View source for Dooring

{{Short description|Type of cycling accident}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{multiple image
| image1 = Door zone closed.jpg
| alt1 = Cyclist riding in a bike lane situated in a door zone
| image2 = Door zone open.jpg
| alt2 = Cyclist collides with door
| footer = A cyclist in a bike lane situated in a door zone (left) is struck when a car door is opened unexpectedly (right)
}}
'''Dooring''' is the act of opening a [[Car door|motor vehicle door]] into the path of another road user.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first= Marilyn|title= Cyclists and open vehicle doors: Crash characteristics and risk factors |journal=[[Safety Science]] |volume= 59 |pages=135–140 |date=2013|doi= 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.04.010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc15/pdf_files/11.pdf |title= Investigation of bicycle accidents involving collisions with the opening door of parking vehicles and demands for a suitable driver assistance system|first1=M.|last1=Jänsch|first2=D.|last2=Otte|first3=H.|last3=Johannsen|website= IRCOBI Conference Proceedings 2015 |date= September 2015|page=20|quote=The accidents mainly happen because the vehicle occupants are not making sure that the road is clear before opening the door. Visibility problems due to visual obstruction i.e., from bodywork or pillars of the vehicle were not found to be a major factor in these accidents.|access-date=June 12, 2019}}</ref> Dooring can happen when a driver has parked or stopped to exit their vehicle, or when passengers egress from cars, taxis and rideshares into the path of a cyclist in an adjacent travel lane. The width of the door zone in which this can happen varies, depending upon the model of car one is passing. The zone can be almost zero for a vehicle with sliding or [[gull-wing doors]] or much larger for a truck. In many cities across the globe, doorings are among the most common and injurious bike-vehicle incidents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/cycling-safety-study-final-report.pdf |title= City of Vancouver Cycling Safety Study – Final Report| author=Urban Systems |date=January 22, 2015|page=64|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref> Any passing vehicle may also strike and damage a negligently opened or left open door, or injure or kill the exiting motorist or passenger.
Doorings can be avoided if the driver checks their [[side mirror]] before opening the door, or performs a shoulder check. Use of the Dutch Reach (or "far hand method") for vehicle egress has been advised to prevent doorings, as it combines both measures. As bicyclists cannot rely on motor vehicle occupants to use required caution on exiting, bicyclists are advised to avoid the door zone of stopped or parked vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bicycling.com/rides/g20039791/dont-get-doored-how-to-ride-safely-around-parked-cars/ |title=Don't Get Doored: How to Ride Safely Around Parked Cars |website= Bicycling|author=Bob Mionske|date=Jul 25, 2016|access-date= April 6, 2021 |quote=One of the most common causes of bike crashing is a stopped motorist who suddenly opens a door into the path of an approaching rider.... The best way to prevent this is to avoid pedaling in the “door zone”—the three- to five-foot area next to a parked car.}}</ref>
The term is also applied when such sudden door opening causes the oncoming rider to swerve to avoid collision (with or without loss of control), resulting in a crash or secondary collision with another oncoming vehicle or another vehicle that is directly next to the cyclist. The term also applies when a door is negligently left open, unduly blocking a travel lane.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bikeleague.org/content/bike-law-u-dooring |title=BIKE LAW UNIVERSITY: DOORING |author=Ken McLeod|website=bikeleague.org|date=January 13, 2015 |access-date=August 13, 2019 |quote= A typical dooring law requires that a person opening a vehicle door ensure that it is reasonably safe to open the door, that opening the door will not interfere with moving traffic, and that the door is not open for any more time than necessary.}}</ref>
==Legal issues==
{{essay|section|date=September 2019}}
Many countries are aligned with the [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic|Vienna convention]] which states: "It shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, to leave it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made sure that to do so cannot endanger other road-users." (Article 24 — Opening of doors).<ref>https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/crt1968e.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
Most areas have laws that require car users to check for all approaching traffic including cyclists before opening the door of their vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=22517. |title=California Vehicle Code section 22517 |website=California Legislative Information |access-date=February 13, 2018 |quote=No person shall open the door of a vehicle on the side available to moving traffic unless it is reasonably safe to do so and can be done without interfering with the movement of such traffic..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/Conv_road_traffic_EN.pdf |title=Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, Article 24: Opening of doors |date=8 November 1968 |website=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] |access-date=February 13, 2018 |quote=Opening of doors: It shall be prohibited to open the door of a vehicle, it open, or to alight from the vehicle without having made to do so cannot endanger other road-users.}}</ref> Some jurisdictions also consider it a traffic code violation if vehicle doors are unnecessarily left open and thus continue to obstruct an adjacent travel lane.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bikeleague.org/content/bike-law-u-dooring |title=BIKE LAW UNIVERSITY: DOORING |author=Ken McLeod|website=bikeleague.org|date=January 13, 2015 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |quote= A typical dooring law requires that a person opening a vehicle door ensure that it is reasonably safe to open the door, that opening the door will not interfere with moving traffic, and that the door is not open for any more time than necessary.}}</ref>
Despite such laws, serious injuries and deaths continue to be caused by occupants opening doors or by bicycle riders riding in the door zone. A 2015 British survey found that 35% of drivers self-reported that they did not check for traffic before opening their vehicle's door to exit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bikeradar.com/news/35-of-drivers-dont-look-before-opening-their-car-door/ |title=35% of drivers don't look before opening their car door, Survey highlights drivers' ignorance and bad habits|website=BikeRadar.com|date=May 25, 2017| access-date=June 4, 2019|quote=That alarming figure comes from a survey of 1,000 drivers from across the UK carried out by eBikes Direct, which has also exposed how ill-informed some drivers are when it comes to what cyclists can and can’t do on the road.}}</ref>
==Avoidance and prevention==
Dooring prevention has proven a difficult problem as incidents can occur wherever hinged vehicle doors are carelessly opened and suddenly obstruct travel lanes or sidewalks. Surveys of driver behavior upon egress, in the [[United Kingdom]] and the state of Florida, USA, found that 35% and 60% of drivers respectively did not check for oncoming road users before opening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bikeradar.com/us/commuting/news/article/opening-car-door-cyclists-50020/|title=35% of drivers don't look before opening their car door|author=Paul Douglas|website=Bike Radar|quote=...over a third (35 percent) of British drivers don’t bother to check behind them before opening their car door on a road.|date=May 25, 2017|access-date=Feb 28, 2010|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924191712/http://www.bikeradar.com/us/commuting/news/article/opening-car-door-cyclists-50020/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bocaratontribune.com/bocaratonnews/2020/02/boca-raton-driverscyclists-relationships-among-best-florida-reveals-survey/|title=Boca Raton Drivers/Cyclists Relationships Among the Best in Florida, Reveals Survey|author=Online Staff|website=The Boca Raton Tribune|quote=the survey revealed that 59.5% of drivers never check behind them before opening their doors.|date=Feb 25, 2020|access-date=Feb 28, 2010}}</ref>
Cyclists are advised to avoid door zones and exercise great caution if in range of open doors from either side when in traffic. Motorists and passengers are advised to exercise heightened caution and vigilance before and during entry or egress from their vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/want-safer-cycling-dont-dismiss-dooring-6918 |title=Want safer cycling? Don't dismiss dooring|author=Marilyn Johnson |website=The Conversation US|quote=When you’re getting into or out of the car, you should:...|date=May 10, 2012|access-date=June 12, 2019}}</ref> Passengers are advised to exit curb-side only, and never when vehicles are paused in a travel lane.
