, dogs, being [[canis|canines]], fended for themselves and survived on a [[carnivorous]] diet. After adapting them for protection, work, and companionship, people began to care at least in part for their nutritional needs. The historic record of this changing approach dates back at least 2,000 years.
In 37 BCE, [[Virgil]] talks about the feeding of dogs in his ''Bucolics'':
{{blockquote|text=''Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema; sed una Veloces Spartae catulos, acremque Molossum, Pasce sero pingui:''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KAWAAAAYAAJ&q=Sero+pingui&pg=PA62|title=Bucolica, Georgica, et Aeneis: accedunt clavis metrica, notulae Anglicae, et quaestiones|last=Virgil|date=6 December 2017|publisher=Hilliard, Gray, Little et Wilkins|via=Google Books|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092242/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KAWAAAAYAAJ&q=Sero+pingui&pg=PA62&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
"Do not let the care of dogs be last; but the swift Spartan hounds, and fierce Mastiff, Feed the whey"}}
Around 70 CE, [[Columella]] wrote his book ''On Agriculture'' in which he addresses the feeding of dogs:
{{blockquote|text=''Cibaria fere eadem sunt utrique generi praebenda. Nam si tam laxa rura sunt, ut sustineant pecorum greges, omnis sine discrimine hordeacea farina cum sero commode pascit. Sin autem surculo consitus ager sine pascuo est, farreo vel triticeo pane satiandi sunt, admixto tamen liquore coctae fabae, sed tepido, nam fervens rabiem creat.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/columella/columella.rr7.shtml|title=Columella: de Re Rustica VII|website=Thelatinlibrary.com|access-date=2015-03-16|archive-date=2015-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426010537/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/columella/columella.rr7.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
"Provisions of victuals are almost the same for both [types of dog]. If the fields are so large as to sustain herds of animals, barley meal mixed with whey is a convenient food. But if it is an orchard without grain, spelt or wheat bread is fed mixed with the liquid from cooked beans, but warm, for boiling creates rabies."}}
In the ''[[Avesta]]'', written from 224 to 651 CE, Ahura Mazda advises:
{{blockquote|text=Bring ye unto him milk and fat with meat; this is the right food for the dog.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PE1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA162|title=The Zend-Avesta: The Vendîdâd, translated by James Darmesteter|first1=James|last1=Darmesteter|first2=Lawrence Heyworth|last2=Mills|date=6 December 1895|publisher=Clarendon Press|via=Google Books|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092241/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PE1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
By Medieval times, dogs were more seen as pets rather than just companions and workers which affected their quality of the diet to include "Besides being fed bran bread, the dogs would also get some of the meat from the hunt. If a dog was sick, he would get better food, such as goat's milk, bean broth, chopped meat, or buttered eggs."
In France, the word ''pâtée'' began to appear in the 18th century and referred to a paste originally given to poultry. In 1756, a dictionary indicates it was made of a mixture of bread crumbs and little pieces of meat given to pets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQGqLxH9eAYC&q=p%C3%A2t%C3%A9e+chien&pg=PA192|title=Nouveau dictionnaire universel des arts et des sciencies: françois, latin et anglois...|first=Fr Girard (Viuda|last=de)|date=6 December 2017|publisher=chez la Veuve de Fr. Girard|via=Google Books|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092244/https://books.google.com/books?id=lQGqLxH9eAYC&pg=PA192&q=p%C3%A2t%C3%A9e+chien&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1781, an encyclopedia mentioned an earlier practice of removing the liver, heart, and blood of a downed stag and mixing it with milk, cheese, and bread, and then giving it to dogs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QP06AAAAcAAJ&dq=p%C3%A2t%C3%A9e+chien&pg=PA145 |title=Denis Diderot, Jean Le Rond d' Alembert, ''Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences'' ..., Volume 35, Part 1 |year=1781 |access-date=2016-10-21 }}</ref>
In 1844, the French writer, Nicolas Boyard, warned against even giving tallow [[graves (food)|graves]] (the dregs of the [[tallow]] pot) to dogs, though the English favored them (see below), and suggested a meat-flavored soup:
{{blockquote|text=By a misguided economy dogs are given meat scraps and tallow graves; one must avoid this, because these foods make them heavy and sick; give them twice a day a soup of coarse bread made with water, fat and the bottom of the stew pot; put a half-kilogram of bread at least in each soup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODpFAAAAYAAJ&q=intitle%3A%22animaux%20domestiques%22%20chat&pg=RA2-PA552 |title=Nicolas Jean Baptiste Boyard,'' Manuel du bouvier et zoophile: ou l'art d'élever de soigner les animaux'' 1844, 327 |access-date=2018-10-02 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819164854/https://books.google.com/books?id=ODpFAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA552&num=100&q=intitle%3A%22animaux%20domestiques%22%20chat |url-status=live |last1=Boyard |first1=Nicolas Jean Baptiste |year=1844 }}</ref>}}
In England, care to give dogs particular food dates at least from the late eighteenth century, when ''The Sportsman's dictionary'' (1785) described the best diet for a dog's health in its article "Dog":
{{blockquote|text=A dog is of a very hot nature: he should therefore never be without clean water by him, that he may drink when he is thirsty. In regard to their food, carrion is by no means proper for them. It must hurt their sense of smelling, on which the excellence of these dogs greatly depends.
Barley meal, the dross of wheatflour, or both mixed together, with broth or skim'd milk, is very proper food. For change, a small quantity of [[greaves (food)|greaves]] from which the tallow is pressed by the [[Candlemaker|chandler]]s, mixed with their flour; or sheep's feet well baked or boiled, are a very good diet, and when you indulge them with flesh it should always be boiled. In the season of hunting your dogs, it is proper to feed them in the evening before, and give them nothing in the morning you take them out, except a little milk. If you stop for your own refreshment in the day, you should also refresh your dogs with a little milk and bread.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-oDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT158|title=The Sportsman's Dictionary; Or, The Gentleman's Companion: for Town and Country: Containing Full and Particular Instructions for Riding, Hunting, Fowling ... Hawking, &c. With the Various Methods to be Observed in Breeding and Dieting of Horses Both for the Road and Turf; Also, the Management of Dogs, Gamecocks, Dunghill-fowls, Turkies, Geese, Ducks, Pigeons, Singing-birds, &c. And the Manner of Curing Their Various Diseases and Accidents|date=6 December 1785|publisher=G.G.J. and J. Robinson|via=Google Books|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092256/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-oDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT158&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
In 1833, ''The Complete Farrier'' gave similar but far more extensive advice on feeding dogs:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj8AAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA429|title=The Complete Farrier, and British Sportsman: Containing a Systematic Enquiry Into the Structure and Animal Economy of the Horse, the Causes, Symptoms, and Most-approved Methods of Prevention and Cure for Every Disease to which He is Liable ... with Numerous ... Recipes for Various Diseases. ... Including a ... Declineation of the ... Dogs Used in the Sports of the Field, with Canine Pathology. With an Appendix, Containing a Minute Anatomical Description of the ... Skeleton of the Horse; the ... Muscles ... and the Different Viscera|first=Richard|last=Lawrence|date=6 December 2017|publisher=W. Clowes for T. Kelly|via=Google Books|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092317/https://books.google.com/books?id=xj8AAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA429&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=The dog is neither wholly carnivorous nor wholly herbivorous, but of a mixed kind, and can receive nourishment from either flesh or vegetables. A mixture of both is therefore his proper food,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best Dog Food for Small Dogs|url=http://www.allsmalldogs.org/dog-food/the-best-dog-food-for-small-dogs/|website=allsmalldogs.org|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224309/http://www.allsmalldogs.org/dog-food/the-best-dog-food-for-small-dogs/|archive-date=August 12, 2014|date=December 21, 2013}}</ref> but of the former he requires a greater portion, and this portion should be always determined by his bodily exertions.}}
It was not until the mid-1800s that the world saw its first food made specifically for dogs. An American electrician, [[Spratt's|James Spratt]], concocted the first dog treat. Living in London at the time, he witnessed dogs around a shipyard eating scraps of discarded biscuits. Shortly thereafter he introduced his dog food, made up of wheat meals, vegetables and meat. By 1890 production had begun in the United States and became known as "Spratt's Patent Limited".
