View source for Draupadi

{{Short description|Character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Hatnote|"Panchali", "Sairandhri", "Yajnaseni" and “Krishna” redirect here. For other uses, see [[Panchali (disambiguation)]], [[Sairandhri (disambiguation)]], [[Yajnaseni (disambiguation)]] and [[Krishna (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| member_of = [[Panchakanya]]
| alt = Panchali
| devanagari = द्रौपदी
| sanskrit_transliteration =
| other_names = {{hlist|Krishnā|Yajnaseni|Panchali|Drupadakanya}}
|image= Alandur draupadi amman 2013-09-16 15-26.jpg
|caption= Draupadi worshipped as [[Draupadi Amman]]
| gender = Female
| parents = {{bulleted list|[[Drupada]] (father)|[[Prishati]] (mother)}}
| siblings = {{bulleted list|[[Dhristadyumna]] (twin-brother)||[[Shikhandi]] and [[Drupada#Early life and family|other children of Drupada]]}}
| spouse = '''[[Pandava]]s''' {{bulleted list|[[Yudhishthira]]|[[Bheema]]|[[Arjuna]]|[[Nakula]]|[[Sahadeva]]}}
| children = '''[[Upapandavas]]''' {{bulleted list|[[Prativindhya]] by Yudhishthira|[[Sutasoma (Mahabharata)|Sutasoma]] by Bheema|[[Shrutakarma]] by Arjuna|[[Shatanika]] by Nakula|[[Shrutasena]] by Sahadeva}}
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Panchakanya]]|[[Devi]]}}
| texts = {{hlist|[[Mahabharata]]|[[Puranas]]}}
| god_of =
| birth_place = [[Panchala]]
| death_place = [[Himalayas]]
| dynasty = [[Kuru dynasty]] by marriage
}}
'''Draupadi''' ({{langx|sa|द्रौपदी|draupadī|Daughter of [[Drupada]]}}), also referred to as '''Krishnā''', '''Panchali''', and '''Yajnaseni''', is the main female [[protagonist]] of the [[Indian epic poetry|ancient Indian epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]],'' and the wife of the five [[Pandava]] brothers—[[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]], and [[Sahadeva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01200.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Vaivahika Parva: Section CLXLIX|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325071131/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01200.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> She is noted for her beauty, courage, [[Polyandry|polyandrous]] marriage, and [[Bhakti|bhakti]] (devotion) for [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeAKCwAAQBAJ|title=Draupadi A Woman of Rare Love|first=Avinash|last=Patra|year=2012|publisher=The Oxford University Press|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074852/https://books.google.com/books?id=HeAKCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the ''Mahabharata,'' Draupadi and her twin brother, [[Dhrishtadyumna]], were born from a ''[[yajna]]'' (fire sacrifice) organized by King [[Drupada]] of [[Panchala]]. Arjuna won her hand in marriage, but she had to marry the five brothers because of her [[Kunti|mother-in-law]]'s misunderstanding. Later, she became the empress of [[Indraprastha]] after [[Yudhishthira]] performed the [[Rajasuya]] ritual and achieved the status of the emperor. She had five sons, one from each Pandava, who were collectively addressed as the [[Upapandavas]].<ref name="johnson-draupadi">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Johnson|first=W. J. |article=Draupadi |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19861-025-0}}</ref>
The most notable incident in Draupadi's life is the game of dice at [[Hastinapur]]a where Yudhishthira lost all his possessions, and she was humiliated by the [[Kaurava]] brothers and [[Karna]]. An attempt was made by [[Dushasana]] to disrobe her, but she was saved by the divine intervention of [[Krishna]]. Following the subsequent episodes, Draupadi and the Pandavas were exiled for thirteen years, with the last year being a period of hiding when she assumed the identity of the maid '''Sairandhri'''. The exile was followed by the [[Kurukshetra War]], where Draupadi lost her father, brothers, and her five children. After the war, she resumed her role as the empress for thirty six years, after which she retired to the Himalayas along with her husbands.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GzXAAAAMAAJ|title=Eminent Women in the Mahabharata|first=Vanamala|last=Bhawalkar|year=2002|isbn=9788185616803|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074852/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GzXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
Draupadi's story has been an inspiration for various arts, performances and secondary literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-relooking-retelling-and-rereading-women-in-the-epics/305074|title=Relooking, Retelling And Rereading Women in the Epics|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=2021-10-01|access-date=6 March 2022|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306153726/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-relooking-retelling-and-rereading-women-in-the-epics/305074|url-status=live}}</ref> In Hinduism, she is extolled as one of the ''[[panchakanya]]'' (five virgins), archetypes of female chastity whose names are believed to dispel sin when recited.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bhattacharya | first = Pradip | date = March–April 2004 | title = Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths: A Quest for Meaning (Part I) | journal = [[Manushi]] | issue = 141 | url = http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20141/03%20panchakanya%204-12.pdf | access-date = 2013-01-12 | archive-date = 2012-03-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313141258/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20141/03%20panchakanya%204-12.pdf | url-status = live |ref=none}}</ref> In some parts of the sub-continent, a sect of Draupadi exists, where she is worshipped as a goddess.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : From Gingee to Kurukserta|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6|page=ii}}</ref>
== Etymology and epithets ==
The word ''Draupadī'' (lit. 'daughter of Drupada') is a patronymic, derived from the word ''Drupada'', which means 'pillar'.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=441}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=440}} Like other epic characters, she is referred to by multiple names in the ''Mahabharata''. Some of her other names and epithets are as follows:
* '''Krishnā''' (''Kṛṣṇā'') – 'one who has a dark complexion'. It is the birth name of Draupadi.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004|p=20}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=250}}
* '''Panchali''' (''Pāñcālī'') – 'one from [[Panchala]]'.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=294}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=561}}
* '''Yajnaseni''' (''Yajñasenī'') – another patronymic derived from Drupada's another name Yajnasena (lit. 'he whose army is sacrificial'); or the name can also mean 'one born from a [[Yajna|Yajña]] (sacrificial fire)'.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=490}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004|p=20}}
* '''Drupadakanya''' (''Drupadakanyā'') – 'the daughter of Drupada'.