Street planners are encouraged to avoid placing bike lanes in door zones, and to implement instead buffered, separated and/or protected bike lanes and tracks, or shared lane markings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cyclingsavvy.org/2018/08/bike-lanes-dooring/ |title=Where Bike Lane Design Collides with Savvy Cycling |author=Paul Schimek |website=Cycling Savvy |date=August 29, 2018|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Motor vehicle bureaus and departments of transportation are advised not to restrict vulnerable road users into door zone bike lanes by force of traffic code.
Motor vehicle engineers and manufacturers are deploying new technologies to warn or prevent vehicle occupants from exiting in the presence of oncoming traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/the-new-audi-a4-is-the-car-that-could-save-a-cyclists-life/news-story/99ffc2a7c52edde8fe3062d4bb7bfa8a |title=The new Audi A4 is the car that could save a cyclist's life| author=Joshua Dowling|website=News Corp. Australia |date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Auxiliary side view mirrors are now available which fit on the B-[[pillar (car)|pillar]] to assist rear-seated passengers preparing to exit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cachimirror.com/ |title=An Inexpensive Solution to an Expensive and Dangerous Problem! Universal Rear View Mirrors for Cars and Taxis |website=Cachi Mirrors – Mirroty Incorporated |access-date=June 11, 2019 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614181220/http://www.cachimirror.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Road safety advocates also call for greater enforcement, fines and penalties,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/want-safer-cycling-dont-dismiss-dooring-6918 |title=Want safer cycling? Don't dismiss dooring|first=Marilyn |last=Johnson |website=The Conversation US|quote=If the existing laws regarding driver behaviour are not currently effective or not actively enforced, it is essential that these laws are reviewed to ensure that cyclists are judicially protected.|date=May 10, 2012|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> while insurance companies and personal injury attorneys apply sanctions after the fact in the form of increased premiums and liability lawsuits.
Improved training in road sharing by motorists with vulnerable road users is recommended for all road users, done by means of upgraded driver licensing and education standards, curriculum and testing, and public education and behavior change campaigns to improve road safety conduct.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/want-safer-cycling-dont-dismiss-dooring-6918 |title=Want safer cycling? Don't dismiss dooring|first=Marilyn |last=Johnson |website=The Conversation US|quote=Driver behaviour is a significant factor in cyclist-opened vehicle door crashes&nbsp;... To change the habits of many drivers will require extensive investment in behaviour change and driver education campaigns. |date=May 10, 2012|access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref>
===Education===
Because it is rarely possible to see and react safely to a suddenly opening door, traffic cycling educational programs teach cyclists to ride in the safe zone<ref>{{YouTube|TpkIQsIT_Js}|How To Avoid Getting Doored}}</ref> or [[travel lane]] well outside the door zone as measured from the tip of the handlebars.
As street planners often lay out painted bike lanes in the door zone, many [[bicycle safety]] advocates advise cyclists to maintain a safe distance from car doors nonetheless and disregard such markings to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cyclingsavvy.org/2018/08/bike-lanes-dooring/|title=Where Bike Lane Design Collides with Savvy Cycling|first= Paul |last=Schimek |website=CyclingSavvy |date=August 29, 2018 |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> However riding on the margin of the bike lane places a cyclist in increased proximity to overtaking vehicles and also at risk of being squeezed closer into the doorzone. Other advocates therefore instruct bicyclists to take control of the full travel lane and adopt "[[vehicular cycling]]", to avoid dooring, considering this to be the safest position overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cyclingsavvy.org/road-cycling/|title=FAQ: Why do you ride like that? Biking in the middle of the lane sure looks dangerous|website=CyclingSavvy|access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>
Also to avoid doorings, bicyclists are advised to exercise vigilance, scan for the presence or likelihood of an occupied parked or stopped vehicle. Risk is increased especially in areas and at times of high parking turnover, on main arteries, during morning and evening commutes, and in retail, restaurant and entertainment districts with parallel parking. Bicyclists are also advised to assure their visibility to motorists and in mirrors both day and night by the use of bright and reflective clothing, vests, reflectors and front lights. Marked caution, slow speed and preparedness to brake when in the door zone are also counselled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.betterbybicycle.com/2014/04/how-to-avoid-getting-doored.html|title=How to avoid getting doored |website=Better By Bicycle |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>
===Dutch Reach===
<!-- linked from redirect [[Dutch Reach]] -->
[[File:The Dutch Reach - Use far hand on handle when opening to avoid dooring cyclists or injuries to exiting drivers and passengers.png|thumb|right|The Dutch Reach – using the far hand to open a car door]]
Motorists and passengers – both front and rear – may be able to make dooring less likely by practising the "Dutch Reach" <ref name="rospa.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/cyclists-and-motorcyclists/dutch-reach |title=The Dutch Reach |website=[[Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents]] |date= February 3, 2017|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name="massrmv">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/drivers-manual/download |chapter=Chapter 4, Rules of the Road: Laws for Bicyclists and Motorists in the Presence of Bicyclists |pages=111–112 |title=Commonwealth of Massachusetts Revised 2020 Driver's Manual |date=December 2020|access-date=April 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcFIg1uf1Cs&t=34s  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/TcFIg1uf1Cs |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Bicycle Safety and the Far Hand Reach (video)|last=National Safety Council (USA) |date=June 6, 2019|website=YouTube|access-date=April 18, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> – opening the car door by reaching across the body with the more distant hand<ref name="rospa.com"/><ref name="bostonglobe.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/09/08/this-cyclist-wants-drivers-dutch-reach/V2Ei5bEiOCfU6ubxX1r8VN/story.html |title=To avoid 'doorings', cyclist wants drivers to do the 'Dutch Reach' |first=Steve |last=Annear |date=September 8, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref> which promotes a shoulder check – out and back – to scan for cyclists and other oncoming traffic.