In later years, [[dog biscuit]] was sometimes treated as synonymous with dog food:
{{blockquote|text=The first three prize winners at the late coursing meeting at Great Bend were trained on Spratt's Patent Dog Biscuit. This same dog food won no less than three awards, including a gold medal, at the Exposition in Paris which has just closed. It would seem that the decision of the judges is more than backed up by the result in the kennel. Another good dog food is that manufactured by Austin & Graves, of Boston. They, too, seem to be meeting with great success in their line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAygAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dog+food%22&pg=PA523|title=Outing: Sport, Adventure, Travel, Fiction|date=6 December 1890|publisher=W. B. Holland|via=Google Books|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092245/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAygAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA523&q=%22dog+food%22&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
Canned [[horse meat]] was introduced in the United States under the [[Ken-L Ration]] brand after [[World War I]] as a means to dispose of [[Horses in World War I|excess horses]] no longer needed for the war.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Forrest |first1=Susanna |title=The Troubled History of Horse Meat in America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/06/horse-meat/529665/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=15 March 2020 |date=8 June 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315092232/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/06/horse-meat/529665/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1930s saw the introduction of canned cat food and dry meat-meal dog food by the Gaines Food Co. By the time World War II ended, pet food sales had reached $200 million. In the 1950s Spratt's became part of General Mills. For companies such as Nabisco, Quaker Oats, and General Foods, pet food represented an opportunity to market by-products as a profitable source of income.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sojos.com/historyofpetfood.html| title = History of Pet Food| publisher = sojos.com| access-date = 2011-09-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110829082136/http://www.sojos.com/historyofpetfood.html| archive-date = 2011-08-29| url-status = dead}}</ref>
== Impact and sustainability ==
{{Excerpt|Pet food|Impact and sustainability}}
== Commercial varieties ==
[[File:Kibbles How Others See Me.jpg|thumb|Dog kibble]]
Most commercially produced dog food is made with animal feed grade ingredients and comes dry in bags (also known in the US as ''kibble'') or wet in cans. Dry food contains 6–10% moisture by volume, as compared to 60–90% in canned food. Semi-moist products typically run 25–35%. Isotopic analysis of dog food in the Brazilian market have found that they are basically made of maize and poultry by-products.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.7717/peerj.5828|pmid = 30809425|pmc = 6387582|title = Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil|journal = PeerJ|volume = 7|pages = e5828|year = 2019|last1 = Galera|first1 = Leonardo de Aro|last2 = Abdalla Filho|first2 = Adibe Luiz|last3 = Reis|first3 = Luiza Santos|last4 = Souza|first4 = Janaina Leite de|last5 = Hernandez|first5 = Yeleine Almoza|last6 = Martinelli|first6 = Luiz Antonio | doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Dry ===
Dry dog food usually consists of bagged pellets that contain 3-11% water.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.petdiets.com/library/pet-foods/about|title=Pet Foods - Diet Types {{!}} PetDiets|website=www.petdiets.com|access-date=2019-11-17|archive-date=2019-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117222640/https://www.petdiets.com/library/pet-foods/about|url-status=live}}</ref> It makes up the vast majority of pet foods.<ref>MacNamara, John P. Principles of Companion Animal Nutrition. 2006. New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall.</ref>
====Manufacturing process====
{{See also|Food extrusion}}
Dry food processing is popular in the pet food industry, as it is an efficient way to supply continuous production of feed in many varieties. It is energy efficient, allows for large amounts of feed to be used, and is cost effective.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Elsey|first1=J.|last2=Riepenhausen|first2=J.|last3=McKay|first3=B.|last4=Barton|first4=G.W.|last5=Willis|first5=M.|year=1997|title=Modeling and Control of a Food Extrusion Process|journal=Computers Chem Engng|volume=21|issue=1–2|pages=S361–S366|doi=10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00075-6}}</ref>
To make dog kibble, a process known as [[Food extrusion|extrusion]] is done. A simple extruder consists of a barrel, helical screws, and a die (tool to cut and shape food). Feed ingredients are solid at room temperature; therefore, the extrusion process of these ingredients requires a temperature above 150 degrees Celsius, achieved by the use of steam, hot water, or other heat sources in order to soften or melt the mixture and allow for fluidity through the barrel. During the extrusion process, the high amounts of pressure applied to the mixture forces it to enter through the die before exiting the extruder completely, where it is cut to its desired size by a rotating fly knife.<ref>Pitchon, E. (1980). ''United States Patent No. 4225630''. Flushing, New York:United States Patent Office.</ref>
Unfortunately, the extrusion process actually denatures some of nutritional elements of the food. Taurine deficiency has been found in dogs<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fascetti|first1=Andrea|date=October 2003|title=Taurine deficiency in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=223|issue=8|pages=1137–1141|doi=10.2460/javma.2003.223.1137|pmid=14584743|doi-access=free}}</ref> and cats<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pion|first1=Paul|title=Taurine |date=1992|isbn=978-1-4613-6520-4|series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|volume=315|pages=63–73|chapter=Dilated Cardiomyopathy Associated with Taurine Deficiency in the Domestic Cat: Relationship to Diet and Myocardial Taurine Content|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-3436-5_8|pmid=1387282}}</ref> fed extruded commercial diets. Not usually considered an essential nutrient for dogs, taurine is plentiful in most whole meats, whether raw or cooked,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spitze|first1=AR|date=2003|title=Taurine concentrations in animla feed ingredients; cooking influences taurine content|url=http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vmb/aal/pdfs/spitze.pdf|journal=Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition|volume=87|issue=7–8|pages=251–262|doi=10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00434.x|pmid=12864905|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206125146/http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vmb/aal/pdfs/spitze.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> but is reduced in extruded diets. Taurine deficiency could also be due to the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Regardless of the cause, taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial pet food.
=== Wet ===
[[File:Canned Cat Food1.jpg|thumb|250px|Canned food with shredded meat]]
Wet or canned dog food usually is packaged in a solid or soft-sided container. Wet food contains roughly 60-78% water,<ref name=":1" /> which is significantly higher in moisture than dry or semi-moist food.<ref name="NHB">Messonnier, S. (2001) ''Natural Health Bible for Dogs & Cats''. New York: Three Rivers Press. {{ISBN|0-7615-2673-0}}</ref> Canned food is commercially sterile (cooked during canning); other wet foods may not be sterile. Sterilizing is done through the process of retorting, which involves steam sterilization at 121 degrees Celsius.<ref name=":3">Bohart, G.S. (1934). ''United States Patent No. 1961681''. Washington, D.C.:United States Patent Office.</ref><ref name=":2">Baker, G.J., Bansal, A.K., Konieczka, J.L. and Kuntz, D.A. (1990). ''United States Patent No. 4895731''. Chicago, Illinois: United States Patent Office.</ref> A given wet food will often be higher in protein or fat compared to a similar dry food on a dry matter basis (a measure which ignores moisture); given the canned food's high moisture content. A larger amount of canned food must be fed in order to meet the dog's required needs. Grain gluten and other protein gels may be used in wet dog food to create artificial meaty chunks, which look like real meat. This food is usually used for old dogs or puppies.
==== Manufacturing process ====
After ingredients are combined, they are placed in a tank at the end of a canning machine.<ref name=":2" /> From there, the mixture is forced through an opening and onto a metal sheet, forming a thickness of 8 to 12mm.<ref name=":2" /> Next, the mixture is heated to thoroughly cook the ingredients.<ref name=":2" /> Heating can be done through the means of ovens, microwaves or steam heating.<ref name=":2" /> The sheet containing a layer of feed is passed through the heat source that displays heat to the top and bottom of the tray, allowing the internal temperature to reach 77 degrees Celsius at a minimum.<ref name=":2" /> Once cooked, this mixture can be directly placed into cans to form a loaf or it can be cut into "meaty" pieces for chunks and gravy formulas.<ref name=":2" />
=== Semi-moist ===
Semi-moist dog food is packaged in vacuum-sealed pouches or packets. It contains about 20-45% water by weight, making it more expensive per energy calorie than dry food.
Most semi-moist food does not require refrigeration. They are lightly cooked and then quickly sealed in a vacuum package. This type of dog food is extremely vulnerable to spoiling if not kept at a cool temperature and has a shelf life of 2–4 months, unopened.
=== Dehydrated and freeze-dried ===
[[Food drying|Dehydrated]] or [[Freeze-drying|freeze-dried]] meals come in raw and cooked forms. Products are usually air-dried or frozen, then dehydrated (freeze-dried) to reduce moisture to the level where bacterial growths are inhibited. The appearance is very similar to dry dog pellets. The typical feeding methods include adding warm water before serving. There is some concern of nutrients, such as vitamins, being lost during the dehydration process.
Specialty small batches sold through specialty or online stores generally consist of some form of cooked meat, ground bone, pureed vegetables, taurine supplements, and other multivitamin supplements. Some pet owners use human vitamin supplements, and others use vitamin supplements specifically engineered for dogs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Jessica |url=http://www.petfoodindustry.com/function.aspx |title=How to: Apply human food trends to petfood |publisher=Petfoodindustry.com |date=2013-09-26 |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-date=2012-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109190139/http://petfoodindustry.com/function.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://specialneedspets.org/animals/recipes/
|title=Making Homemade dog food recipes
|access-date=2013-03-27
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511202527/http://specialneedspets.org/animals/recipes/
|archive-date=2013-05-11
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
=== Contents ===
Many commercial dog foods are made from materials considered by some authorities and dog owners to be unusable or undesirable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dogfoodproject.com/index.php?page=badingredients|title=The Dog Food Project – Ingredients to avoid|website=Dogfoodproject.com|access-date=2009-01-31|archive-date=2009-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116065200/http://www.dogfoodproject.com/index.php?page=badingredients|url-status=live}}</ref> These may include:
* [[Meat and bone meal]]
* [[Offal]] (wild canines eat offal as a vital part of their diets)
* [[Animal digest]]
* [[Sucrose]] and/or [[fructose]]
* [[Animal by-products]]
Less expensive dog foods generally include less meat and more [[animal by-products]] and grain [[fillers]]. Proponents of a natural diet criticize the use of such ingredients, and point out that regulations allow for packaging that might lead a consumer to believe that they are buying natural food, when, in reality, the food might be composed mostly of ingredients such as those listed above.<ref name="Wysong1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wysong.net/pet-health-and-nutrition/the-pet-food-ingredient-game.php|title=The Pet Food Ingredient Game&nbsp;-&nbsp;Wysong|website=Wysong.net|access-date=2012-08-13|archive-date=2012-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823112117/http://www.wysong.net/pet-health-and-nutrition/the-pet-food-ingredient-game.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Foods Pets Die For">{{cite web|url=http://www.homevet.com/petcare/foodbook.html|title=An excerpt from the book "Food Pets Die For"|website=Homevet.com|access-date=2007-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621075159/http://www.homevet.com/petcare/foodbook.html|archive-date=2007-06-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> More expensive dog foods may be made of ingredients suitable for organic products or free range meats. [[Lamb meal]] is a popular ingredient.
According to the [[Association of American Feed Control Officials]] (AAFCO), animal by-products in pet food may include parts obtained from any animals that have died from sickness or disease, provided they are rendered in accordance to law. Cow brains and spinal cords not allowed for human consumption under federal regulation 21CFR589.2000 due to the possibility of transmission of [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|BSE]] are allowed to be included in pet food intended for non-ruminant animals.<ref>[http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/Public/Q-AND-A-REGARDING-PETFOODREGS.PDF the Association of American Feed Control Officials] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117095239/http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/Public/Q-AND-A-REGARDING-PETFOODREGS.PDF |date=January 17, 2009 }}</ref> In 2003, the AVMA speculated changes might be made to animal feed regulations to ban materials from "4-D" animals – those who enter the food chain as dead, dying, diseased or disabled.<ref>[http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/oct03/031001a.asp Canada Wraps Up BSE Investigation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127020446/http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/oct03/031001a.asp |date=November 27, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Chatuchak Weekend Market P1100759.JPG|thumb|right|Dog treats are special types of dog food given as a reward, not as a staple food source.]]