* '''Sairandhri''' (''Sairandhrī'') – 'an expert maid'. This pseudonym was assumed by Draupadi during her incognito life.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=551}}
* '''Parshati''' (''Parṣatī'') – 'granddaughter of Prishata', or 'daughter of [[Prishati]]'. Both the names—Parshati and Prishati—are derived from Prishata, Drupada's father.{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=81}}
* '''Nityayuvani''' (''Nityayuvanī'') – 'one who remains young forever and never becomes old'.
* '''Mahabharati''' – the virtuous wife of great descendants of Bharata (Pandavas)
* '''Agnisutā''' – 'Daughter of fire'
* '''Kalyani''' – 'One who brings fortune'. Yudhishthira addressed her by this name.
* '''Malini''' (''Mālinī'') – fragrant, one who makes garlands.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=245}}
* '''Panchavallabha''' (''Pancavallabhā'') – 'Beloved of the five Pandavas'.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=295}}
* '''Pandusharmila''' (''Pāṇḍuśarmilā'') – 'Daughter-in-law of [[Pandu]]'.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=295}}
==Literary background==
The story of Draupadi is told in the great indian script ''Mahabharata'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text probably date to about 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brockington |first=J. L. |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA26 |title=The Sanskrit Epics |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9-00410-260-6 |page=26}}</ref>
The ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<ref>{{cite book|first= Robert N.|last= Minor|title= Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|year= 1982|publisher= South Asia Books|isbn= 978-0-8364-0862-1|pages= l–li|access-date= 6 March 2022|archive-date= 16 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |year=2004 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |pages=19–26 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Life and Legends==
===Birth===
[[File:Bith of Draupadi from Holy fire.jpg|thumb|left|A 1940s print depicting the birth of Draupadi from the fire sacrifice]]
Most [[Hindu texts]] state that Draupadi was not born of a woman and thus, she is often described as an ''ayonija'' (lit. 'one not born from a woman's womb').{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004}}{{sfn|Chakrabarti|Bandyopadhyay|2017}} Her birth is narrated in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the epic. [[Drona]]—the teacher of the [[the Kuru Kingdom|Kuru princes]]—defeats Drupada with the help of his students, and takes half of Panchala. Drupada seeks vengeance but realises that none of his children and allies is capable enough to slay Drona. As a result, he decides to perform a ''[[yajna]]'' (fire-sacrifice) to obtain a powerful son. With the sages Yaja and Upyaja serving as the head priests, the yajna is conducted. After completion, the priests instruct [[Prishati]]—the wife of Drupada—to consume the sacrifice offering, but she refuses and asks them to wait till she washed herself. Unable to wait, Yaja pours the offering into the altar of the sacrifice, from which a youthful man and a woman emerge. The latter's birth is followed by a divine prophecy, {{blockquote|"This dark-complexioned girl will be the first of all women, and she will be the cause of the destruction of many ''[[Kshatriyas]]''. This slender-waisted one will, in time, accomplish the purpose of the gods, and along with her many a danger will overtake the [[Kauravas]]."<ref name="C169">Ganguli 1889, [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507071422/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm |date=7 May 2021 }}</ref> }}
The youth and the maiden are named Dhrishtadyumna and Krishnaa, but the latter one is better known by the patronymic "Draupadi". They accept Drupada and Prishati as their parents and are raised in Drupada's palace.<ref name = "C169" />{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=81}}
Draupadi is described to be extremely beautiful. [[Vyasa]]—the author of the ''Mahabharata''—describes her having a dark complexion, lotus-like eyes, beautiful copper nails, dark curly hair and an enchanting fragrance like that of a blue lotus.<ref name="C169" />{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004}}
Mahabharata includes an exceedingly flattering description of Draupadi as she arose from the fire, {{blockquote|"The fire-born woman was extremely beautiful. Her eyes were black and large as lotus-petals, her complexion was dark, and her locks were blue and curly. Her nails were beautifully convex and bright as burnished copper; her eyebrows were fair, and her bosom was deep. Indeed, she resembled the veritable daughter of a celestial born among men. Her body gave out fragrance like that of a blue lotus, perceivable from a distance of full two miles. ''Her beauty was such that she had no equal on earth''. Like a celestial herself, she could be desired (in marriage) by a celestial, a Danava, or a Yaksha
(Mahabharata. Adi Parva. Chapter 169:3)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507071422/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
===Marriage and children===
[[Drupada]] intended to wed Draupadi to [[Arjuna]], who had previously defeated him in a battle. Upon hearing of the [[Pandavas]]' [[Lakshagraha|supposed death at Varnavata]], he set up a [[Swayamvara]] contest for Draupadi to choose her husband from the competitive contest.<ref name=ryanjonesdraupadi>{{cite book | last1 =Jones | first1 =Constance | last2 =Ryan | first2 =James D. | year =2006 | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher =Infobase Publishing | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC | pages =136–137 | isbn =9780816075645 | access-date =27 April 2016 | archive-date =20 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC | url-status =live }}</ref> The test was to lift and string a bow, and fire arrows to pierce the eye of a golden fish only by looking at its reflection in the water. The news of Draupadi's svayamvara spread far and wide, and numerous princes, as well as the general public including brahmanas, began proceeding towards Panchala. It so happened that the Pandavas also began their journey toward Panchala at this time along with their mother, [[Kunti]]. As they were on their way toward Panchala they were met by a large group of brahmanas on their way to Panchala, who invited Pandavas to join them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01187.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Swayamvara Parva: Section CLXXXVI|access-date=21 September 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921183006/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01187.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> At the Swayamvara, almost all the assorted monarchs were unable to complete the challenge. There are some variations regarding Karna's participation. Some renditions show Draupadi refusing to marry Karna on account of being a Suta, while some other versions describe him failing to string the bow by the "breadth of a hair".<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharatha015693mbp|title=THE MAHABHARATHA|last=VISHNU S. SUKTHANKAR|date=11 March 2018|publisher=BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POONA|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="bori.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|title=The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project|website=bori.ac.in|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220032420/http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata|title=Interpolations in the Mahabharata|last=M. A. Mehendale|date=1 January 2001|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
{{refn|group=note|According to the critical edition of the Mahabharata from the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], this incident of insulting or denial of Karna is an interpolation since this event is not available in the entire Kumbakonam version of the Mahabharata (the southern text of the Mahabharata), Sharada and Bengali manuscripts. He failed to string the legendary bow.<ref name="archive.org"/>}}
In the end, Arjuna succeeds in the task, dressed as a [[Brahmin]]. The other attendees, including the Kauravas and Karna protest at a Brahmin winning the competition and attack Draupadi and Arjuna. Arjuna and [[Bhima]] together protect Draupadi by defeating all attendees and are able to retreat. Arjuna, along with Draupadi and his brothers, runs home to tell Kunti of his success, shouting "look what we have found". Kunti thought he was referring to [[alms]] found in the forest or to some great prize unknown to her. She tells Arjuna that the find must be shared with his brothers, as they had always shared such things in the past. This misunderstanding, combined with a motherly command, leads to an agreement that all five brothers marry her. This is one of the rare examples of [[polyandry]] in [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name="williams">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |article=Arjuna |first=George M. |last=Williams |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA61|isbn=978-0-19533-261-2}}</ref><ref name="johnson-draupadi"/> The brothers agreed that none should intrude if Draupadi was alone with one of the others, the penalty for doing so being 12 years to be spent in exile.<ref name="williams"/><ref name="johnson-arjuna">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Johnson|first=W. J. |article=Arjuna |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19861-025-0}}</ref> Some versions say that a year was allotted to each Pandava and during that year only that Pandava could enter Draupadi's private chambers, while the others have no such mention.