Reaching across turns one's upper body and head outward. It encourages drivers and front passengers to use the side [[wing mirror]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.addisonlee.com/addlib/addisonlean/# |title= Addison Lee And Laura Kenny Launch 'Addison Lean' Initiative To Protect Cyclists From 'Car Dooring' |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= June 20, 2018 |publisher=Addison Lee |access-date=June 25, 2018 |quote= manoeuvre involves drivers opening the door with the hand furthest away from the car door, forcing them to lean across and look into their wing mirror}}</ref> look out to the side and then over one's shoulder to scan for traffic before opening.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-27/easy-maneuver-borrowed-dutch-could-be-life-saving-cyclists |title=This easy maneuver, borrowed from the Dutch, could be life-saving for cyclists |author= <!-- staff --> |date= September 27, 2016 |publisher= PRI's The World |access-date= June 25, 2018}}</ref> Once the door is partly opened, as one leans out one's over-the-shoulder view is now clear, no longer limited by side [[pillar (car)|pillar]] or door frame.<ref>{{YouTube|id= AD50tVXIXB4|title= MassDOT Dutch Reach – Scan the street for wheels and feet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite report | date = December 2016  | title= Cambridge Street Code – Rules & Etiquette for Getting There Together | chapter-url = http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/News/2016/12/~/media/9EC803500FCE4B2CACFCCA0FC4E93E4C.ashx | publisher=City of Cambridge |location= Massachusetts, USA| chapter = Reduce Risk: Be Alert: Doors Are Dangerous | page=9| access-date=June 25, 2018  | quote= Note: Dutch Reach diagram in Step 3 shows partially opened car door with clear field of vision rearward between door frame and car pillar.}}</ref> Reaching across helps to curb wide, sudden opening as a further safeguard against dooring.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.npr.org/2017/06/05/531629183/massachusetts-goes-dutch-to-protect-cyclists-from-injury |title= Massachusetts Goes Dutch To Protect Cyclists From Injury |last= Siegel|first= Robert|date= June 5, 2017 | website=All Things Considered |publisher= National Public Radio|access-date=June 25, 2018 |quote=When you use your far hand, you can't fling the door open.}}</ref>
Even as the maneuver is becoming known elsewhere as the "Dutch Reach", in the Netherlands driving instructors and driving school companies refer to it by description and not by a name.<ref name="rijleshulp_uitstappen">{{Cite web|url= https://www.rijleshulp.nl/in-en-uitstappen/ |title=Uitstappen uit de auto, Lesonderdeel Urrstappen |website=Rijleshulp |access-date=June 23, 2018}}</ref><ref name="bbc_41201002">{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-41201002/how-to-do-the-dutch-reach |title= How to do the 'Dutch reach' And how it could save someone's life. |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date= June 23, 2018}}</ref> The far hand move is not literally specified by Dutch traffic code to pass the safe parking section of the road test. Rather, Dutch regulations for licensing set two standards to ensure safe exiting of vehicles to protect vulnerable road users (VRUs), viz:  Articles 4e and 6a.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0015600/2013-12-31 |title=Regeling eisen praktijkexamens rijbewijscategorieën B en E bij B, Artikel 4 | author=<!--Not stated--> |date=December 30, 2013 |website= Overheid NL, Wet- en regelgeving |publisher= Overheid NL |access-date=June 28, 2018|quote= Artikel 4e. het permanent rekening te houden met (mogelijke) andere weggebruikers, in het bijzonder kwetsbare weggebruikers als voetgangers, fietsers e.d; |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0015600/2013-12-31 |title=Regeling eisen praktijkexamens rijbewijscategorieën B en E bij B, Artikel 6 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=December 30, 2013 |website= Overheid NL, Wet- en regelgeving |publisher= Overheid NL |access-date=June 28, 2018|quote= Artikel 6a. het op juiste en veilige wijze in- of uitstappen;|language=nl}}</ref>
As fewer than half of Dutch license applicants pass the examination on first attempt,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rijschoolgegevens.nl/index.asp?pageid=2&examenplaats=30&automaat=0 |title= Rijschoolgegevens: Amsterdam, Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheid |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=March 31, 2018 |website= Rijschoolgegevens NL|publisher= Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheid |access-date= June 28, 2018|quote= AMSTERDAM Aantal 1e examens: 11.750;  Gemiddeld slagingspercentage (1e examen): 41 – 45 %|language=nl}}</ref> some but not all Dutch driving instructors and texts<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gvt-C1gPtigC&q=theorieboek+rijbewijs+portier&pg=PA42|title= ANWB Theorieboek Rijbewijs |volume=B |edition=2nd |year=2006 |first=Geert |last=van Leeuwen |page=42 |language=nl |quote=Uitstappen: Uitstappen moet uiteraard ook veilig gebeuren: kijk... |trans-quote=Getting out must, of course, also be done safely: so first look at the traffic approaching from the front. Then look in the rear view mirror, left outside mirror and left side (blind spot) to the following traffic. If it is safe, hold the door with your left hand on the handle and open the door with your right hand as far as you need and get out. Then immediately close the door and walk towards the sidewalk or sidewalk facing the approaching traffic. Passengers can enter and exit safest on the sidewalk side.|publisher=De Koninklijke Nederlandse Toeristenbond ANWB |isbn= 9789018020989 |access-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref> for the theory examination teach the far hand maneuver as most assured to demonstrate safe exiting on both the written and road tests.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.autorij-instructie.nl/2010/02/handelen-de-lesauto-instappen-en-uitstappen/|title= Rijles Rijprocedure B, Instappen – Uitstappen In De Lesauto |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 21, 2010 |publisher=Autorij-instructie NL |access-date=June 28, 2018|quote= Handelen bij uitstappen en weglopen van de auto&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="rijleshulp_uitstappen"/><ref name="bbc_41201002"/>
The reach method is likely less practiced by Dutch motorists today than in the 1960s–1980s when Dutch road fatalities numbered in the thousands<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.swov.nl/feiten-cijfers/factsheet/verkeersdoden-nederland|title= Factsheet: Verkeersdoden in Nederland: Hoe heeft het aantal verkeersdoden in Nederland zich sinds 1950 ontwikkeld?|trans-title=Fact Sheet: Traffic deaths in the Netherlands: How did the number of road fataliities in The Netherlands develop since 1950? |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 2018|website=SWOV |access-date=July 13, 2018 |at= Figures 6 & 7}}</ref> and prompted the [[Cycling in the Netherlands#History|Stop de Kindermoord]] protest movement<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.treehugger.com/bikes/how-did-bicycling-take-over-netherlands.html|title= How did bicycling take over the Netherlands? |last= Shahan |first= Zachary  |date= March 19, 2014|website= Treehugger|access-date=July 13, 2018 |quote= In late 1972, a strong 'Stop de Kindermoord' (stop the child murder) campaign was started in the Netherlands, aimed at urban planning and legal fixes to transportation design and transportation laws that resulted in many kids being killed by cars (over 400 kids were reportedly killed in one year from automobiles).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://lcc.org.uk//pages/holland-in-the-1970s |title= Holland in the 1970s: Dutch campaigners explain why the Netherlands is now so cycle-friendly |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2011 |website=London Cycling Campaign |access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref> to end the carnage. Anecdotal reports date the 'reach across' practice to that era. But public awareness of the method in the Netherlands extends at least back to 1961.