=== Quality, digestibility and energy density ===
There are a few key components to consider when evaluating dietary needs. These factors include the [[Protein quality|quality]] and [[Protein digestibility|digestibility]] of the protein provided in the diet, as well as the composition of the amino acids included, and finally the [[energy density]] provided in the diet.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10494806|title=Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal professionals|last=Case|first=Linda P|date=2011|publisher=Mosby|isbn=9780323066198|location=Maryland Heights, Mo.|language=en|access-date=2017-12-05|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092249/https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/ebooks-main|url-status=live}}</ref> Diets containing proteins that are high in quality, composition, and digestibility require less of that protein to be present. The same can be said in regards to the energy density.<ref name=":22" /> In contrast, high-protein diets will provide excess protein content after meeting maintenance demands; this can therefore lead to the protein being utilized in [[fat]] and [[Energy homeostasis|energy storage]].<ref name=":22" /> This ultimately increases the risk for developing [[Obesity in pets|obesity]] and other health related issues.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Hilton|first1=J.W.|last2=Atkinson|first2=J.L.|date=January 1988|title=High Lipid and High Protein Dog Foods|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal|volume=29|issue=1|pages=76–78|issn=0008-5286|pmc=1680747|pmid=17422957}}</ref> Higher protein in the diet helps reduce [[lean body mass]] loss,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dehkordi|first1=N.|title=Nutrient Intake in Adults 50 Years Age and Older in the United States|last2=Rao|first2=R.|last3=Sakhanokho|first3=H.|last4=Zipf|first4=A.|year=2003|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256648197|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|volume=103|pages=26|doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(08)70041-5|access-date=2017-11-29|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092309/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256648197_NUTRIENT_INTAKE_IN_ADULTS_50_YEARS_AGE_AND_OLDER_IN_THE_UNITED_STATES|url-status=live}}</ref> but will not lead to an increase in size of muscle<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sepowitz|first1=John J.|last2=McClung|first2=Holly L.|last3=Berryman|first3=Claire E.|last4=Armstrong|first4=Nicholes J.|last5=Ferrando|first5=Arny A.|last6=Lieberman|first6=Harris R.|last7=McClung|first7=James P.|last8=Pasiakos|first8=Stefan M.|date=May 2016|title=Supplementing An Energy Adequate High Protein Diet With Additional Protein Is Not Necessary For Recovery Of Lean Body Mass After Short-term Starvation: 1609 Board #262 June 2, 800 AM - 930 AM|journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|volume=48|issue=5S|pages=443|doi=10.1249/01.mss.0000486334.23548.c5|s2cid=2730636|issn=0195-9131}}</ref> unless paired with [[Strength training|resistance exercises]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=Mark D.|last2=Sen|first2=Ananda|last3=Gordon|first3=Paul M.|date=February 2011|title=Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysis|journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise|volume=43|issue=2|pages=249–258|doi=10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181eb6265|issn=1530-0315|pmc=2995836|pmid=20543750}}</ref> or [[anabolic steroid]]s under maintenance conditions.
===Labeling===
{{Further|Pet food#Labeling and regulation}}
In the United States, dog foods labelled as "complete and balanced" must meet standards established by the [[Association of American Feed Control Officials]] (AAFCO), either by meeting a nutrient profile or by passing a feeding trial. The Dog Food Nutrient Profiles were last updated in 2016 by the AAFCO's Canine Nutrition Expert Subcommittee.<ref>Federal Drug Administration. (2018, March 23). ''"Complete and Balanced" Pet Food.'' Retrieved May 31, 2018, from https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/complete-and-balanced-pet-food</ref>
Critics argue that due to the limitations of the trial and the gaps in knowledge within animal nutrition science, the term "complete and balanced" is inaccurate and even deceptive. An AAFCO panel expert has stated that "although the AAFCO profiles are better than nothing, they provide false securities."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00001.htm|title=Alternative Feeding Practices|work=World Small Animal Veterinary Association|year=2001|access-date=2008-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212093048/http://www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00001.htm|archive-date=2008-02-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Certain manufacturers label their products with terms such as "premium", "ultra premium", "natural", and "holistic". Such terms currently have no legal definitions and are not regulated. There are also varieties of dog food labeled as "human-grade food." Although no official definition of this term exists, the assumption is that other brands use foods that would not pass US Food and Drug Administration inspection according to the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]] or the [[Meat Inspection Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vetnutrition.tufts.edu/2019/02/human-grade/|title=Human Grade: Should pets eat the same food that we do?|last1=DACVN|first1=Cailin R. Heinze, VMD, MS|last2=DACVN|first2=Cailin R. Heinze, VMD, MS|date=2019-02-15|website=Clinical Nutrition Service at Cummings School|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=2019-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118011545/https://vetnutrition.tufts.edu/2019/02/human-grade/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The ingredients on the label must be listed in descending order by weight before cooking. This means before all of the moisture is removed from the meat, fruits, vegetables and other ingredients used.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Medicine|first=Center for Veterinary|date=2019-04-15|title=Information on Marketing a Pet Food Product|url=https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/information-marketing-pet-food-product|journal=FDA|language=en|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=2019-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212174518/https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/information-marketing-pet-food-product|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Types of diets ==
===Raw===
{{Main|Raw feeding}}
Raw feeding&nbsp;is the practice of feeding domestic&nbsp;[[dog]]s,&nbsp;[[cat]]s&nbsp;and other animals a&nbsp;[[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] consisting&nbsp;primarily of [[raw meat|uncooked meat]], edible bones, and organs. The ingredients used to formulate raw diets can vary. Some pet owners choose to make homemade raw diets to feed their animals but commercial raw food diets are also available.<ref name="Schlesinger 2011 50–54">{{Cite journal|last1=Schlesinger|first1=Daniel P.|last2=Joffe|first2=Daniel J.|date=2011|title=Raw food diets in companion animals: A critical review|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal|volume=52|issue=1|pages=50–54|issn=0008-5286|pmc=3003575|pmid=21461207}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Amelie |url=https://poppyspicnic.co.uk/blogs/raw-pet-food/raw-feeding-dogs-handling-raw-dog-food-at-home |title=Raw Feeding Dogs – Handling Raw Dog Food At Home |publisher=[[Raw feeding]] |date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2017-03-24 |archive-date=2020-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918142637/https://poppyspicnic.co.uk/blogs/raw-pet-food/raw-feeding-dogs-handling-raw-dog-food-at-home |url-status=live }}</ref>
Frozen, or fresh-prepared, meals come in raw or cooked form, some of which is made with ingredients that are inspected, approved, and certified by the USDA for human consumption, but formulated for pets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/treats-533350-ingredients-says.html|title=Worried about tainted jerky treats?|date=28 October 2013|work=Orange County Register|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417085911/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/treats-533350-ingredients-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Part of this growing trend is the commercialization of home-made dog food for pet owners who want the same quality, but do not have the time or expertise to make it themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petfoodindustry.com/Default.aspx?pageid=5306&id=46871&terms=justfoodfordogs|title=Just Food for thought|last=Taylor|first=Jessica|date=2013-09-26|publisher=Petfoodindustry.com|access-date=2014-08-10|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092248/https://www.petfoodindustry.com/?pageid=5306&id=46871&terms=justfoodfordogs|url-status=live}}</ref> The advantage is forgoing the processing stage that traditional dog food undergoes. This causes less destruction of its nutritional integrity.
The practice of feeding raw diets has raised some concerns due to the risk of [[foodborne illness]]es, [[zoonosis]] and nutritional imbalances.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=http://www.petmd.com/dog/nutrition/high-pressure-processing-and-raw-pet-food-diets-what-you-need-know|title=High-Pressure Processing and Raw Pet Food Diets: What You Need to Know|website=Petmd.com|access-date=2017-11-27|archive-date=2017-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124170728/http://www.petmd.com/dog/nutrition/high-pressure-processing-and-raw-pet-food-diets-what-you-need-know|url-status=live}}</ref> People who feed their dogs raw food do so for a multitude of reasons, including but not limited to: [[culture]], [[belief]]s surrounding [[health]], [[nutrition]] and what is perceived to be more natural for their [[pet]]s.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Michel|first=Kathryn E.|title=Unconventional Diets for Dogs and Cats|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice|volume=36|issue=6|pages=1269–1281|doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.003|pmid=17085234|year=2006}}</ref> Feeding raw food can be perceived as allowing the pet to stay in touch with their wild, carnivorous ancestry.<ref name=":10" /> The raw food movement has occurred in parallel to the change in human food trends for more natural and [[Organic food|organic products]].<ref name="Schlesinger 2011 50–54" />
=== Senior ===
{{Main|Senior dog diet}}
Aging dogs require specialized catering. Commercially available [[senior dog diet]]s address their physiological changes through various ingredients and nutrients.
When looking for a senior dog food, one of the first things that should be taken into consideration is the energy content of the diet. The maintenance energy requirements decrease as a dog ages due to the loss in lean body mass that occurs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laflamme, Dorthy|date=May 2005|title=Nutrition for Aging Cats and Dogs and the Importance of Body Condition|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice|volume=35|issue=3|pages=713–742|doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.12.011|pmid=15833567}}</ref> Therefore, senior dogs will require a diet with a lowered energy content compared to non senior diets. Although senior dogs require lower energy content diets, they will also require diets that are higher in [[protein]] and [[protein digestibility]]. This is due to the fact that dogs have a reduced ability to synthesize proteins as they age.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Churchill, J.A.|date=2015|title=Nutrition for senior dogs: New tricks for feeding old dogs|url=http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/sites/default/files/attachments/Nutrition%20for%20Senior%20Dogs.pdf|journal=Clinicians Brief|access-date=2017-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010071636/http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/sites/default/files/attachments/Nutrition%20for%20Senior%20Dogs.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Joint]] and [[bone]] health is an important factor to be considered when purchasing a senior dog food. The addition of [[glucosamine]] and [[chondroitin sulfate]] has been shown to improve [[cartilage]] formation, the composition of [[synovial fluid]], as well as improve signs of osteoarthritis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neil|first1=Kirsten M.|last2=Caron|first2=John P.|last3=Orth|first3=Michael W.|title=The role of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in treatment for and prevention of osteoarthritis in animals|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=226|issue=7|pages=1079–1088|doi=10.2460/javma.2005.226.1079|pmid=15825732|year=2005}}</ref> The [[calcium]] to [[phosphorus]] ratio of senior dog foods is also important. Calcium and phosphorus are considered essential nutrients, according to AAFCO.