Later Draupadi becomes a mother of five sons, one son each from the Pandava brothers. They were known as [[Upapandavas]]. Their names were Prativindhya (from Yudhishthira), Sutasoma (from Bheema), Shrutakarma (from Arjuna), Satanika (from Nakula) and Shrutasena (from Sahadeva).<ref name="M Ganguly 1896"/> [[Ashwatthama]] killed the Upapandavas during his surprise raid on Pandava camp on the eighteenth day of the war to avenge the death of his father Drona.<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Gurucharan|year=2010|title=The Difficulty of Being Good|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77BoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199754410|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074852/https://books.google.com/books?id=77BoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Draupadi as the empress===
[[File:Drupadi and Her attendants.jpg|thumb|A illustration from the [[Razmnama]] (the Persian translation of the Mahabharata) depicting Draupadi (centre) with her attendants, {{Circa|1617}}]]
With the Pandavas' survival revealed, a succession crisis was started. Upon the news of Pandavas' death at Varnavrat, the title of 'the crown prince' had fallen to [[Duryodhana]]. [[Dhritrashtra]] invites the Pandavas to [[Hastinapur]]a and proposes that the kingdom be divided. The Pandavas are assigned the wasteland [[Khandavprastha|Khandavaprastha]], referred to as ''unreclaimed desert''. With the help of [[Krishna]], Pandavas rebuilt Khandavprastha into the glorious [[Indraprastha]]. The crown jewel of the kingdom was built at the [[Khandava]] forest, where Draupadi resided in the "Palace of Illusions".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalal|first1=Roshen|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|page=166}}</ref> Yudhishthira performed the [[Rajasuya|rajasuya yajna]] with Draupadi by his side; the Pandavas gained lordship over many regions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parmeshwarananad|first1=Swami|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|date=2001|publisher=Sarup and Sons|location=New Delhi|page=524}}</ref>
Draupadi was trained in economy and was responsible for the treasury of the Empire. Additionally, she also ran a citizen liaison. Her duties as a busy Empress are mentioned in her famous conversation with Satyabhama, Krishna's favourite wife, during their exile.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03231.htm| title=Vana Parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=10 November 2017| archive-date=25 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025054753/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03231.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2004}}
===Duryodhana's insult===
There is a popular myth that is believed to be the reason why Duryodhana hated Draupadi.
Duryodhana and his entourage were exploring the keep during their visit to Yudhishthira's Rajasuya yajna. While touring the grounds, an unsuspecting Duryodhana fell prey to one of the many illusions that could be seen all around the palace. When he stepped on the apparently solid part of the courtyard, there was a splash and Duryodhana found himself waist-deep in water, drenched from head to foot by the hidden pool. The myth is, Draupadi and her maids saw this from the balcony with amusement, and joked ''Andhasya Putra Andhaha'' meaning 'a [[blindness|blind]] man's son is blind'. This famous story does not feature in Veda Vyasa's [[Mahabharatha|Mahabharata]] but is the figment of the imagination of a much later playwright. It gained immense popularity gradually through repeated depictions in various screen and written adaptations of the epic across the length and breadth of the country. The most popular depictions were by [[B.R. Chopra]]'s ''Mahabharata'' series that aired on Doordarshan in 1988 and famous Telugu film ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' starring [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] as Duryodhana, where Draupadi's laughter was singled out for dramatic effect.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-19|title=Did Draupadi Insult Duryodhana during Rajasuya, Karna in Swayamvara?|url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/05/19/did-draupadi-insult-duryodhana-during-rajasuya-karna-in-swayamvara/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=myIndiamyGlory|language=en-GB|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917022514/https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/05/19/did-draupadi-insult-duryodhana-during-rajasuya-karna-in-swayamvara/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Vyasa's Sanskrit epic, the scene is quite different.<ref name="Draupadi insulting Duryodhana">{{cite web| url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm| title=Sabha parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=13 July 2015| archive-date=24 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133159/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> It was [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], and the twin brothers alongside their retinues who had witnessed Duryodhana's fall and laughed along with their servants. In the Sanskrit text, Draupadi is not mentioned in the scene at all, either laughing or insulting Duryodhana. Nonetheless, Duryodhana felt insulted by the behaviour of the four Pandavas, stoking his hatred of them. Later on, he went back to Hastinapura and expressed his immense agony on witnessing the riches of the Pandavas to his blind father, which was the root cause for inviting his cousins for the dice-game. His main wish was to usurp the wealth of his cousins which they had accumulated on account of the Rajasuya Yajna. Known to few, during this conversation, Duryodhan mentions how he had observed Draupadi serving food to everyone, including physically challenged citizens as the Empress. He says to his father, "And, O king, Yajnaseni, without having eaten herself, daily seeth whether everybody, including even the deformed and the dwarfs, hath eaten or not."<ref name="Draupadi insulting Duryodhana1">{{cite web| url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02051.htm| title=Sabha parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=10 November 2017| archive-date=23 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023035538/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02051.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>
He then went on to express his wrath at having fallen into a pool of water and being laughed at mockingly, mainly by Bhima, followed by Arjun, Nakul, Sahadeva and other menials in the palace. It is here, where he fleetingly mentioned Draupadi's name, who accordingly to Duryodhan, had "joined in the laughter with other females." Whether Duryodhana was speaking an untruth or her name was a later addition into this part of the text is debatable.