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&query=%28portier+openen%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_gte_+%2201-01-1960%22%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_lte_+%2201-01-1965%22%29&redirect=true&page=22&sortfield=datedesc&identifier=ddd:011140294:mpeg21:a0288&resultsidentifier=ddd:011140294:mpeg21:a0288%20https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%28portier+openen%29&page=7&sortfield=date&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_gte_+%2201-01-1965%22%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_lte_+%2201-01-1975%22%29&coll=ddd&redirect=true&identifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:p035&resultsidentifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:a0632 | title= Hoe stapt u uit een auto? – wegwijzer naar 'een veilig land om in te wonen' |work=De Telegraaf |page=7|author=Wegwijzer|date=August 19, 1961|via=Delpher Newspapers NL|language= nl| quote= EEN roede tip: open het LINKERportier steeds met uw RECHTERhand en het RECHTERportier met uw LINKERhand. Dan moet u zich wel omdraaien. Zullen wij ons dat aanwennen? Een kleine moeite, en u zult zien dat het aantal ongevallen door plotseling opengeworpen portieren snel afneemt. |trans-quote=A good tip: always open the LEFT door with your RIGHT hand and the RIGHT door with your LEFT hand. Then you have to turn around. Shall we get used to that? A small effort.|access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=%28portier+openen%29&page=7&sortfield=date&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_gte_+%2201-01-1965%22%29&cql%5B%5D=%28date+_lte_+%2201-01-1975%22%29&coll=ddd&redirect=true&identifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:p035&resultsidentifier=ddd:110588940:mpeg21:a0632|title= Met Het Oog Op De Weg, De Telegraaf |first=J. Adama |last=Zylstra|date=February 26, 1966|newspaper=De Telegraaf|language= nl|quote=De heer S. V. te Rotterdam geeft een goede „tip" betreffende het openen van het linkerportier&nbsp;... |trans-quote=Mr. SV in Rotterdam gives a good 'tip' regarding opening the left-hand door of a car, that is the door on the roadside. He says: 'Never open the door with your left hand but with your right hand, since then your body has to turn to the left in such a way that you get a better view of the following traffic, in particular cyclists and mopeds.' |access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digibron.nl/search/detail/f44bc8dfdbd7c25443de8dad15ad8e7f/openen-van-portieren|title= Openen van portieren – Reformatorisch Dagblad|page=12 |author=<!--Not stated--> |language=nl|quote= Om voor het uitstappen&nbsp;...|trans-quote=In order to be able to observe the traffic approaching from behind, many people often wriggle into a difficult twist, while this can easily be done by opening the left-hand door with the right hand and the right-hand door with the left hand. You then automatically turn around and get a good view to the rear. |date=July 24, 1971 |website=Digibron NL|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>
Since then [[Cycling in the Netherlands|bicycling in the Netherlands]] is much safer. Innovative and extensive infrastructure improvements, separate and protected [[cycle track]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://lcc.org.uk//pages/holland-in-the-1970s |title= Holland in the 1970s: Dutch campaigners explain why the Netherlands is now so cycle-friendly |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2011 |website=London Cycling Campaign |access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref> strict driver education and testing, popular use of bicycles for daily transport and dedication to [[Road traffic safety|road safety]],<ref name="bostonglobe_2013-09-21">{{cite news |last=Powers |first=Martine |date=September 22, 2013 |title=A cyclist's mecca, with lessons for Boston |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/09/21/bicycling-dutch-way/kFRT0ABSPtUnXMIUj5zONM/story.html |newspaper=The Boston Globe |access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> all contributed to its dramatic decline in road injuries and fatalities. Yet dooring injuries and even fatalities in the Netherlands still occur,<ref>{{cite AV media
| date =September 13, 2017| title =How to do the 'Dutch reach'| language = en| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppBuWxvypfg| access-date =December 18, 2019| location =The Netherlands| publisher =[[Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents]] | quote =Every year about 75,000 cyclists are injured on Dutch Roads. At least 200 of those involve car doors.| ref =Dutch Injury Surveillance System; Dutch Consumer Safety Institute}}</ref> and the far hand method is still taught, though public awareness of it and its practice in the Netherlands has waned.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2019/07/yet-another-dutch-lifestyle-craze-nix-it-stop-reaching-and-drop-it/|title= Yet another Dutch lifestyle craze? Nix it, stop reaching and drop it |first=Molly |last=Quell|quote= I called eight driving schools across the country. Two had heard of the manoeuver in which a driver opens the door with their right hand, to force them to look behind themselves to check for cyclists. Six had not.|date=July 25, 2019 |website=DutchNews NL|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zeit.de/die-antwort/2019-03/radfahren-holland-dutch-reach-gefahren-verkehrskultur-unfaelle|title= Der holländische Trick, der Leben rettet |first=Juliane |last=Frisse|language= de|quote= Wir schätzen, dass etwa die Hälfte aller Fahrlehrer in den Niederlanden diese Methode unterrichten, sagt Martijn van Es....|trans-quote='We estimate that about half of all driving instructors in the Netherlands teach this method,' says Martijn van Es. He works for the Fietsersbond, which represents the interests of cyclists in the Netherlands. However, he did not learn the Dutch grip in driving school, says van Es.|date=April 5, 2019  |newspaper=Die Zeit|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>
As noted above, the far hand technique does not have a Dutch name, but in 2016 an American physician in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, coined the term to promote<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-27/easy-maneuver-borrowed-dutch-could-be-life-saving-cyclists|title= This easy maneuver, borrowed from the Dutch, could be life-saving for cyclists |author= <!-- staff -->|date= September 27, 2016|website= The World |publisher= Public Radio International|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref> the Dutch method which was little known in the United States.<ref name="bostonglobe.com"/><ref name="NPR">{{cite AV media |date=June 5, 2017 |title=Massachusetts Goes Dutch To Protect Cyclists From Injury |medium=Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/06/05/531629183/massachusetts-goes-dutch-to-protect-cyclists-from-injury |access-date=June 9, 2017 |series=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |quote=Herein reported as first inclusion of 'Dutch Reach' method in a USA state's driver's manual, and introduces it as novel to NPR national audience.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://idiomation.wordpress.com/2017/01/10/dutch-reach |title=Historically Speaking – Dutch Reach |first=Elyse |last=Bruce |date=January 10, 2017 |website=Idiomation |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>