[[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] health is another important factor to consider in the aging dog. Sources of [[Dietary fiber|fiber]] such as [[beet pulp]] and [[flax]]seed should be included within senior dog foods to help improve stool quality and prevent [[constipation]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal professionals|date=2011|publisher=Mosby|author=Case, Linda P. |display-authors=etal |isbn=9780323066198|edition=3rd|location=Maryland Heights, Mo.|oclc=664112342}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flaxcouncil.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/FlaxFeed-Nutrition-Benefits-final.pdf|title=FLAXSEED: Nutrition Benefits for Dogs and Cats|author1=Adolphe, Jennifer|author2=Fitzpatrick, Kelley|website=Flax Council of Canada|access-date=2017-11-28|archive-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101163907/https://flaxcouncil.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/FlaxFeed-Nutrition-Benefits-final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A current technology that is being used to improve gastrointestinal health of aging dogs is the addition of [[fructooligosaccharides]] and [[Mannan-oligosaccharides|mannanoligosaccharides]]. These [[oligosaccharide]]s are used in combination to improve the beneficial gut [[bacteria]] while eliminating the harmful gut bacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Swanson KS, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL, Healy HP, Dawson KA, Merchen NR, Fahey GG Jr |date=May 2002|title=Supplemental fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides influence immune function, ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations and concentrations of protein catabolites in the large bowel of dogs|url=http://jn.nutrition.org.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/content/132/5/980.short|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=132|issue=5|pages=980–989|doi=10.1093/jn/132.5.980|pmid=11983825|doi-access=free|access-date=2017-11-28|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092317/https://login.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/login?qurl=http://jn.nutrition.org%2fcontent%2f132%2f5%2f980.short|url-status=live}}</ref>
The aging dog goes through changes in [[brain]] and [[Cognition|cognitive]] health.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Roudebush|first1=Philip|last2=Zicker|first2=Steven C.|last3=Cotman|first3=Carl W.|last4=Milgram|first4=Norton W.|last5=Muggenburg|first5=Bruce A.|last6=Head|first6=Elizabeth|date=2005-09-01|title=Nutritional management of brain aging in dogs|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=227|issue=5|pages=722–728|doi=10.2460/javma.2005.227.722|pmid=16178393|issn=0003-1488|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are two highly important ingredients that can be included in senior dog foods to help prevent cognitive decline and improve brain health. These ingredients are [[vitamin E]] and [[Carnitine|L-carnitine]]. Vitamin E acts as an [[antioxidant]], which can prevent oxidative damage that occurs during aging.<ref name=":4" /> L-carnitine is used to improve [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]]<nowiki/>l function, which can also help to prevent and lower rates of [[Oxidative stress|oxidative damage]].<ref name=":4" />
[[Skin]] and coat health is important in all dogs, but especially becomes important as dogs age. An important [[nutrient]] to look for in senior dog foods to support coat health is [[linoleic acid]], which can be found in [[Corn oil|corn]] and [[soybean oil]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Straus M|date=November 2012|title=Plant oils: do you know which plant oils may help your dog, and which ones could cause problems?|url=http://go.galegroup.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CA308130839&v=2.1&u=guel77241&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&authCount=1|journal=Whole Dog Journal|volume=15|pages=16|access-date=2017-11-29|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092311/https://login.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/login?qurl=http://go.galegroup.com%2fps%2fi.do%3fid%3dGALE%257CA308130839%26v%3d2.1%26u%3dguel77241%26it%3dr%26p%3dAONE%26sw%3dw%26authCount%3d1|url-status=live}}</ref> Another important nutrient is [[vitamin A]], which helps with keratinization of hair.<ref name=":143" /> Good sources of vitamin A for skin and coat health include [[Yolk|egg yolk]] and [[liver]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skaervet.com/documents/Common%20Pet%20Food%20Ingredients.pdf|title=Common pet food ingredients|website=Skaer Veterinary|access-date=2017-11-29|archive-date=2018-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418000320/http://www.skaervet.com/documents/Common%20Pet%20Food%20Ingredients.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Immune system]] health has been shown to decline in aging dogs. The ratio of [[Omega-6 fatty acid|omega-6]] to [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3]] fatty acids plays an important role in providing optimal health.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wander RC, Hall JA, Gradin JL, Shi-Hua D, Jewell DE |date=June 1997|title=The ratio of dietary (n-6) to (n-3) fatty acids influences immune system function, eicosanoid metabolism, Lipid peroxidation and vitamin E status in aged dogs|url=http://jn.nutrition.org.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/content/127/6/1198|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=127|issue=6|pages=1198–1205|doi=10.1093/jn/127.6.1198|pmid=9187636|doi-access=free|access-date=2017-11-29|archive-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115092306/https://login.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/login?qurl=http://jn.nutrition.org%2fcontent%2f127%2f6%2f1198|url-status=live}}</ref> Vitamin E can be used as an antioxidant in senior dog foods.<ref name=":5" /> Pre- and probiotics can also be added to senior dog foods to help improve the beneficial bacteria in the gut, providing support for the immune system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kau|first1=Andrew L.|last2=Ahern|first2=Philip P.|last3=Griffin|first3=Nicholas W.|last4=Goodman|first4=Andrew L.|last5=Gordon|first5=Jeffrey I.|date=2011-06-15|title=Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system|journal=Nature|volume=474|issue=7351|pages=327–336|doi=10.1038/nature10213|pmid=21677749|issn=1476-4687|pmc=3298082}}</ref>
=== Low-protein ===
According to The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) nutrient guideline for cats and dogs, the minimum [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]] requirement for dogs during adult maintenance is 18% on a [[dry matter]] (DM) basis.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aafco.org|title=The Association of American Feed Control Officials > Home|website=Aafco.org|access-date=2017-12-05|archive-date=2020-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817072753/http://www.aafco.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other parts of the world would have a guideline similar to AAFCO. The European Pet Food Federation (FEDIAF) also stated a minimum of 18%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/nutrition/|title=Nutrition|website=Fediaf.org|access-date=2017-12-05|archive-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140037/http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/nutrition/|url-status=live}}</ref> AAFCO only provided a minimum, but majority of the diets found on the market contain a protein level exceeding the minimum. Some diets have a protein level lower than others (such as 18-20%). These low-protein diets would not be seen with growth and [[Reproduction|reproductive]] life stages because of their higher demand for protein, as such, these diets are for dogs meeting maintenance levels.<ref name=":12" /> They can be purchased, such as [[Vegetarian/Vegan Dog Diet|vegetarian, vegan]], weight control, and [[Senior dog diet|senior]] diets. Furthermore, this protein requirement varies from species to species.
==== Disadvantages ====
There is an increasing risk of the practice of [[Coprophagia|coprophagy]] when providing low-protein diets to dogs; a [[Negative relationship|negative correlation]] exists between the amount of protein fed and the occurrence of coprophagy.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|title=Mathematical Modelling in Animal Nutrition|last=J. France and E. Kebreab|publisher=CABI|year=2008|isbn=9781845933593|location=Canada}}</ref> Maintenance needs should still be met by low-protein diets, and the [[Protein turnover|muscle turnover]] (i.e. synthesis and breakdown) will also remain at an optimal rate, as long as the [[amino acid]] intake remains balanced and there are no [[Essential amino acid|limiting amino acids]].<ref name=":32" /> There is a greater opportunity for amino acids to balance in diets containing more protein.<ref name=":22" />
==== Advantages ====
The dog's simple [[gastrointestinal tract]] contains a vast array of [[Microorganism|microbial populations]]; some members of this very diversified community include [[Fusobacteriota]], [[Pseudomonadota]], and [[Actinomycetota]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Swanson|first=K. S.|date=2016-10-01|title=0226 Dietary manipulation of canine and feline gut microbiome.|url=https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jas/abstracts/94/supplement5/107|journal=Journal of Animal Science|volume=94|issue=supplement5|page=107|doi=10.2527/jam2016-0226|issn=1525-3163|access-date=2017-12-05|archive-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140101/https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jas/abstracts/94/supplement5/107|url-status=live}}</ref> The gut microbiota of the dog will be comparable to that of the owners due to similar environmental impacts. Not only are the microbes influenced by the dog's environment, but they are also affected by the macronutrient content of the dog's diet.<ref name=":42" /> The populations present and health status of the microbiota found within the gut can alter the physiological and metabolic functions of the dog, which then subsequently affects susceptibility to disease development.<ref name=":42" />
[[Fermentation]] and digestion in the [[hindgut]] of a dog can potentially be improved depending on the source and the concentration of protein provide in a diet. Greater [[Digestion|digestibility]] due to higher quality ingredients, in addition to lower protein concentrations within a diet, will help promote beneficial outcomes in assisting the health of a dog's gastrointestinal tract.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nery|first1=J.|last2=Goudez|first2=R.|last3=Biourge|first3=V.|last4=Tournier|first4=C.|last5=Leray|first5=V.|last6=Martin|first6=L.|last7=Thorin|first7=C.|last8=Nguyen|first8=P.|last9=Dumon|first9=H.|date=August 2012|title=Influence of dietary protein content and source on colonic fermentative activity in dogs differing in body size and digestive tolerance|url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/94132/1/J%20ANIM%20SCI-2012-Nery-2570-80.pdf|journal=Journal of Animal Science|volume=90|issue=8|pages=2570–2580|doi=10.2527/jas.2011-4112|issn=1525-3163|pmid=22328724|hdl=2318/94132|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Higher protein entering the gut will lead to more [[putrefaction]] that give rise to various [[toxin]]s including [[carcinogen]]s and increase the chances of many bowel diseases, such as [[colorectal cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conlon|first1=Michael A.|last2=Bird|first2=Anthony R.|date=2014-12-24|title=The Impact of Diet and Lifestyle on Gut Microbiota and Human Health|journal=Nutrients|volume=7|issue=1|pages=17–44|doi=10.3390/nu7010017|issn=2072-6643|pmc=4303825|pmid=25545101|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The age of dogs and cats is inversely proportional to protein consumption.<ref name=":53">{{Cite journal|last1=Fahey|first1=George C.|last2=Barry|first2=Kathleen A.|last3=Swanson|first3=Kelly S.|date=2008|title=Age-related changes in nutrient utilization by companion animals|journal=Annual Review of Nutrition|volume=28|pages=425–445|doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155325|issn=0199-9885|pmid=18598137}}</ref> As they age, the protein requirement decreases due to lower level of [[pepsin]] in their stomachs.<ref name=":53" /> There has also been discussion about higher protein content in diets being inversely related with lifespan (i.e. [[negative relationship]]), where lower protein content diets were related to longer lifespans.<ref name=":32" />
===Hypoallergenic===