Draupadi's laughter went on to be singled out and romanticized by writers for centuries as a cause for the dice-game, and the war. In Vyasa's Sanskrit epic, however, her role in the scene is trivial compared to the exaggerated treatment it has received in popular adaptations.<ref name="Draupadi insulting Duryodhana" />
===Game of dice and humiliation===
{{redirect|Draupadi Vastrapaharanam | other uses|}}
[[File:Draupadi & dushashan scene.jpg|alt=|thumb|250x250px|A painting of Krishna saving Draupadi from the humiliation]]
This key incident is often considered to mark a definitive moment in the story of [[Mahabharata]]. It is one of the driving reasons that ultimately led to the [[Kurukshetra War]].
Together with his maternal uncle [[Shakuni]], [[Duryodhana]] conspired to call on the [[Pandavas]] to [[Hastinapur]]a and win their kingdoms in a [[Pachisi|game of gambling]]. There is famous folklore that the plan's architect, Shakuni had magic dice that would never disobey his will, as they were made from the bones of Shakuni's father. This story, however, is non-existent in the Sanskrit epic. As the game proceeds, Yudhishthira loses everything at first. In the second round, Yudhishthira's brother [[Nakula]] is at stake, and Yudhishthira loses him. Yudhisthira subsequently gambles away [[Sahadeva]], [[Arjuna]] and [[Bhima]]. Finally, [[Yudhishthira]] puts himself at stake, and loses again. For Duryodhana, the humiliation of the Pandavas was not complete. He prods Yudhishthira that he has not lost everything yet; Yudhishthira still has Draupadi with him and if he wishes he can win everything back by putting Draupadi at stake. Inebriated by the game, Yudhishthira, to the horror of everybody present, puts Draupadi up as a bet for the next round. Playing the next round, Shakuni wins. Draupadi was horrified after hearing that she was staked in the game and now is a slave for Duryodhana. Duryodhana initially sends his charioteer Pratikamin to bring Draupadi to the court. Pratikamin informs Draupadi about the incidents happened during the dice game. Draupadi questions Yudhishthira's right on her as he had lost himself first and she was still the queen.  Duryodhana, angry with Draupadi's questions, commands his younger brother [[Dushasana]] to bring her into the court, forcefully if he must.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata|first=Emily|last=Hudson|year=2012|isbn=978-0199860784|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816071848/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02066.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVI |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2013-10-20 |archive-date=7 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207200659/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02066.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dushasana drags Draupadi to the court by the hair. Seeing this, Bhima pledges to cut off Dushasana's hands, as they touched Draupadi's hair. Now in an emotional appeal to the elders present in the forum, Draupadi repeatedly questions the legality of the right of Yudhishthira to place her at stake.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Oliver F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkdZTK4zSm4C&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PA103|title=A Virtuous Life in Business: Stories of Courage and Integrity in the Corporate World|last2=Houck|first2=John W.|date=1992|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-7747-4|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074853/https://books.google.com/books?id=xkdZTK4zSm4C&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Uppal|first=Nishant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_V5DwAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PT147|title=Duryodhanization: Are Villains Born, Made, or Made Up?|date=2018-11-29|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-369-7|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074854/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_V5DwAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PT147|url-status=live}}</ref>
In order to provoke the Pandavas further, Duryodhana bares and pats his thigh looking into Draupadi's eyes, implying that she should sit on his thigh. The enraged [[Bhima]] vows in front of the entire assembly that he would break Duryodhana's thighs, or else accept being Duryodhana's slave for seven lifetimes. At this time [[Vikarna]], a brother of Duryodhana asks the kings assembled in the court to answer the question of Draupadi. He gives his opinion that Draupadi is not won rightfully as Yudhishthira lost himself first before staking her. Besides, no one has the right to put a woman on bet according to shastras; not a husband, father, or even the gods. Hearing these words, [[Karna]] gets angry and says that when Yudhishthira lost all his possession he also lost Draupadi, even specifically staking her.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pattanaik|first1=Devdutt|title=The Clothes of Draupadi|url=http://devdutt.com/articles/mahabharata/the-clothes-of-draupadi.html|website=Devdutt|date=2 August 2006|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220130209/http://devdutt.com/articles/mahabharata/the-clothes-of-draupadi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Karna calls Draupadi a "whore" for being the wedded wife of five men, adding that her being to the court is not a surprising act whether she is clothed or naked.{{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}} He then instructs Dushasana to remove the garments of Draupadi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata|first=Emily|last=Hudson|year=2012|isbn=978-0199860784|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075355/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2015-07-24 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717205141/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After her husbands fail to assist her, Draupadi prays to [[Krishna]] to protect her. Dushasana attempts to disrobe her, but she is miraculously protected by Krishna, and Dushasana finds that as he continues to unwrap the layers of her [[sari]], the amount of fabric covering her never lessens. Dushasana is eventually reduced to exhaustion, as the awed court observes that Draupadi is still chastely dressed. At this point, a furious Bhima vows to drink blood from Dushasana's chest, at the pain of not seeing his ancestors/entering heaven. This vow unsettles the entire court.{{sfn|Mani|1975|loc=[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241811.html Pancali]}}
[[File:Fresco depicting a scene from Indic mythology from Akhara Bala-Nand in Amritsar, Punjab.jpg|thumb|[[Udasi]] fresco from Akhara Bala-Nand in Amritsar, Punjab depicting the scene of the disrobing of Draupadi by the Kauravas and five Pandava brothers sitting, with their heads hanging in shame, in depression]]