The "Dutch Reach" coinage reflects that the method was common to the Netherlands<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohn|first= Tanya |date=2018-10-05 |title= The Dutch Reach: A No-Tech Way to Save Bicyclists' Lives|work= The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/smarter-living/the-dutch-reach-save-bicyclists-lives-bicycle-safety-drivers.html|location= USA |quote='It's just what Dutch people do,' said Fred Wegman&nbsp;...|access-date=2018-12-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first= Marilyn|title= Cyclists and open vehicle doors: Crash characteristics and risk factors |journal=Safety Science |volume= 59 |date=2013|quote=...&nbsp;practices from countries with high cycling participation rate such as Denmark and the Netherlands could be adopted (e.g., van Leeuwen, 2006). Such examples may include when parallel parked: opening door with 'other' hand (left in Australia) to encourage drivers to twist in their seat and head check before opening the door;|page=139|doi= 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.04.010}}</ref> before being 'imported' to the U.S. It was described as a Dutch road safety measure in the American mainstream press in 2011 by the New York Times<ref>{{cite news |first=Russell |last=Shorto |title= The Dutch Way: Bicycles and Fresh Bread |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/opinion/sunday/the-dutch-way-bicycles-and-fresh-bread.html| date=July 30, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=23 June 2018 }}</ref> and the Boston Globe in 2013.<ref name="bostonglobe_2013-09-21"/>
The method can be traced beyond northern Europe starting in the 2010s. From 2011 to 2016 several bicycle advocacy organizations and road safety agencies in the United States, Canada and Australia added advisories or launched anti-dooring campaigns which included or featured the far hand countermeasure. In New Haven, Connecticut, it was variously called the "Amsterdam", "European cities{{'"}} or "reach-across" method (2013).<ref>{{cite news |last= Macmillan |first= Thomas |date= August 5, 2013 |title= Danger: Drivers Dooring Cyclists |url= https://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/dooring/ |publisher= New Haven Independent |location=New Haven, CT |access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> In Fort Collins, Colorado, it became the "Opposite Hand Trick" (2014).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fcgov.com/bicycling/bike-friendly-driver-program.php |title= Bicycle Friendly Driver Program |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2016 |website=City of Fort Collins, Colorado|access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> However the tip remained nameless in San Francisco, California (2015);<ref>{{YouTube|id=_LbC3FQeZqc?t=14m|title= Large Vehicle Urban Driving Safety}}</ref>  Montreal (2014),<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Cyclists launch campaign to prevent 'dooring' |url= https://globalnews.ca/news/1252825/cyclists-launch-campaign-to-prevent-dooring/ |work=Global News|location=Montreal, Canada|date= April 5, 2014|access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> and Vancouver (2016),<ref>{{cite web |url= https://bikehub.ca/about-us/news/safety-campaign-aims-to-help-drivers-avoid-dooring-people-on-bikes |title= Safety campaign aims to help drivers avoid 'dooring' people on bikes |date= March 17, 2016|website=HUB Cycling |access-date=June 28, 2018 | quote=always open your door with your right hand, so you automatically look over your shoulder&nbsp;...}}</ref> Canada; New Zealand (2015);<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-other-road-users/sharing-road-with-cyclists/|title= About other road users, Sharing the road with cyclists, Common causes of cycle collisions, Opening a vehicle door |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=May 2015 |website= Official New Zealand Road Code |publisher= NZ Transport Agency, Waka Kotami|access-date=June 28, 2018 |quote= Always check carefully for cyclists before you open your door.Using your left hand to open the door will turn your shoulders&nbsp;...}}</ref> and Victoria, Australia (2012).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/safety-and-road-rules/cyclist-safety/car-doors-and-bike-riders |title= Car doors & bike riders, Advice for drivers |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2012 |website=VicRoads |location= Victoria, Australia |publisher=Victoria State Government|access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref> In Australia two slogans have emerged to prompt the habit: "Lead with your left"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-02/car-dooring-death-easily-avoidable-safety-campaigner-says/6273352 |title=Brunswick cyclist's car-dooring death a 'wicked waste' and easily avoidable, safety campaigner says |last= ABC Radio Melbourne|date= March 1, 2015 |website= ABC News|publisher=ABC |access-date= July 22, 2018|quote='It's called "lead with your left", which makes you turn just enough to see what's coming behind you,' she told 774 ABC Melbourne.}}</ref> (origin uncertain); and "Always Cross Check",<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nrspp.org.au/resources/bang-car-dooring-of-cyclists-brochure-and-poster/ |title= NRSPP Brochure And Poster – BANG! Car Dooring Of Cyclists|author=<!--Not stated--> |website=National Road Safety Partnership Program |publisher= NRSPP Australia|access-date=July 22, 2018 |quote= Always Cross Check!}}</ref> devised by a road safety organization.
In early 2017 the [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents]] (UK) endorsed the Dutch Reach as the recommended road safety practice to avoid dooring collisions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/pedal-cyclists/sharing-the-road-together-drivers-cyclists/dutch-reach/ |title=Road Safety: Dutch Reach – What is the Dutch Reach? |website=Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents |access-date=June 9, 2017}}</ref> In 2019, the [[National Safety Council]] (U.S.) and [[American Automobile Association]] began including the far hand reach in their respective [[defensive driving]] and novice driver course materials <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsc.org/safety-training/defensive-driving/courses/classroom/ddc-10th-edition |title=NEW Defensive Driving Course |edition=10th |website=National Safety Council|location=United States |date=January 2019|access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=William E.|last1=Van Tassel|first2=Richard|last2=Chidester|first3=Edwin W. 'Ned' III|last3=Ferris|first4=Nina|last4=Saint |title=How to Drive – Making Driver Education Fun and Easy! |edition=15th |url=https://drivertraining.aaa.biz/product-category/how-to-drive-15/ |location=United States |publisher=American Automobile Association|pages=83–84, 231 |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-59508-617-4}}</ref> and road safety programs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsc.org/home-safety/tools-resources/seasonal-safety/summer/bicycles/far-hand-reach |title=Protect Bicyclists with the Far Hand Reach Technique |website=National Safety Council|date=June 11, 2019 |access-date=June 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mohn|first= Tanya |date=2018-10-05 |title= The Dutch Reach: A No-Tech Way to Save Bicyclists' Lives|work= The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/smarter-living/the-dutch-reach-save-bicyclists-lives-bicycle-safety-drivers.html|location= USA |quote=AAA and the National Safety Council will teach the Dutch Reach technique in safety classes starting in January.|access-date=2018-12-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kramer |first= Josh|date=2018-12-11 |title=Next month, U.S. driving schools will teach a Dutch technique that makes biking easier |url=https://mobilitylab.org/2018/12/11/next-month-u-s-driving-schools-will-teach-a-dutch-technique-that-makes-biking-easier/ |work=Mobility Lab |location= Washington, D.C.|access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref> National, state and local bicycle and pedestrian advocacy organizations have played an important part in promoting the measure. These include: We Are Cycling UK;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cyclinguk.org/blog/samjones/dutch-reach |title=Do you do the Dutch Reach?