Dogs are prone to have adverse allergic reactions to food similar to human beings. The most common symptoms of food allergies in dogs include rashes, swelling, itchy or tender skin, and gastrointestinal upsets such as uncontrollable bowel movements and soft stools.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Favrot|first=Claude|date=2016|title=Diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis (including food allergy)|url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/126583/1/Favrot_CAD_WCVD_2016.pdf|journal=World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology|via=ZORA|access-date=2017-11-30|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031402/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/126583/1/Favrot_CAD_WCVD_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Certain ingredients in dog food can elicit these allergic reactions. Specifically, the reactions are understood to be initiated by the protein ingredients in dog food, with sources such as beef, chicken, soy, and turkey being common causes of these allergic reactions.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jensen-Jarolim |first=Erika |author-link=Erika Jensen-Jarolim |title=Comparative Medicine: Disorders Linking Humans with their Animals |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-47007-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland |pages=121}}</ref> A number of "novel protein" dog foods are available that claim to alleviate such allergies in dogs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Canine Nutrigenomics: The New Science of Feeding Your Dog for Optimum Health|last=Dodds|first=W. Jean|publisher=Dogwise Publishing|year=2015}}</ref>
[[Hypoallergenic dog food|Hypoallergenic]] diets for dogs with food allergies consist of either limited ingredients,<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Verlindin A, Hesta M, Millet S, Janssens GP |date=2007|title=Food Allergy in Dogs and Cats: A review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=46|issue=3|pages=259–273|doi=10.1080/10408390591001117|pmid=16527756|s2cid=32026297}}</ref> novel proteins,<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Kennis|first=Robert, A.|date=2006|title=Food Allergies: Update of Pathogenesis, Diagnoses, and Management|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice|volume=36|issue=1|pages=175–184|doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.012|pmid=16364783}}</ref> or hydrolyzed proteins.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Cave|first=Nicholas, J|date=2006|title=Hydrolyzed Protein Diets for Dogs and Cats|journal=Veterinary Clinics Small Animal Practice|volume=36|issue=6|pages=1251–1268|doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.008|pmid=17085233}}</ref> Limited ingredients make it possible to identify the suspected allergens causing these allergic reactions, as well as making it easy to avoid multiple ingredients if a canine is allergic to more than one.<ref name=":6" /> In novel protein recipes, manufacturers use ingredients which are less likely to cause allergic reactions in dogs such as lamb, fish, and rice.<ref name=":7" /> Hydrolyzed proteins do not come from a novel source; they could originate from chicken or soy for example. Hydrolyzed proteins become novel when they are broken apart into unrecognizable versions of themselves, making them novel to allergic gastrointestinal tracts.<ref name=":8" />
===Grain-free and low-carbohydrate===
Some dog food products differentiate themselves as grain- or carbohydrate-free to offer the consumer an alternative, claiming carbohydrates in pet foods to be fillers with little or no nutritional value. A study published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' suggests that domestic dogs' ability to easily metabolize carbohydrates may be a key difference between wolves and dogs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2013-jan-23-la-sci-how-dogs-evolved-20130124-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Rosie | last=Mestel | title=Carbs were key in wolves' evolution into dogs | date=2013-01-23 | access-date=2013-07-08 | archive-date=2013-06-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629213708/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/23/science/la-sci-how-dogs-evolved-20130124 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Some consumers and manufacturers say dogs perform better on grain-free diets, while some veterinarians doubt this for a lack of scientific evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-names-16-brands-dog-food-linked-canine-heart-disease-n1025466|title=FDA names 16 brands of dog food linked to canine heart disease|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=2019-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118035750/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-names-16-brands-dog-food-linked-canine-heart-disease-n1025466|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, a study comparing dry dog food that was manufactured in the United States found that 75% of food containing feed grade grains also contained measurable levels of various mycotoxins (discussed below), while none of the grain-free dry diets tested had any detectable levels of mycotoxins. Feed grade (lower quality grade) grains that are allowed to spoil and become moldy are the suspected source of the mycotoxins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tegzes|first1=John H.|last2=Oakley|first2=Brian B.|last3=Brennan|first3=Greg|date=January 2019|title=Comparison of mycotoxin concentrations in grain versus grain-free dry and wet commercial dog foods|journal=Toxicology Communications|volume=3|issue=1|pages=61–66|doi=10.1080/24734306.2019.1648636|issn=2473-4306|doi-access=free}}</ref> This is the first published study to show a potential health benefit to feeding grain-free commercial dry pet foods.
In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration identified 16 dog food brands linked to canine heart disease. The FDA has investigated more than 500 cases of [[dilated cardiomyopathy|dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)]] in dogs eating food marketed as grain-free. The 16 brands are: Acana, Zignature, Taste of the Wild, 4Health, Earthborn Holistic, Blue Buffalo, Nature's Domain, Fromm, Merrick, California Natural, Natural Balance, Orijen, [[Nature's Variety]], NutriSource, Nutro, and Rachael Ray Nutrish. These brands are labeled as "grain-free" and list peas, lentils, or potatoes as the main ingredient. The top three brands associated with reports of cardiomyopathy are Acana with 67 reports, Zignature with 64, and Taste of the Wild with 53 reports.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://fox40.com/2019/07/01/fda-identifies-16-dog-food-brands-linked-to-canine-heart-disease/ | title=FDA Identifies 16 Dog Food Brands Linked to Canine Heart Disease | date=July 2019 | access-date=2019-07-19 | archive-date=2019-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719042056/https://fox40.com/2019/07/01/fda-identifies-16-dog-food-brands-linked-to-canine-heart-disease/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Garcia|first=Sandra E.|date=2019-06-29|title=F.D.A. Names 16 Brands of Dog Food That May Be Linked to Canine Heart Disease (Published 2019)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/29/us/dog-food-heart-disease-fda.html|access-date=2021-03-03|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516234014/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/29/us/dog-food-heart-disease-fda.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2022, the FDA released a follow-up report which superseded the 2019 research. The follow-up report stated the following:
{{blockquote|Most of the diets associated with the reports of non-hereditary DCM have legume seed ingredients, also called "pulses" (e.g., peas, lentils, etc.), high in their ingredient lists ... these include both "grain-free" and grain-containing formulations. Legumes, including pulse ingredients, have been used in pet foods for many years, with no evidence to indicate they are inherently dangerous, but analysis of data reported to the [[Center for Veterinary Medicine]] indicates that pulse ingredients are used in many "grain-free" diets in greater proportion than in most grain-containing formulas. FDA has asked pet food manufacturers to provide diet formulations so we can further understand the proportions of ingredients in commercially-available diets and possible relationships with non-hereditary DCM. The FDA does not know the specific connection between these diets and cases of non-hereditary DCM and is continuing to explore the role of genetics, underlying medical conditions, and/or other factors.<ref name=fdacau>
{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/questions-answers-fdas-work-potential-causes-non-hereditary-dcm-dogs|title=Questions & Answers: FDA's Work on Potential Causes of Non-Hereditary DCM in Dogs |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2023-07-26 |website= Food and Drug Administration |publisher= FDA|access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref>}}
=== Vegetarian and vegan ===
{{Main|Vegetarian and vegan dog diet}}
Like the [[human]] practice of [[veganism]], vegan dog foods are those formulated with the exclusion of [[ingredient]]s that contain or were processed with any part of an [[animal]], or any [[Animal product|animal byproduct]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruby|first=Matthew B.|date=February 2012|title=Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study| journal=Appetite|volume=58|issue=1|pages=141–150|doi=10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.019|issn=1095-8304|pmid=22001025|s2cid=30991920}}</ref> A 2023 systematic review found no evidence of serious impacts on animal health from vegetarian cat and dog diets; however, the authors noted that the studies suffered from issues such as selection bias, low sample size, and short feeding periods and recommended further research.<ref name="10.3390/vetsci10010052">{{cite journal |last1=Domínguez-Oliva |first1=Adriana |last2=Mota-Rojas |first2=Daniel |last3=Semendric |first3=Ines |last4=Whittaker |first4=Alexandra L. |title=The Impact of Vegan Diets on Indicators of Health in Dogs and Cats: A Systematic Review |journal=Veterinary Sciences |date=January 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=52 |doi=10.3390/vetsci10010052 |pmid=36669053 |pmc=9860667 |language=en |issn=2306-7381|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] [[Dog|domestic canine]] has evolved to metabolize [[carbohydrate]]s and thrive on a diet lower in [[protein]], and a vegan diet may be adequate if properly formulated and balanced.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Knight|first1=Andrew|last2=Leitsberger|first2=Madelaine|date=2016-09-21|title=Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals|journal=Animals|volume=6|issue=9|pages=57|doi=10.3390/ani6090057|pmid=27657139|pmc=5035952|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=May 2024}}
Popularity of this diet has grown with a corresponding increase in people practicing [[vegetarianism]] and [[veganism]] as well as with growing concerns about environmental issues such as climate change or awareness of the large [[environmental impacts of animal agriculture]].<ref name="10.3390/vetsci10010052"/> [[Vegetarian/Vegan Dog Diet|Vegetarian dog foods]] are produced to either assuage a pet owner's ethical concerns or for animals with extreme allergies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="10.3390/vetsci10010052"/>
Due to the exclusion of animal products and by-products, which are primary ingredients of conventional dog food, many nutrients that would otherwise be provided by animal products need to be provided by replacement, plant-based ingredients.<ref name=":9" /> While both animal and plant products offer a wide range of [[Macronutrient|macro]] and [[micronutrients]], strategic formulation of plant ingredients should be considered to meet nutritional requirements, as different nutrients are more abundant in different plant sources.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=McEvoy|first1=Claire T.|last2=Temple|first2=Norman|last3=Woodside|first3=Jayne V.|date=December 2012|title=Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review|journal=Public Health Nutrition|volume=15|issue=12|pages=2287–2294|doi=10.1017/S1368980012000936|pmid=22717188|pmc=10271837 |issn=1368-9800|doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite the large differences in ingredient sourcing, studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can be just as edible and [[Palatability|palatable]] as animal-based diets for dogs.<ref name=":11" /> There are now various commercial vegetarian and vegan diets available on the market.<ref name=":9" />
;Special considerations
Some nutrients that require special consideration include protein, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, taurine, L-carnitine, and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Although their sources are more limited without animal products, it is possible to formulate a diet adequate in these nutrients through plant and synthetic sources.<ref name=":11" /> A review recommends a cautious approach to vegan dog food given "the lack of large population-based studies" as of 2023 and that commercial foods are used if guardians wish to implement a vegan diet.<ref name="10.3390/vetsci10010052"/>
Potential risks in feeding a plant-based diet include alkaline urine and nutrient inadequacy, especially in homemade diets.<ref>Kienzle, E.; Engelhard, R. (2001). "A field study on the nutrition of vegetarian dogs and cats in Europe".&nbsp;''Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian''.&nbsp;'''23'''&nbsp;(9A): 81.</ref><ref name=":11" /> Adherence to recommendations by reliable sources is strongly advised.