The only [[Kauravas]] who object to the disrobing of Draupadi in the court are Vikarna and Yuyutsu. [[Vidura]] openly calls Duryodhana a snake and demon after finding no support even from his own brother, Vidura is helpless. Karna further orders Dushasana to take Draupadi to the servants' quarters and derisively asks her to choose another husband who unlike Yudhishthira would not gamble her away. Just then, jackals call out as a mark of evil omen. Queen [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] enters the scene and counsels Dhritarashtra to undo her sons' misdeeds. Fearing the ill-omens, Dhritarashtra intervenes and grants Draupadi a boon. Draupadi asks that her husband Yudishthira be freed from bondage so her son Prativindhya would not be called a slave. In order to pacify her further, Dhritarashtra offers a second boon. Calmly, she asks for the freedom of the Pandavas along with their weapons. When Dhritarashtra asks her for her third wish, she reminds him that a Kshatriya woman can seek only two wishes, three would be a sign of greed. Dhritarashtra gives them back their wealth and grants them permission to go home.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/mahabharata_nk/mahabharata_nilakanthas_commentary#page/n403/mode/2up |title=Mahabharata with the Commentary of Nilakantha |date=June 2013 |access-date=2015-07-24}}</ref>
Amused by the sudden turn of events, Karna remarks that they "have never heard of such an act, performed by any of the women noted in this world for their beauty." He taunts the Pandavas by praising their wife, as she had rescued them "like a boat from their ocean of distress".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02071.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2017-11-10 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023040438/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02071.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Having restored their pride and wealth, the Pandavas and Draupadi leave for [[Indraprastha]], only to receive another invitation for a game of dice, in which the loser would be given an exile of 12 years followed by a year of Agyatavasa, meaning "living in incognito". Yudhishtira yet again accepts the invitation and loses, and goes on an exile with his brothers and wife Draupadi.<ref name="johnson-mahab">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Johnson|first=W. J. |article=Mahabharata |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19861-025-0}}</ref>
===Living in Exile===
====Durvasa's visit====
[[File:One of Srikrishna's Miracles.jpg|thumb|Krishna saves Draupadi from the wrath of sage Durvasa by B.P. Banerjee|left]]
Though this story is regarded as an interpolation to the Mahabharata, it is very popular.{{efn|As per BORI research<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref>}} Once, Draupadi and the Pandavas had finished eating their meal cooked from the [[Akshaya Patra|Akshay Patra]]. Suddenly, sage [[Durvasa]] and his pupils visited them. They were sent by [[Duryodhana]] as he wanted the sage to curse the Pandavas. The brothers welcomed the sage along with his pupils and offered them service. Durvasa demanded food to eat as he was hungry. However, Draupadi had nothing left to feed the guests. Frightened that the sage would curse them, Draupadi prayed to god. Krishna then came there and asked her to give him the vessel. Draupadi gave the vessel to Krishna and he ate a single grain of rice left in it. The sage and his pupils suddenly felt that they had eaten a grand feast and left the place with satisfaction. Though a very popular tale, the "Critical Edition" does not include this incident.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhagavatam-katha.com/mahabharata-story-durvasa-muni-svisit-to-pandavas-in-the-forest/|title=Mahabharata story: Durvasa Muni and cooking pot of Draupadi! &#124; Bhagavatam-katha|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901023220/http://www.bhagavatam-katha.com/mahabharata-story-durvasa-muni-svisit-to-pandavas-in-the-forest/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://lightofgodhead.com/logstaging/durvasa-muni-visits-the-pandavas// | title=Durvasa muni visits the Pandavas | access-date=6 September 2020 | archive-date=16 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116203633/https://lightofgodhead.com/logstaging/durvasa-muni-visits-the-pandavas// | url-status=live }}</ref>
====Abduction by Jayadratha====
[[File:Jaydrath abduct Draupadi.jpg|thumb|A Ravi Varma print depicting Jayadratha abducting Draupadi]]
While the [[Pandavas]] was in the [[Kamyaka]] forest, they often went hunting, leaving Draupadi alone. At this time [[Jayadratha]], the son of Vriddhakshatra and the husband of Duryodhana's sister [[Dussala]], passed through Kamyaka forest on the way to [[Salwa Kingdom|Salva]] Desa. Jayadratha met Draupadi and then started beseeching her to go away with him and desert her husband. Draupadi pointed out the immorality of deserting one's spouses when they were in difficulty and attempted to stall and dissuade Jayadradtha by describing how the Pandavas would punish him. Failing with words, Jayadratha forced her onto his chariot. Meanwhile, the Pandavas finished their hunt and found Draupadi missing. Learning of their wife's abduction by Jayadratha they rushed to save her. On seeing the Pandavas coming after him, Jayadratha left Draupadi on the road, though ultimately the Pandavas managed to arrest him. Arjuna urged Bheema to spare Jayadratha's life for the sake of Dussala and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]], much to the indignation of Draupadi. In some versions of the story, Yudhishthira asks Draupadi to pass the sentence since it was she who was attacked, and she begrudgingly counsels to spare him because of the relations they share. Before freeing him, the Pandavas shaved Jayadratha's head at five places in order to publicly humiliate him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/history/mahabharatha/abduction-of-draupadi.html|title=Stories of Mahabharatha – the Abduction of Draupadi|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513063722/https://www.indianmirror.com/history/mahabharatha/abduction-of-draupadi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Agyatvās (Incognito)====
[[File:Draupadi humiliated RRV.jpg|thumb|left|Draupadi in Virata's palace, painting by Raja Ravi Varma]]
On the thirteenth year of their exile, the Pandavas choose to stay in the [[Matsya Kingdom]]. Draupadi becomes the maid of [[Sudeshna]], queen of Matsya, and serves her.
One day [[Kichaka]], Sudeshna's brother and the [[commander-in-chief|commander]] of king [[Virata]]'s forces, happens to see Draupadi. He is filled with lust by looking at her and requests her hand in marriage. Draupadi refuses him, saying that she is already married to [[Gandharva]]s. Seeing his persistence, she warns Kichaka that her husbands are very strong and that he will not be able to escape death at their hands. Later, he convinces his sister, the queen [[Sudeshna]], to help him win Draupadi. Sudeshna orders Draupadi to fetch wine from Kichaka's house, overriding Draupadi's protests. When Draupadi goes to get wine, Kichaka tries to molest her. {{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}
Draupadi escapes and runs into the court of Virata. Kichaka kicks her in front of all the courtiers, including [[Yudhishthira]]. Fearful of losing his most powerful warrior, even Virat does not take any action. [[Bheema]] is present, and only a look from Yudhishthira prevents him from attacking Kichaka. Furious, Draupadi asks about the duties of a king and [[dharma]]. She then curses Kichaka with death by her husband's hand. Laughing it off, Kichaka only doubts their whereabouts and asks those present where the [[Gandharvas]] are. Yudhishthira addresses Draupadi as Sairandhri and orders her to go to the [[temple]], as Kichaka would not do anything to her there (in some versions, he recommends she seeks refuge with the queen). With this, the king asks Kichaka to leave and praises Yudhishthira's reply as he himself could not think of anything.