|website=We Are Cycling UK|first=Sam |last=Jones |date=February 10, 2017|access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> the League of American Bicyclists;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bikeleague.org/content/does-your-state-do-dutch-reach |title=Does Your State Do the 'Dutch Reach?'|website=League of American Bicyclists|first=Ken |last=McLeod|date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> the Bicycle Network (AUS);<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bicyclenetwork.com.au/newsroom/2019/02/14/the-dutch-reach-could-have-stopped-a-dooring/ |title=How the Dutch Reach could have stopped a dooring|website=Bicycle Network|date=February 14, 2019|access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> the Cycling Action Network (New Zealand);<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/cycling-advocate-calls-motorists-use-dutch-reach-technique-avoid-hitting-cyclists-car-doors |title=Cycling advocate calls for motorists to use 'Dutch Reach' technique to avoid hitting cyclists with car doors|newspaper=TVNZ|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=January 17, 2018|access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> New York Bicycle Coalition;<ref>{{Vimeo|id=310556765|title=Cycling Guide – Dutch Reach – NYBC, NHTSA, & GTSC|date=January 10, 2019|access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> Bicycle Friendly Driver Program of Fort Collins, Colorado;<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fcgov.com/bicycling/bike-friendly-driver-program.php |title= Bicycle Friendly Driver Program |quote=Developed by FC Bikes in collaboration with Bike Fort Collins |date=2016 |website=City of Fort Collins, Colorado|access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> MassBike and Somerville Bicycle Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/01/fed-cyclists-send-letter-uber-lyft-asking-drivers-stop-obstructing-bike-lanes/5zrtT5ADqoxYWttIeATb6O/story.html |title='Fed up' cyclists send letter to Uber, Lyft asking drivers to stop obstructing bike lanes|website=Boston Globe|first=Steve |last=Annear|date=March 1, 2019|access-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref>
Other governments are now adding the 'reach' to [[driver's manual]]s and education, [[taxi]] and for-hire ridesharing regulations, and [[road safety]] campaigns. Examples include: [[Great Britain]],<!--The Highway Code only applies in Great Britain (England and Wales and Scotland). Northern Ireland has its own Highway Code, which does not as yet include the Dutch Reach. Equivalent rule is here: https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/waiting-and-parking-238-252 --><ref>{{cite web |title=Highway Code changes set to take effect this weekend |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/highway-code-changes-set-to-take-effect-this-weekend|work= GOV.UK|author=[[Charlotte Vere, Baroness Vere of Norbiton|Baroness Vere of Norbiton]] |publisher=[[Department for Transport]] and [[Active Travel England]] |date=January 29, 2022|access-date= February 21, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-highway-code/waiting-and-parking-238-to-252 |title=Rule 239 |work=[[The Highway Code]] |publisher=[[Department for Transport]]|date=27 July 2022|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Annear |first= Steve|date=2017-05-30|title= MassDOT adds 'Dutch Reach' to driver's manual|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/05/30/massdot-adds-dutch-reach-driver-manual-reduce-dooring-incidents-with-cyclists/SURG0ifaRrpATvMgzHeJJI/story.html|location=Massachusetts, United States |access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> [[Illinois]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Illinois Rules of the Road 2018 |url=https://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/publications/pdf_publications/dsd_a112.pdf|publisher= Department of Transportation|page=43|date=March 2018 }}</ref> [[Washington (state)|Washington]] state,<ref>{{cite book |title=Washington Driver Guide|url=https://www.dol.wa.gov/driverslicense/docs/driverguide-en.pdf|publisher=Washington State Dept. of Transportation|page=27|date=February 2019}}</ref> [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Pennsylvania Driver's Manual 2019 |url=https://www.dot.state.pa.us/Public/DVSPubsForms/BDL/BDL%20Manuals/Manuals/PA%20Drivers%20Manual%20By%20Chapter/English/PUB%2095.pdf|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Transportation|date=June 2019|page=93 }}</ref> [[South Australia]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mylicence.sa.gov.au/the-driving-companion/observation |title=The Driving Companion Observation (How to use your eyes more effectively) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= October 2017|publisher= Government of South Australia, Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure|access-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> [[Washington D.C.]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ddot.dc.gov/release/ddot-launches-dcreach |title= DDOT Launches #DCReach |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= October 27, 2017 |publisher= District Department of Transportation, Government of the District of Columbia |access-date=June 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://dmv.dc.gov/publication/dc-dmv-automobile-driver-manual |title= DC DMV Automobile Driver Manual|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= July 30, 2019 |publisher=Department of Motor Vehicles, Government of the District of Columbia |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref>
[[City of London]],<ref>{{cite report|author= Road Danger Reduction & Vision Zero|title= Road Danger Reduction and Active Travel Plan, 2018–2023, Theme Two. Steps 5 – 8, Safer Cars|page= 47|url= https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/transport-and-streets/road-safety/Documents/road-danger-reduction-and-active-travel-plan.pdf|publisher= City of London Corporation|access-date= June 23, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180625050244/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/transport-and-streets/road-safety/Documents/road-danger-reduction-and-active-travel-plan.pdf|archive-date= June 25, 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref> [[Berlin]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://nationaler-radverkehrsplan.de/de/aktuell/nachrichten/berliner-kampagne-zur-vermeidung-von-tueroeffner |title= Holländischer Griff rettet Leben – Berliner Kampagne zur Vermeidung von Türöffner-Unfällen|last= FahrradPortal |date= June 12, 2018|publisher=Bundesministerium fur Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages |access-date= June 24, 2018|language=de}}</ref> New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission,<ref>{{cite AV media| title =Safety First: Vision Zero Training for Professional Drivers (All Fleets)| publisher =NYC TLC Channel| location =New York City| date = March 27, 2018| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=22&v=26Nh67IN-Sc}}</ref> Cambridge, Massachusetts,<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Street Code: Rules and Etiquette for Getting There Together|chapter-url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/~/media/9EC803500FCE4B2CACFCCA0FC4E93E4C.ashx  |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=City of Cambridge|chapter=Doors Are Dangerous|page= 9|date=December 2016}}</ref> and [[Burbank, California]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.burbankpd.org/assets/1/16/Burbank_PD_Dutch_Reach_Infographic_PSA.pdf |title= Keeping Bicyclists Safe with the Dutch Reach |author= Burbank Police Department |date=May 2018|publisher=City of Burbank, California |access-date=June 24, 2018 }}</ref> In 2018, [[Addison Lee]] launched its own anti-dooring far hand reach campaign branding it 'the Addison Lean'.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.addisonlee.com/addisonlean/#|title= 4X Olympic Gold Medallist, Laura Kenny Helps Launch 'Addison Lean' Initiative to Protect Cyclists from 'Car Dooring'|website=Addison Lee|date=June 2018 |access-date=June 16, 2019 }}</ref> In April 2019 [[Lyft]], a U.S. TNC{{clarify|date=August 2023}} implemented automatic in-app [[push notifications]] to prompt its drivers and clients in 22 U.S. cities to use the Dutch Reach when exiting.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/04/22/lyft-decides-to-do-something-about-its-cab-customers-who-door-its-bike-customers/|first = Gersh |last=Kuntzman|title = Lyft Decides to Do Something About Its Cab Customers Who Door Its Bike Customers |publisher = StreetsBlog NYC|date= April 22, 2019|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://blog.lyft.com/posts/2019/4/17/lyfts-commitment-to-sharing-the-road|title=Lyft's Commitment to Sharing the Road|date =April 17, 2019|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> [[Uber]] followed one month later with a pilot Dutch Reach education program for its users & drivers in four North American cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Uber-Lyft-act-to-reduce-dooring-injuries-13850542.php?psid=4Uueo|first =Carolyn |last=Said|title=Uber, Lyft act to reduce 'dooring' injuries to bicyclists|work = San Francisco Chronicle|date= May 16, 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Some police departments,<ref>{{cite tweet |title=One way to make sure that you always do that is to adopt and practice the technique called #DutchReach|user=TelanganaDGP|author=DGP Telangana Police
|date= February 4, 2019|access-date=June 18, 2019 |number=1092366459496349696}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.michigan.gov/msp/0,4643,7-123-72297_64773_22760-356422--,00.html |title=Bicyclist Safety|publisher=Michigan State Police |quote= To avoid 'dooring' a bicyclist, never open a car door without first checking for passing traffic. One example of checking for traffic is the 'Dutch Reach.' |date= October 1, 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://spvm.qc.ca/en/Fiches/Details/Dooring|title=Dooring|website=Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal |quote= Using the hand farthest from the door to open it. That way, you will have to rotate your body, making it easier to check your blind spot.|date= 2018|access-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=Peel Regional Police|author-link=|user=PeelPoliceMedia  |number=1142046864029704192 |date=June 21, 2019 |title=ICYMI – This one simple tip can help you avoid vehicle/cyclist collisions. For more info on road safety #DutchReach #ASaferCommunityTogether |link=http://www.PeelPolice.ca/RoadSafety |access-date=June 21, 2019 }}</ref> hospitals, motor vehicle insurance companies,<ref>{{YouTube|id=Zs5Gj74zPrU|title= Sharing the Road With Cyclists by ICBC}}</ref> transportation management companies<ref>{{cite tweet |title=The #DutchReach is now an official part of the PA Driver's Manual! #Cyclist #ShareTheRoad |name= TMACC  |user=ChesCoCommuter |date=18 June 2019 |number=1141005899944869895}}</ref> and personal injury law firms have also begun promoting the method.