== Nutrients and supplements ==
{{see also|Cat food#Nutrients and supplements}}
The requirements and functions of nutrients in dogs are largely similar to those in cats, with many requirements relaxed:
* The requirement of [[arginine]] in the [[urea cycle]] is reduced, as dogs have a functional [[pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rogers | first1 = QR | last2 = Phang | first2 = JM | year = 1985 | title = Deficiency of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase in the intestinal mucosa of the cat | journal = J Nutr | volume = 115 | issue = 1| pages = 146–50 | doi = 10.1093/jn/115.1.146 | pmid = 3965666 }}</ref>
* Dogs have a functional [[delta 6 desaturase]], hence no specific need for [[arachidonic acid]].<ref name=":143">{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Tim D. G.|date=1998-12-01|title=Diet and Skin Disease in Dogs and Cats|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|language=en|volume=128|issue=12|pages=2783S–2789S|issn=0022-3166|pmid=9868266|doi=10.1093/jn/128.12.2783S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Dogs have a functional [[sulfinoalanine decarboxylase]], hence no need for [[taurine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=KNOPF|first=Karen|date=2011|title=Taurine: An Essential Nutrient for the Cat|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22499901|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=108|issue=5|pages=773–778|via=Primo|doi=10.1093/jn/108.5.773|pmid=641594}}</ref>
* Unlike cats, dogs and humans can use [[Vitamin D2]] nearly as efficiently as they use [[Vitamin D3]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=J. G. |title=Cats discriminate between cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol* |journal=Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition |date=August 2002 |volume=86 |issue=7–8 |pages=229–238 |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0396.2002.00379.x|pmid=15379909 }}</ref>
=== Chart ===
{{unfocused|section=yes|reason=need to replace cat functions and symptoms with dog information|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ {{anchor|CFNP}} [[Association of American Feed Control Officials]] (AAFCO) Dog Food Nutrient Profiles,{{efn|name=a|Presumes an [[energy density]] of 4.0 [[calorie|kcal]]/[[gram (unit)|g]] ME, based on the ''modified'' [[Atwater system|''Atwater'']] values of 3.5, 8.5, and 3.5 [[calorie|kcal]]/[[gram (unit)|g]] for [[protein]], [[fat]], and [[carbohydrate]] (nitrogen-free extract, NFE), respectively [Regulation PF9]. Rations greater than 4.5 kcal/g should be corrected for [[energy density]]; rations less than 4.0 kcal/g should ''not'' be corrected for energy.}}&nbsp;2014<ref name="aafco2014">{{cite web|date=2013|title=AAFCO methods for substantiating nutritional adequacy of dog and cat foods (proposed for 2014 publication)|url=https://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Regulatory/Committees/Pet-Food/Reports/Pet_Food_Report_2013_Midyear-Proposed_Revisions_to_AAFCO_Nutrient_Profiles.pdf|publisher=AAFCO|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022110300/https://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Regulatory/Committees/Pet-Food/Reports/Pet_Food_Report_2013_Midyear-Proposed_Revisions_to_AAFCO_Nutrient_Profiles.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with Role of Vitamins & Minerals&nbsp;<ref name="CFNPFD">{{cite book | year=2006 | url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10668 | access-date=2007-03-08 | title=The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Diet for Cats | work=Nutrient Requirements of Cats and Dogs. | isbn=978-0-309-08628-8 | publisher=[[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] - [[National Academies]] | doi=10.17226/10668 | archive-date=2006-09-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907101530/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10668}} ''Note: A dog chapter should be available. If any editor is able to access the book, please adjust the article accordingly.''</ref>
|-
! [[Nutrient]] !! Units<br />(dry<br />matter<br>basis) !! Growth and<br />reproduction<br />minimum !! Adult<br />maintenance<br />minimum{{Efn|Recommended concentrations for maintenance of body weight at an average caloric
intake for dogs of a given optimal weight.|name=|group=}}
!Maximum
! class="unsortable" width=200|Functions
!width=300|Signs of deficiency/Excess
|-
! style="text-align:center" colspan="7" | [[Protein]] and amino acids
|-bgcolor="FFFFDD"
| Total protein || [[%]] || 22.5 || 18.0 || || ||
|-
| [[Arginine]] || [[%]] || 1.0 || 0.51 || || ||
* Deficiency
** [[Hyperammonemia]]
** Symptoms include [[lethargy]], vomiting, [[ataxia]], [[hyperesthesia]] and can be serious enough to induce death and [[coma]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bauer |first=J. E. |title=Nutritional Uniqueness of Cats |journal=Veterinary Quarterly |date=January 1998 |volume=20 |issue=sup1 |pages=S78–S79 |doi=10.1080/01652176.1998.10807428|pmid=9652024 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| [[Histidine]] || [[%]] || 0.44 || 0.19 || || ||
|-
| [[Isoleucine]] || [[%]] || 0.71 || 0.38 || || ||
|-
| [[Leucine]] || [[%]] || 1.29 || 0.68 || || ||
|-
| [[Lysine]] || [[%]] || 0.90 || 0.63 || || ||
|-
| [[Methionine]] + [[cystine]] || [[%]] || 0.70 || 0.65 || || ||
|-
| [[Methionine]] || [[%]] || 0.35 || 0.33 || || ||
|-
| [[Phenylalanine]] + [[tyrosine]] || [[%]] || 1.30 || 0.74 || || ||
|-
| [[Phenylalanine]] || [[%]] || 0.83 || 0.45 || || ||
|-
| [[Threonine]] || [[%]] || 1.04 || 0.48 || || ||
|-
| [[Tryptophan]] || [[%]] || 0.20 || 0.16 ||
| ||
|-
| [[Valine]] || [[%]] || 0.68 || 0.49 || || ||
|-
! style="text-align:center" colspan="7" | [[Fat]]s
|- bgcolor="FFFFDD"
| Total fats{{efn|name=b| Although a true requirement for [[fat]] per se has not been established, the minimum level was based on recognition of fat as a source of [[essential fatty acids]], as a carrier of [[fat-soluble vitamins]], to enhance palatability, and to supply an adequate [[caloric density]].}} || [[%]] || 8.5 || 5.5 || || ||
|-
| [[Linoleic acid]] || [[%]] || 1.3 || 1.1 || || ||
|-
|[[alpha-Linolenic acid]]
|[[%]]
|0.08
|{{Abbr|ND|not determined}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[Eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]] + [[Docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]]
|[[%]]
|0.05
|{{Abbr|ND|not determined}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[Fatty acid ratio in food|{{Abbr|ω-6|Linoleic +
Arachidonic}}:{{Abbr|ω-3|alphaLinolenic +
Eicosapentaenoic +
Docosahexaenoic}} ratio]]
|
|
|
|30:1
|
|
|-bgcolor="FFFFDD"
! style="text-align:center" colspan="7" | [[dietary minerals|Minerals]]
|-
| [[Calcium]] || [[%]] || 1.2 || 0.5 ||1.8
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Formation of bones and teeth
* Blood coagulation
* Nerve impulse transmission
* Muscle contraction
* Cell signaling
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
** loss of bone mineral content, which can lead to collapse and curvature of lumbar vertebrae and pelvic bones
** bone pain, which can progress to pathological fractures
* Excess
** Depressed food intake
** Decreased growth
** Increased bone mineral density
** Increased need for magnesium
|-
| [[Phosphorus]] || [[%]] || 1.0 || 0.4 ||1.6
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Skeletal structure
* DNA and RNA structure
* Energy metabolism
* Locomotion
* Acid-base balance
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Hemolytic anemia
** Locomotor disturbances
** Metabolic acidosis
|-
|Ca:P ratio
|
|1:1
|1:1
|2:1
|
|
|-
| [[Potassium]] || [[%]] || 0.6 || 0.6 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Acid-base balance
* Nerve-impulse transmission
* Enzymatic reactions
* Transport functions
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Anorexia
** Retarded growth
** Neurological disorders, including ataxia and severe muscle weakness
|-
| [[Sodium]] || [[%]] || 0.3 || 0.08 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Acid-base balance
* Regulation of osmotic pressure
* Nerve impulse generation and transmission
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Anorexia
** Impaired growth
** Excessive thirst and drinking
** Excessive urination
|-
| [[Chloride]] || [[%]] || 0.45 || 0.12 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Acid-base balance
* Osmolarity of extracellular fluids
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Increased sodium concentration in renal fluid
** Excess potassium excretion
|-
| [[Magnesium]] || [[%]] || 0.06 || 0.06 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Enzyme functions
* Muscle and nerve-cell membrane stability
* Hormone secretion and function
* Mineral structure of bones and teeth
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Poor growth
** Overextension of the carpal joints
** Muscle twitching
** Convulsions
* Excess
** Urinary tract stone formation in the presence of high pH
|-
| [[Iron]]&nbsp;{{efn|name=d| Average apparent digestibility for iron associated with recommended minimums is 20% of that consumed. Because of very poor [[bioavailability]], [[iron]] from [[ferrous carbonate|carbonate]] or [[ferrous oxide|oxide]] sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level.}} || [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 88 || 40 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Hemoglobin and myoglobin synthesis
* Energy metabolism
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Poor growth
** Pale mucous membranes
** Lethargy
** Weakness
** Diarrhea
* Excess
** Vomiting and diarrhea
|-
| [[Copper]]&nbsp;{{efn|name=e| Because of very poor bioavailability, [[copper]] from [[cupric oxide|oxide]] sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level.}} || [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 12.4 || 7.3 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Connective tissue formation
* Iron metabolism
* Blood cell formation
* Melanin pigment formation
* Myelin formation
* Defense against oxidative damage
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Reduced weight gain
** Longer time to conceive
|-
| [[Manganese]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 7.2 || 5.0 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Enzyme functions
* Bone development
* Neurological function
| style="text-align: left;" |
No studies of deficiency in cats
|-