[[File:Sairandhri, by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting the sorrow of Draupadi, who is disguised as Sairandhri.]]
Later that night, Bheema consoles Draupadi, and they hatch a plan to kill Kichaka. Draupadi meets with Kichaka, pretending to actually love him and agreeing to marry him on the condition that none of his friends or brothers will know about their relationship. Kichaka accepts her condition. Draupadi asks Kichaka to come to the dancing hall at night. Bheema (in the guise of Draupadi), fights with Kichaka and kills him. {{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}
Draupadi calls the members of Kichaka's family and shows them the mutilated body of Kichaka. The murder is attributed to her Gandharva husbands. This angers Kichaka's brothers and they decide to burn her along with Kichaka's body to take revenge. After getting permission from Virata, Draupadi is forcefully tied to Kichaka's pyre. Upon her pleading, Bheema runs for her help and kills the brothers of Kichaka, thus saving her from being burnt alive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Shripad Dattatraya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQJkAAAAMAAJ&q=kichaka+burnt|title=The Epics Ramayana and Mahabharata|date=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samsodhana Mandira (Bheeshma)|isbn=978-81-900113-6-5|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075356/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQJkAAAAMAAJ&q=kichaka+burnt|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Kurukshetra War ===
During the war, Draupadi stays at Ekachakra with other women. On the 16th day, [[Bheema]] kills [[Dushasana]], drinking his blood and fulfilling his oath.
[[File:Bheemsen washing tresses of Draupadi with the blood of Dushasan, Mahabharat; Kalighat Painting.jpg|thumb|Bhimsen washing tresses of Draupadi with the blood of Dushasan, Mahabharat; Kalighat Painting |left]]
A popular myth, often depicted in well-known adaptations of Mahabharata, depicts Draupadi washing her hair with her brother-in-law Dushasana's blood, as a mark of her vengeance against the molestation she had suffered at the dice-game. Though an extremely powerful and symbolic theme, this incident does not appear in Vyasa's Sanskrit Mahabharata.
[[Alf Hiltebeitel]] in his acclaimed research work, "The Cult of Draupadi" explores the source of this myth as he travels through the rural areas of India. He discovers that the first literary mention of the blood-washing theme appeared in "Venisamhara"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.486171|title=The Venisamhara of Bhatta Narayana|first=Bombay|last=Portessor of Sanskrit Elphinstone College|date=11 March 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> or "Braiding The Hair (of Draupadi)", a Sanskrit play written in the Pallava period by eminent playwright [[Bhatta Narayana]]. Since then, this powerful theme of vengeance had been used in most retellings and adaptations on Mahabharat, thus mistakenly attributing the authorship to Veda Vyasa.
====Ashwatthama's attack====
[[Ashwathama]], in order to avenge his father's as well as other [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] warriors' deceitful killing by the [[Pandavas]], attacks their camp at night with [[Kripacharya]] and [[Kritavarma]]. Ashwathama killed [[Dhrishtadyumna]], [[Shikhandi]], [[Upapandavas]], and the remaining Pandava and Panchala army.<ref name="M Ganguly 1896">K M Ganguly(1883–1896). [http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10009.htm The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234035/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10009.htm |date=25 September 2015 }} Ashwatthama killing Dhrishtadyumna, October 2003, Retrieved 2015-04-17</ref> In the morning, [[Yudhishthira]] hears the news and asks [[Nakula]] to bring Draupadi from [[Matsya Kingdom]].<ref>K M Ganguly(1883–1896). [http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10010.htm.htm The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 10]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Yudhishthira crying over the death of Upapandavas, October 2003, Retrieved 2015-04-17</ref> Draupadi vows that if the Pandavas do not kill Ashwatthama, she would fast to death.<ref name="mb">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10011.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 11 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2015-07-24 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134004/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10011.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08088.htm | title=Asvathama and Kripa are born immortals and unslayable by any kind of weapons | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=11 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122420/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08088.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The Pandavas find Ashwatthama at [[Vyasa]]'s hut. [[Arjuna]] and Ashwatthama end up firing the [[Brahmashirsha astra]] at each other. Vyasa intervenes and asks the two warriors to withdraw the destructive weapon. Not endowed with the knowledge to do so, Ashwatthama instead redirects the weapon to [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara's]] womb, but [[Krishna]] protects the Pandavas' only heir with his Sudarshana Chakra. Krishna curses him for this act. Ashwatthama is caught by the Pandavas and his jewel is taken away.<ref name="mb"/> Draupadi gives the jewel to Yudhishthira and forgives the killer of her children. Due to the power of meditation, her wrath is subdued and she speaks of Ashwathama, son of their preceptor Drona, {{blockquote|"I desired to only pay off our debt for the injury we have sustained. The preceptor's son is worthy of my reverence as the preceptor himself. Let the king bind this gem on his head, O Bharata!"<ref>K M Ganguly(1883–1896). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10016.htm The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008083150/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10016.htm |date=8 October 2017 }} Draupadi forgiving Ashwathama, October 2003, Retrieved 2017-11-10</ref>}}
===Later life and death===
[[File:Death of Draupadi - Illustrations from the Barddhaman edition of Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Draupadi falls dead as the Pandavas proceed to heaven, a 19th century wood engraving]]
Draupadi and Yudhishthira performed the [[ashvamedha]] and ruled for 36 years. When her husbands retired from the world and went on their journey towards the [[Himalayas]] and heaven, she accompanied them and was the first to fall dead on the journey. When [[Bheema]] asked [[Yudhishthira]] why Draupadi had fallen, Yudhishthira replied,
{{Blockquote|"O best of men, though we were all equal unto her she had a great partiality for [[Dhananjaya]]. She obtains the fruit of that conduct today, O best of men."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 2|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225113513/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata|first=Emily|last=Hudson|year=2012|isbn=978-0199860784|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075358/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
== Polyandry ==
[[Image:2716 PandavaDraupadifk.jpg.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Draupadi (far-right) with her five husbands – the [[Pandavas]]. The central figure is [[Yudhishthira]]; the two to his left are [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]] . [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the twins, are to his right. [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dasavatar temple.]]