Until 2018, the scientific safety literature had been silent on the relative merits or flaws of near hand versus far hand egress from vehicles. However a [[human factors]] research paper ''Validating the Dutch Reach''<ref>{{cite conference |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325038552 |title= Validating 'Dutch Reach': A Preliminary Evaluation of Far-Hand Door Opening and its Impact on Car Drivers' Head Movements|last=Large |first=David R. |display-authors=etal |date=2018 |via=Researchgate |book-title=Proceedings, 7th International Cycling Safety Conference, ICSC2018 |location=Barcelona, Spain |access-date= July 10, 2018}}</ref> presented at the 7th International Cycling Safety Conference<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icsc2018barcelona.congressus.es/ |title= 7th International Cycling Safety Conference 2018|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=October 10, 2018 |website= ICSC 2018|publisher= International Cycling Safety Community |access-date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> in October 2018, found initial evidence for its safety advantage. In 2019 British automaker Aston Martin introduced a reversed door latch lever<ref>{{YouTube|id=ZjMYFcFXUs4}}</ref> in its Vantage sports car whose [[ergonomic]] design strongly favors far-hand use for opening while making the near hand habit awkward.
===Automated systems===
Several automakers and automotive technology companies have introduced or are now developing [[advanced driver assistance systems]] (ADAS) to help prevent doorings. Technologies include use of external onboard cameras and sensors, seat buckles, or GPS data, computer recognition software etc. linked to sound or light signals or door operation to alert or warn drivers and/or cyclists, or forestall door opening.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/audi-reveals-cyclist-friendly-tech-115989.html |title=Audi reveals cyclist-friendly techNew Audi A8 locks doors if it detects a cyclist |date= 2018|website= Drive.com|access-date= January 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://teslamag.de/news/tesla-chef-nimmt-twitter-vorschlaege-fuer-neue-funktionen-an-26417 |title=Zweimal kurz 'Ok': Tesla-Chef nimmt Twitter-Vorschläge für neue Funktionen an
|date=January 7, 2020|website=TeslaMag |language=de |access-date=January 12, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bikeradar.com/news/this-invention-promises-to-stop-car-doors-taking-out-cyclists/ |title=This invention promises to stop car doors taking out cyclists |last=Glass|first=Aoife |date=November 26, 2015 |website=BikeRadar |publisher=Immediate Media Company Limited|access-date=January 12, 2020|location=Australia |quote=There are two products planned, based around a similar system, triggered by the unbuckling of a seatbelt. This starts a 'lighting sequence' in the lights placed around the rear window and side mirrors.}}</ref>
At least one auto-parts supplier has developed an automatic detection system to prevent or warn the user before opening the car door if a bicycle is approaching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://practicalmotoring.com.au/car-news/bosch-launches-aeb-cyclist-detection/|title = Bosch launches AEB with cyclist detection|date = 29 August 2017}}</ref>
However, the introduction of automatically folding side view mirrors may increase the risk of dooring should the mirrors retract before the occupants exit the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recklinghaeuser-zeitung.de/kreis-re/der-hollaendische-griff-eine-einfache-hilfe-w1643187-6000017399/|title=Der holländische Griff – eine einfache Hilfe|date= June 14, 2021|website= Recklinghausen Zeitung|first=Thomas |last=Schönert| language=de| quote=Zudem weist Lesch darauf hin, dass Autofahrer vor dem Aussteigen natürlich auch in den Seitenspiegel schauen müssen. „Bei manchen Fahrzeug-Modellen gibt es allerdings das Problem, dass sich der anklappbare Seitenspiegel bereits vor dem Aussteigen einfährt“, warnt der Sprecher. |trans-quote=Lesch also points out that drivers must of course also look in the side mirror before getting out. 'With some vehicle models, however, there is the problem that the folding side mirror retracts before you get out,' warns the spokesman.|access-date= June 15, 2021}}</ref>
==Prevalence==
[[File:Door-away Bike Lane.jpg|thumb|Narrow bike lane concept intended to avoid door zone]] It is difficult to find statistics on the incidence of door zone fatalities, serious injuries, and collisions as the type of accident is often not recorded consistently from city to city. However, an analysis of Chicago, USA bike crashes found that there were 344 reported dooring crashes reported in 2011, for a rate of 0.94 doorings per day. Doorings made up 19.7% of all reported bike crashes. The number of additional doorings that occurred without being reported is unknown.<ref name="gridchicago1">{{cite web |url=http://gridchicago.com/2012/doorings-in-chicago-and-nyc-are-still-a-sorry-state-but-one-of-them-is-doing-something-about-it/ |title=Doorings in Chicago and NYC are still a sorry state but one of them is doing something about it |website=Grid Chicago |date=September 28, 2012 |access-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> In 2016, [[San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency]] in America reported that for the period 2012–2015, doorings of bicyclists constituted 16% of injurious or fatal bike-vehicle incidents in which the cyclist was likely not at fault.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports/2016/San%20Francisco%20Collisions%20Report%202012%202015.pdf|title=San Francisco 2012–2015 Collisions Report| author=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency|date=November 3, 2016|page=36 |access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref> A 2015 study for the [[City of Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] in Canada found that doorings accounted for 15.2% of all bike collisions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/cycling-safety-study-final-report.pdf |title= City of Vancouver Cycling Safety Study – Final Report| author=Urban Systems |date=January 22, 2015|page=67 |access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref> and was the foremost cause of bike-vehicle collision injuries which resulted in hospital emergency department treatment (22%) – not including additional injury incidents due to dooring avoidant swerve crashes requiring emergency treatment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/cycling-safety-study-final-report.pdf |title= City of Vancouver Cycling Safety Study – Final Report| author=Urban Systems |date=January 22, 2015|page=64|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref>
===Collisions===
In Toronto, "motorist opens door in path of cyclist" collisions were 11.9% of all reported car/bike collisions in 2003;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/transportation/publications/bicycle_motor-vehicle/index.htm |title=City of Toronto: Transportation Services |website=Toronto.ca |access-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> however, it is difficult to determine exactly how many bicycle accidents and serious injuries are attributed to dooring because the Ontario Ministry of Transportation does not classify dooring as a collision, and therefore these numbers are not regularly reported alongside other types of bicycle accidents. There are reports that in Toronto alone, dooring incidents increased by 58% in the three-year period between 2014 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dooring collisions on the rise, yet not addressed in City's Road Safety Plan |url=https://www.cycleto.ca/news/dooring-collisions-rise-yet-not-addressed-city’s-road-safety-plan |website=Cycle Toronto |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref> Eight percent of serious injuries to cyclists in London in 2007 were caused by cyclists swerving to avoid opening car doors.<ref name=london/> In the Australian state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] between 2006 and 2010, car door openings caused eight percent of serious injuries to cyclists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slatergordon.com.au/media-centre/media-releases/heavy-toll-car-dooring-incidents-points-need-bigger-fines |title=Heavy toll of car dooring incidents points to need for bigger fines |date=August 31, 2012 |website=[[Slater and Gordon Lawyers]] |access-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref>
===Relative risk===
Relative to other collisions such as getting rear ended, getting doored is less risky: "80.04% of those cyclists who were doored were injured, while 94.40% of those in non-dooring crashes were injured."<ref name="gridchicago1"/> Also, getting doored itself usually is not fatal; rather, most serious door-zone-related injuries are sustained by getting hit by a motor vehicle after colliding with or swerving to avoid the obstructing door. Thus, most dooring deaths and serious injuries occur in the travel lane and not in the door zone.