| [[Zinc]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 100 || 80 || 1000<br><small>(removed<br>in 2014)</small><ref name="CFNPNP">{{cite web|author=David A. Dzanis|date=November 1997|title=SELECTING NUTRITIOUS PET FOODS|url=https://www.fda.gov/cvm/petfood.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625233223/https://www.fda.gov/cvm/petfood.htm|archive-date=June 25, 2006|access-date=2005-01-20|work=INFORMATION FOR CONSUMERS|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] - [[Center for Veterinary Medicine]]}}</ref>|| style="text-align: left;" |
* Enzyme reactions
* Cell replication
* Protein and carbohydrate metabolism
* Skin function
* Wound healing
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Skin lesions
** Growth retardation
** Testicular damage
|-
| [[Iodine]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 1.0 || 1.0 ||11
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Thyroid hormone synthesis
* Cell differentiation
* Growth and development of puppies
* Regulation of metabolic rate
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Enlargement of thyroid glands
* Excess
** Excessive tearing, salivation, and nasal discharge
** Dandruff
|-
| [[Selenium]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 0.35 || 0.35 ||2
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Defense against oxidative damage
* Immune response
| style="text-align: left;" |
No studies of deficiency in cats
|-bgcolor="FFFFDD"
! style="text-align:center" colspan="7" | [[Vitamins]]
|-
| [[Vitamin A]] || [[International units|IU]]/kg || 5000 || 5000 || 250,000 || style="text-align: left;" |
* Vision
* Growth
* Immune function
* Fetal development
* Cellular differentiation
* Transmembrane protein transfer
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Conjunctivitis
** Cataracts, retinal degeneration, and other eye problems
** Weight loss
** Muscle weakness
** Reproductive and developmental disorders
* Excess
** Skeletal lesions in kittens, particularly outgrowths of the cervical vertebrae
** Osteoporosis
|-
| [[Vitamin D]] || [[International units|IU]]/kg || 500 || 500 || 3,000 || style="text-align: left;" |
* Maintenance of mineral status
* Skeletal structure
* Muscle contraction
* Blood clotting
* Nerve conduction
* Cell signaling
* Phosphorus balance
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Rickets
** Abnormalities in skeletal development
** Progressive paralysis
** Ataxia
** Lack of grooming
** Reduction in body weight and food intake
* Excess
** Anorexia
** Vomiting
** Lethargy
** Calcification of soft tissues
|-
| [[Vitamin E]]&nbsp;{{efn|name=f| It is recommended that the ratio of IU of vitamin E to grams of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) be >0.6:1. A diet containing 50 IU of vitamin E will have a ratio of >0.6:1 when the PUFA content is 83 grams or less. Diets containing more than 83 grams of PUFA should contain an additional 0.6 IU of vitamin E for every gram of PUFA.}} || [[International units|IU]]/kg || 50 || 50 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Defense against oxidative damage via free radical scavenging
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Anorexia
** Depression
** Pain sensitivity in abdomen
** Fat tissue pathology
|-
| [[Vitamin B1]] / [[Thiamine]]&nbsp;{{efn|name=h| Because processing may destroy up to 90% of the [[thiamine]] in the diet, allowance in formulation should be made to ensure the minimum nutrient level is met after processing.}}|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 2.25 || 2.25 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Energy and carbohydrate metabolism
* Activation of ion channels in neural tissue
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Neurological impairments including altered reflexes and convulsive seizures
** Heart-rate disorders
** Pathological changes in the central nervous system
** Severe learning deficits
|-
| [[Riboflavin]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 5.2 || 5.2 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Enzyme functions
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Cataracts
** Fatty livers
** Testicular atrophy
|-
| [[Pantothenic acid]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 12 || 12 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Energy metabolism
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Stunted growth
** Fatty changes in liver
** Small bowel lesions
|-
| [[Niacin (nutrient)|Niacin]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 13.6 || 13.6 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Enzyme functions
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Anorexia
** Weight loss
** Elevated body temperature
** Fiery red tongue, with ulceration and congestion
|-
| [[Vitamin B6]] / [[Pyridoxine]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 1.5 || 1.5 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Glucose generation
* Red blood cell function
* Niacin synthesis
* Nervous system function
* Immune response
* Hormone regulation
* Gene activation
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Stunted growth
** Convulsive seizures
** Kidney lesions
|-
| [[Folic Acid]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 0.216 || 0.216 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Amino acid and nucleotide metabolism
* Mitochondrial protein synthesis
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Decreased growth rate
** increased iron levels in blood
|-
| [[Vitamin B12]]|| [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 0.028 || 0.028 || || style="text-align: left;" |
* Enzyme functions
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Deficiency
** Weight loss
** Vomiting
** Diarrhea
** Intestinal disorders
|-
| [[Choline]] || [[kg#SI multiples|mg]]/kg || 1360 || 1360 || || ||
* Deficiency
** Fatty liver in kittens<ref name="SRM">{{cite journal | last1 = Schaeffer | first1 = Rogers | last2 = Morris | year = 1982 | title = The choline requirement of the growing kitten in the presence of just adequate dietary methionine | journal = Nutrition Research | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 289–299 | doi=10.1016/s0271-5317(82)80010-9}}</ref>
** Lower motivation to eat in kittens<ref name="SRM" />
** Decreased growth rate in kittens<ref name="SRM" />
|}
{{notelist}}
The European Union does not use a unified nutrient requirement.<ref>{{cite web|title=How pet food is regulated|author=Global Alliance of Pet Food Associations|url=https://www.gapfa.org/files/download/10_GAPFA_Factsheet_How_pet_food_is_regulated.pdf|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727180130/https://www.gapfa.org/files/download/10_GAPFA_Factsheet_How_pet_food_is_regulated.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A manufacturer committee called FEDIAF (European Pet Food Industry Federation) makes recommendations for cats and dogs that members follow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nutritional Guidelines |url=http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/nutrition.html |website=FEDIAF |access-date=2020-11-30 |archive-date=2020-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130170005/https://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/nutrition.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Both AAFCO and FEDIAF publish in two formats: one in the amount-per-kilogram form above, another in an energy-ratio format.<ref name="aafco2014"/>
==Dangers==
{{Main|Dog health#Dangerous foods}}
A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are [[poison|toxic]] to dogs, including [[chocolate|chocolate solids]] ([[theobromine poisoning]]), [[onion]] and [[garlic]] ([[thiosulfate]], [[alliin]] or [[allyl propyl disulfide]] poisoning<ref>Sources vary on which of these are considered the most significant toxic item.</ref>), [[grape]]s and [[raisin]]s (cause [[kidney failure]] in dogs), [[milk]] (some dogs are lactose intolerant and suffer diarrhea; goats' milk can be beneficial to dogs), [[mushroom]]s, fatty foods, [[rhubarb]], [[xylitol]],<ref>[http://www.petinsurance.com/healthzone/pet-articles/pet-health-toxins/Toxic-Food-Guide-for-Pets.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619033448/http://www.petinsurance.com/healthzone/pet-articles/pet-health-toxins/Toxic-Food-Guide-for-Pets.aspx|date=2016-06-19}}, Toxic Food Guide for Pets</ref> [[macadamia nut]]s, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Toxic Foods and Plants for Dogs|url=http://www.entirelypets.com/toxicfoods.html|publisher=entirelypets.com|access-date=2010-06-24|archive-date=2010-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723140617/http://www.entirelypets.com/toxicfoods.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Drs. Foster & Smith|title=Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Dog|url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2+1659&aid=1030|publisher=peteducation.com|access-date=2010-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915080755/http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2+1659&aid=1030|archive-date=2014-09-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A full list of poison/toxic substances can be found on the ASPCA's website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets|title=People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets|website=Aspca.org|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-date=2013-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715024155/https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/people-foods-avoid-feeding-your-pets|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Recalls===
[[File:Pet Food Aisle.jpg|thumb|right|Dog food at a supermarket in [[Brooklyn, New York]].]]
{{Main|2007 pet food recalls}}
The 2007 pet food recalls involved the massive [[Product recall|recall]] of many brands of [[domestic cat|cat]] and [[domestic dog|dog]] foods beginning in March 2007.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.fda.gov/animalveterinary/safetyhealth/RecallsWithdrawals/ucm129932.htm| title=FDA Animal Safety Recalls| journal=FDA| date=2018-11-03| access-date=2019-12-16| archive-date=2019-04-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424121240/https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/RecallsWithdrawals/ucm129932.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> The recalls came in response to reports of [[renal failure]] in pets consuming mostly wet pet foods made with [[Gluten|wheat gluten]] from a single [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] company, beginning in February 2007. After more than three weeks of complaints from consumers, the recall began voluntarily with the [[Canada|Canadian]] company [[Menu Foods]] on March 16, 2007, when a company test showed sickness and death in some of the test animals.