[[Polyandry]] was not regarded without censure by the society spoken of in the epic. The Vedic texts have not discriminated between polyandry and polygamy but usually, the women of royal families were allowed to indulge in polyandry for expansion of progeny, although [[polygyny]] was more common among men of higher social ranks. Her marriage to five men was controversial for political reasons as that was an advantage for Prince Duryodhana to get the throne of Bharat Varsha. However, when questioned by [[Kunti]] to give an example of polyandry, Yudhishthira cites Gautam-clan Jatila (married to seven [[Saptarishi]]) and [[Hiranyaksha]]'s sister Pracheti (married to ten brothers).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Vaivahika Parva: Section CLXLVIII|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01199.htm|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419174401/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01199.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are many women of high born classes or royal class like Princess Mādhavi who had four husbands, the only daughter of King [[Yayati]]. Polyandry was in the royal class but under the strict guidance of the Vedic sages exactly like polygamous marriages of ancient Indian kings were under strict supervision and guidance of the Vedic laws and Vedic sages.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sarva Daman Singh|title=Polyandry in Ancient India|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120804876}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarva Daman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC&q=india+and+polyandry|title=Polyandry in Ancient India|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0487-6|language=en|access-date=24 December 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075357/https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC&q=india+and+polyandry|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Draupadi as a goddess==
In Sanskrit Mahābhārata, Draupadi is described as the incarnation of different goddesses.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |article=Draupadi |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |first=John |last=Bowker |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19172-722-1 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> In Sambhava section of Adi Parva, she is said to be partial incarnation of Goddess [[Shachi]] (or Sachi).<ref name = "Draupadi as Sachi">{{cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01068.htm |title=Adi parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025052201/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01068.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in Vaivahika section of Adi Parva<ref name = "Draupadi as Sri">{{cite web| url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01200.htm| title=Adi parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=13 July 2015| archive-date=25 March 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325071131/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01200.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> Vyasa describes her as the celestial [[Lakshmi|Sri]]. In Svargarohanika Parva, Yudhisthira goes to heaven and sees Draupadi seated as Goddess Sri (Or Sree).<ref name = "Draupadi as Goddess Sri">{{cite web| url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18004.htm| title=Svargarohanika parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=13 July 2015| archive-date=10 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174427/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18004.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Draupadi Amman]] sect (or Draupadi devotional sect) is a tradition that binds together a community of people in worshipping Draupadi Amman as a [[Village deities of Tamil Nadu|village goddess]] with unique rituals and mythology [[Fire walking]] or [[Thimithi]] is a popular ritual enacted at Draupadi Amman temples.<ref name="Hiltebeitel">{{cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=The Cult of Draupadi Mythologies:From Gingee To Kuruksetra|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991|volume=1|isbn=978-81-208-1000-6}}</ref> At the ancient religious festival of [[Bengaluru Pete]] named [[Bangalore Karaga]], Draupadi is worshipped as an incarnation of [[Adishakti]] and [[Parvati]] in the nine-day event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/154465/city-feel-karaga-fervour-tonight.html|title=City to feel Karaga fervour tonight|website=Deccan Herald|date=18 April 2011|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103941/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/154465/city-feel-karaga-fervour-tonight.html|url-status=live}}<br>- {{cite web |url=http://www.karaga.com/ |title=Adishakti Draupadi's Karaga Shakthiotsava |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-date=3 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603201013/http://karaga.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><gallery>
File:Draupati Amman idol in Udappu.jpg|Draupadi Amman idol in [[Udappu]], Sri Lanka
File:Reclining Draupadi, wife of the 5 Pandavs. Near Auroville2.jpg|Reclining Draupadi's head – near [[Auroville]]
</gallery>There are over 400 temples dedicated to Draupadi in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and other countries like [[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Réunion]], [[South Africa]].<ref name="Hiltebeitel"/> In these regions, Draupadi is worshipped mainly by people of the  [[Konar (caste)|Palli or]] [[Vanniyar|Vanniyar Kulakshatriyar]].<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 221">{{cite book |first=Alf |last=Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kurukserta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&pg=PA221 |year=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6 |page=221 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075859/https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&pg=PA221 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhusudhan|first1=N.R.|title=Ancient tradition comes alive|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2012|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030041121/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel 1998 23,107">{{cite book |title= The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 2 |first= Alf |last= Hiltebeitel |publisher= University of Chicago |year= 1998 |page= 23,107 |isbn= 9780226340470 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=diPh4qYtjPUC&q=mutaliyar |access-date= 19 March 2023 |archive-date= 2 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230502165106/https://books.google.com/books?id=diPh4qYtjPUC&q=mutaliyar |url-status= live }}</ref>
There are a few processions and festivals which are conducted for about three weeks a year. The most famous festival is in the village Durgasamudram, Tirupati of [[Chittoor]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drowpathi Sametha Dharmaraja Swamy Temple|url=http://tirupati.desibantu.com/drowpathi-sametha-dharmaraja-swamy-temple|work=Desibantu|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325030555/http://tirupati.desibantu.com/drowpathi-sametha-dharmaraja-swamy-temple|url-status=live}}</ref>
===As a village deity===
The Draupadi Amman cult (or Draupadi sect) is a regional Hindu sect in which the [[Vanniyar|Pallis]] or Vanniyar Kula Kshatriyas communities worship Draupadi Amman as main god of vanniyar as a [[Village deities of Tamil Nadu|village goddess]] with unique rituals and mythologies.<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 221"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhusudhan|first1=N.R.|title=Ancient tradition comes alive|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print|publisher=New Indian Express|date=2012|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030041121/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel 1998 23,107"/><ref name=" Alf hiltebeitel">{{cite book |editor= Alf hiltebeitel |title= The Cult of Draupadi. Mythologies from Gingee to kurukserta, Volume 1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Mutaliyars |year= 2008 |publisher= University of Chicago |pages= 32 |isbn= 9788120810006 |access-date= 27 October 2022 |archive-date= 16 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075938/https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Mutaliyars |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Kathleen Gough">{{cite book|editor=Kathleen Gough|title=Rural Society in Southeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&q=Draupadi|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge|pages=360|isbn=9780521040198|access-date=27 October 2022|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075900/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&q=Draupadi|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Incarnation of Kali===
The Pillais, Vanniyars, Mudaliyars, Konars and the Gounder community of Tamil Nadu,<ref name=" Alf hiltebeitel"/><ref name="Kathleen Gough"/> and the Tigala community of Karnataka believe Draupadi Amman was an incarnation of [[Adi Parashakti]] and was the household goddess (kuladevi) of their communities. There are many temples in South Indian villages dedicated to Draupadi Amman, observing annual festivals. One of the popular temples of Sri Dharmarayaswamy- Draupadi temple is at Thigarapete, the heart of Bengaluru, Karnataka. {{citation needed|date=August 2020}}.