===Fatalities===
As with other dooring statistics, even fatalities are often under-reported as, for example, secondary collisions after door avoidant swerves may not be recognized by authorities, the media, witnesses or perpetrators as due to a dooring incident. Also, in some jurisdictions, dooring is not officially considered a motor vehicle collision if the vehicle is parked.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blogto.com/city/2013/08/new_website_tracks_cyclists_who_get_doored_in_toronto/ |title=New website tracks who gets doored in Toronto |first=Derek |last=Flack|website=blogTO|date=August 9, 2013|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref> Informal logs of dooring fatalities based on found media reports have been maintained on the internet. An annotated, international memorial spreadsheet with entries from 1987 to the present is currently maintained by an American cycling safety advocate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://azbikelaw.org/door-zone-bike-lane-removed-after-cyclist-killed/|title=Door Zone Bike Lane Removed After Cyclist Killed |website=Arizona Bike Law|quote= Cycling Savvy Instructor John Brooking has compiled a list of 43 dooring fatalities, with names, dates and a narrative describing each crash. |date=November 26, 2014|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref>
In [[New York City]], 3% (7 out of 225) of bicyclist fatalities in the ten-year period between 1996 and 2005 were from striking an open door or swerving to avoid one.<ref name="bicyclefatalities">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bicyclefatalities.pdf |title=Bicyclist Fatalities and Serious Injuries in New York City 1996–2005 |website=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> In [[London]], three people were killed in car door opening incidents between 2010 and 2012.<ref name=london>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2012/jul/24/cyclists-threat-parked-cars |title=Cyclists must steer clear of the threat of parked cars |last=Laker |first=Laura |date=July 24, 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> In two peer reviewed studies, 124 deaths in London during 1985–1992,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0001-4575(95)00061-5 |last1=McCarthy |first1=M. |last2=Gilbert |first2=K. |year=1996 |title=Cyclist road deaths in London 1985–1992: drivers, vehicles, manoeuvres and injuries |journal=Accident Analysis and Prevention |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=275–279 |pmid=8703286}}</ref>
and 142 deaths in [[New Zealand]] during 1973–1978,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0001-4575(83)90069-6 |last1=Atkinson |first1=J. E. |last2=Hurst |first2=P. M. |year=1983 |title=Collisions between cyclists and motorists in New Zealand |journal=Accident Analysis and Prevention |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=137–151 }}</ref> none of the fatalities occurred in door opening incidents. While there were 1112 collisions caused by opening doors in the [[Victoria (Australia)|Australian state of Victoria]] between 2000 and 2010, the first fatality occurred in March 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/reflecting-on-a-tragedy-20111125-1nzd7.html |title=Reflecting on a tragedy |last1=Power |first1=Liza |date=November 26, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref>
===Bike lanes and door zone incidents===
In a comparison of [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] (without bike lanes) to [[Davis, California]] (with bike lanes), 8% of the car-bike collisions in Santa Barbara involved an opening door, whereas Davis had none.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lott |first1=D. F. |last2=Lott |first2=D. L. |year=1976 |title=Effect of Bike Lanes on Ten Classes of Bicycle-Automobile Accidents in Davis, California |journal=Journal of Safety Research |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=171–179}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Outline of cycling]]
*[[Cycling infrastructure]]
*[[Shared lane marking]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050326162705/http://www.cityofchicago.org/Transportation/bikemap/doorzone.html The "Door Zone"] includes instructive diagrams.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407215812/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~riin/bikes/doorzone.htm The Door Zone Project]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPA-ZcYGT94 Door Zone Avoidance] Preston Tyree, recently retired Education Director at [[League of American Bicyclists]], teaching LCI (instructor) candidates how to teach about the door zone.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CudJvSbS2aY Why You Should Avoid the Door Zone] Video showing how bicyclists are thrown into traffic when they collide with an opening car door.
*[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1NUFnRpcavvW3ggjM1cvmpfd91BDwXnQ6DpSsVXf31lg/edit#gid=1434525243 Dooring Fatalities] A spreadsheet log of dooring deaths with details & media links maintained by John Brooking, USA.
* [https://www.dutchreach.org Dutch Reach Project] An international project and website to promote the far-hand 'Dutch Reach' method to avoid doorings and related collisions caused by negligent motorist egress.
* [https://www.dutchreach.org/dutch-reach-instructions/ Officials’ Dutch Reach Instruction Guide] Detailed instructions & explanation of Dutch Reach method.
*{{YouTube|ZjMYFcFXUs4|The 2019 Aston Martin Vantage Is a $185,000 True Sports Car}} Displays door lever design which favors far hand method (at 8m 12s).
* [https://oecd-opsi.org/innovations/dutch-reach-project/ Dutch Reach Project Case Study, published by the Observatory for Public Sector Innovation, Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development, April 2019.] Describes & documents the international campaign to promote the far hand 'Dutch Reach' method for dooring avoidance and safe egress.
{{Cycling}}
[[Category:Vehicular cycling]]
[[Category:Cycling safety]]
[[Category:Car doors]]