Overall, several major companies recalled more than 100 brands of pet foods, with most of the recalled product coming from Menu Foods. The contaminant was identified as [[melamine]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cianciolo RE, Bischoff K, Ebel JG, Van Winkle TJ, Goldstein RE, Serfilippi LM |title=Clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in 70 cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=233 |issue=5 |pages=729–37 |date=September 2008  |pmid=18764706 |doi=10.2460/javma.233.5.729|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson ME, Lewin-Smith MR, Kalasinsky VF |title=Characterization of melamine-containing and calcium oxalate crystals in three dogs with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis |journal=Veterinary Pathology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=417–26 |date=May 2008  |pmid=18487505 |doi=10.1354/vp.45-3-417|s2cid=41007011 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dobson RL, Motlagh S, Quijano M |title=Identification and characterization of toxicity of contaminants in pet food leading to an outbreak of renal toxicity in cats and dogs |journal=Toxicological Sciences |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=251–62 |date=November 2008  |pmid=18689873 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/kfn160|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rumbeiha WK, Agnew D, Maxie G |title=Analysis of a survey database of pet food-induced poisoning in North America |journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=172–184 |date=June 2010  |pmid=20393823 |pmc=3550281 |doi=10.1007/s13181-010-0022-9|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cocchi M, Vascellari M, Gallina A, Agnoletti F, Angeletti R, Mutinelli F |title=Canine nephrotoxicosis induced by melamine-contaminated pet food in Italy |journal=The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=103–7 |date=January 2010  |pmid=19915330 |doi=10.1292/jvms.09-0278|doi-access=free }}</ref> which had been added as an adulterant to simulate a higher protein content.
In the United States, there has been extensive media coverage of the recall. There have been calls for [[government regulation]] of pet foods{{by whom|date=October 2018}}, which had previously been self-regulated by pet food manufacturers. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods losing roughly $30 million alone from the recall.
===Contaminants===
==== Mycotoxins ====
In April 2014, [[aflatoxin B1]], a known carcinogenic toxin, melamine, and [[cyanuric acid]] were all found in various brands of USA pet food imported into Hong Kong. Since 1993, the FDA has confirmed concerns of toxins in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients, yet to date no comprehensive federal regulation exists on mycotoxin testing in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients used to make pet food.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Price WD, Lovell RA, McChesney DG |title=Naturally occurring toxins in feedstuffs: Center for Veterinary Medicine Perspective |journal=Journal of Animal Science |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=2556–62 |date=September 1993  |pmid=8407668 |url=http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8407668|doi=10.2527/1993.7192556x }}</ref>
In 1997, the ''Journal of Food Additives and Contaminants'' established that low levels of various mycotoxins could cause health concerns in pets, and was found in feed grade ingredients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scudamore KA, Hetmanski MT, Nawaz S, Naylor J, Rainbird S |title=Determination of mycotoxins in pet foods sold for domestic pets and wild birds using linked-column immunoassay clean-up and HPLC |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=175–86 |year=1997 |pmid=9102350 |doi=10.1080/02652039709374512}}</ref>
A study published in the ''Journal of Food Protection'' in 2001 cited concerns regarding fungi (the source of mycotoxins) in commercial pet foods and warned about the "risk for animal health".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bueno DJ, Silva JO, Oliver G |title=Mycoflora in commercial pet foods |journal=Journal of Food Protection |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=741–3 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11348013 |doi=10.4315/0362-028X-64.5.741 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 2006, a study published in the ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'' confirmed mycotoxins in pet foods around the world and concluded that contamination of mycotoxins in pet foods can lead to chronic effects on the health of pets.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leung MC, Díaz-Llano G, Smith TK |title=Mycotoxins in pet food: a review on worldwide prevalence and preventative strategies |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=26 |pages=9623–35 |date=December 2006  |pmid=17177480 |doi=10.1021/jf062363+}}</ref>
In 2007, the ''International Journal of Food Microbiology'' published a study that claimed "mycotoxin contamination in pet food poses a serious health threat to pets", and listed them: aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, [[zearalenone]], fumonisins and fusaric acid.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Boermans HJ, Leung MC |title=Mycotoxins and the pet food industry: toxicological evidence and risk assessment |journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=95–102 |date=October 2007  |pmid=17889389 |doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.063}}</ref>
A 2008 study published in the ''Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition'' found high levels of mycotoxins in the raw ingredients used for pet food in Brazil.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Campos SG, Cavaglieri LR, Fernández Juri MG |title=Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil |journal=Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=377–83 |date=June 2008  |pmid=18477320 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00809.x|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
A 2010 study in the ''Journal of Mycotoxin Research'' tested 26 commercial dog foods and found mycotoxins at concerning sub-lethal levels. It was determined that long-term exposure to low levels of confirmed mycotoxins could pose chronic health risks.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Böhm J, Koinig L, Razzazi-Fazeli E |title=Survey and risk assessment of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, and aflatoxins in commercial dry dog food |journal=Mycotoxin Research |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=147–53 |date=August 2010  |pmid=23605379 |doi=10.1007/s12550-010-0049-4|s2cid=21833929 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
For all the above reasons, a trend away from feed ingredients and toward USDA-certified ingredients fit for human consumption has developed.<ref>{{cite news|last=DELL|first=MARYANNE|title=Worried about tainted jerky treats? Here's how to keep your pets safe|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/treats-533350-ingredients-says.html|newspaper=Orange County Register|date=October 27, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2014|archive-date=April 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417085911/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/treats-533350-ingredients-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1999, another fungal toxin triggered the recall of dry dog food made by Doane Pet Care at one of its plants, including Ol' Roy, [[Wal-Mart]]'s brand, as well as 53 other brands. This time the toxin killed 25 dogs.<ref>{{cite web
|url         = http://www.api4animals.org/facts.php?p=359&more=1
|title       = Animal Protection Institute (API)
|url-status     = dead
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081017172555/http://www.api4animals.org/facts.php?p=359&more=1
|archive-date = 2008-10-17
}}</ref>
A 2005 consumer alert was released for contaminated Diamond Pet Foods for dogs and cats. Over 100 canine deaths and at least one feline fatality have been linked to Diamond Pet Foods contaminated by potentially deadly aflatoxin, according to Cornell University veterinarians.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan06/dogs.dying.ssl.html
| title = The Cornell Vet College
| access-date = 2007-04-18
| archive-date = 2007-04-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070409105326/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan06/dogs.dying.ssl.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
==== ''Salmonella'' and copper ====
The FDA released a video focusing on another major threat in commercial pet food: ''Salmonella'' bacterial contamination. They also cite other major toxins of concern.<ref>{{cite news|title=FDA Video Pet Food Safety|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X0F-XYHHxk|date=February 2014|access-date=2014-04-16|archive-date=2014-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302045755/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X0F-XYHHxk&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The video references the case of a specific commercial pet food plant that was also the subject of a March 2014 study published in the ''Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association''. It details how at least 53 known human illnesses were linked to commercial pet foods made at that plant in 2012.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Imanishi M, Rotstein DS, Reimschuessel R |title=Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis infection in humans linked to dry dog food in the United States and Canada, 2012 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=244 |issue=5 |pages=545–53 |date=March 2014  |pmid=24548229 |doi=10.2460/javma.244.5.545|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free |pmc=11292585 }}</ref> A class action lawsuit linked to this outbreak was settled in 2014.<ref name="April 2014">{{cite news|title=Diamond Pet Foods Agrees to Class Action Settlement|url=http://legalnewsline.com/issues/class-action/248371-diamond-pet-foods-agrees-to-class-action-settlement|access-date=2014-04-16|archive-date=2014-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406044950/http://legalnewsline.com/issues/class-action/248371-diamond-pet-foods-agrees-to-class-action-settlement|url-status=live}}</ref>
The video also cites the dangers of over supplementation of nutrients in pet food. A study published in the ''Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association'' in February 2013 suggested a correlation between liver disease and the amount of copper supplementation in AAFCO diets.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnston|first1=Andrea|title=DVM|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|date=February 1, 2013|volume=242|issue=3|pages=372–380|doi=10.2460/javma.242.3.372|pmid=23327181|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
[[Eating your own dog food]] or dogfooding is the practice of using your own products or services.<ref>{{cite news |first=Miguel |last=Helft |title=Google Appears Closer to Releasing Its Own Phone |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/google-appears-closer-to-releasing-its-own-phone/ |quote=On Saturday morning, Google confirmed that it was testing a new concept in mobile phones, writing in a blog post that it was 'dogfooding' the devices, an expression that comes from the idea that companies should "eat their own dog food", or use their own products. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 December 2009 |access-date=12 December 2009 |author-link=Miguel Helft |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309114034/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/google-appears-closer-to-releasing-its-own-phone/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-5047467.html |title=Microsoft tests its own 'dog food' |work=Tech News on ZDNet |access-date=14 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621080007/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-5047467.html |archive-date=21 June 2008 }}</ref><ref name="dvorak">{{cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2217007,00.asp |title=The Problem with Eating Your Own Dog Food |last=Dvorak |first=John C. |author-link=John C. Dvorak|date=15 November 2007 |work=PC Magazine |access-date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628161803/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2217007,00.asp |archive-date=28 June 2009 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Cat food]]
* [[Dental health diets for dogs]]
* [[:Category:Dog food brands|Dog food brands]]
* [[Dog biscuit]]s
* [[Dog meat]]
* [[Dog odor]]
* [[Hypoallergenic dog food]]
* [[Pet store]]
* [[Puppy nutrition]]
* [[Senior dog diet]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-food-feeds/pet-food Interpreting pet food labels] – Pet food labeling according to [[AAFCO]] regulations
* {{Cite book|title=Nutrient requirements of dogs |isbn=978-0-309-02315-3 |author= National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |year=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezArAAAAYAAJ}}
{{Dog nav}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dog Food}}
[[Category:Pet foods]]
[[Category:Dog nutrition]]