===Fire Walking ritual===
[[File:Fire walking in Udappu.jpg|thumb|right|A father [[Theemethee|walking on fire]] with his child during the annual Hindu festival at the Draupadi Amman temple in [[Udappu]], [[Sri Lanka]]]]
{{See also|Udappu}}
[[Fire walking]] or [[Thimithi]] is a popular ritual enacted at the Draupadi Amman temples.<ref>Hitebeital (1991)</ref>{{clear left}}
==In other traditions==
In [[Buddhism]], Kṛṣṇā Draupadī is presented in the [[Mahāvastu]] and the [[Lalitavistara]] as one among eight goddesses who reside in the western cardinal direction.<ref name = "Mahāvastu">{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-mahavastu/d/doc242633.html |title=The Mahavastu (great story) |author=J. J. Jones |date=17 March 2019 |publisher=Luzac |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075940/https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-mahavastu/d/doc242633.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Lalitavistara">{{cite web |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh95.html |title=The Play in Full |publisher=84000.co |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301173219/https://read.84000.co/translation/toh95.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In [[Digambara]] Jain scriptures like ''[[Harivamsa Purana]]'', polyandry of Draupadi has been rejected and it is suggested that she was married only to Arjuna. [[Hemachandra]], a [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain monk, accepts the polyandry in his work ''Triṣaṣṭi'' and further suggests that Draupadi was Nagasri in one of her previous lives and had poisoned a Jain monk. Therefore, she had to suffer in hell and animal incarnations for several lives before being born a woman who later became a Jain nun. After her death, she was reborn as Draupadi and was married to five Pandavas.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=241}}
==In popular culture==
[[File:Yakshagana bhima.JPG|right|thumb|''Draupadi and Bheema'' depicted by actors in ''[[yakshagana]]'' theatre]]
=== In folk cultures ===
* According to a folklore, Draupadi introduced the popular Indian snack [[Pani Puri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-tangy-story-of-golgappa-indias-favorite-street-food/etphotostory/75831223.cms|title=The Tangy Story of Golgappa-India's Favorite Street Food|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2021-07-17|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-tangy-story-of-golgappa-indias-favorite-street-food/etphotostory/75831223.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Draupadi had only five sons in the Sanskrit epic. But, according to some folklores, the Pandavas and Draupadi had six daughters too. Based on several such tales, the names of their daughters are listed below:
**Suthanu (from [[Yudhishthira]])
**Samyukthana (from [[Bheema]])
**Pragati and Pragya (twins) (from [[Arjuna]])
**Printha (from [[Nakula]])
**Sumithra (from [[Sahadeva]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/arjuna-sons/|title = Arjuna and His Sons – Two Generations of Courage|date = 17 March 2019|access-date = 5 September 2020|archive-date = 21 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133352/https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/arjuna-sons/|url-status = live}}<!--This is an opinion piece by Priya Viswanathan, a teacher/performer of Bharata Natyam, Classical Music and Classical Instrumental Veena. Hence, this is an unreliable source--></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/2333/can-anyone-explain-the-family-tree-of-pandavas|title=Mahabharata – Can anyone explain the family tree of Pandavas?|access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022153806/https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/2333/can-anyone-explain-the-family-tree-of-pandavas|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Arts and dances===
Karaga is a folk festival of Karnataka which originated as a ritual in Southern India dedicated to Draupadi as known in these parts as Droupadamma. The ritual is performed on a full moon day.
The story of Draupadi is one of the central topics of '''[[Yakshagana]]''', a traditional dance-play practised in Karnataka and '''[[Terukkuttu]]''', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[street theatre]] form practised in [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]] and Tamil-speaking regions of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sarachchandra
| first = Ediriweera R.
| title = The Folk Drama of Ceylon
| publisher = Department of Cultural Affairs, Ceylon
| location = Colombo
| oclc = 63859810
| pages = 116
| year = 1966
}}</ref><ref name="MLVardapande_history">{{cite book
| last = Varadpande
| first = Manohar Laxman
| title = History of Indian Theatre
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| orig-year = 1987
| year = 1990
| isbn = 978-81-7017-278-9
| oclc = 18270064
| pages = 39–44
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Srinivas
| first = Smriti
| title = Landscapes of Urban Memory
| publisher = Orient Longman
| orig-year = 2001
| year = 2004
| isbn = 81-250-2254-6
| oclc = 46353272
| pages = 23
}}</ref>
=== In literature ===
The fiery heroine of [[Mahabharata]] has been the topic of research and debate for centuries. There are various plays and novels based on her.
*[[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]] by [[Pratibha Ray]] – This novel, originally written in Odia was the recipient of [[Jnanpith Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/odia-writer-pratibha-ray-named-for-jnanpith-award/1/239724.html|title=Odia writer Pratibha Ray named for Jnanpith Award|date=27 December 2012|website=India Today|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227200642/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/odia-writer-pratibha-ray-named-for-jnanpith-award/1/239724.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also translated in various languages like English, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, etc.
*[[The Palace of Illusions: A Novel]] by [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]] – Deviating much from the Sanskrit text,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2018/dec/03/an-alternate-interpretation-of-an-ever-relevant-indian-epic-1906536.html|title=The Palace of Illusions: An alternate interpretation of an ever-relevant Indian epic|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=2018-12-03|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303165108/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2018/dec/03/an-alternate-interpretation-of-an-ever-relevant-indian-epic-1906536.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Divakaruni brings up the emotions of Draupadi, re-imagining the whole epic from her perspective.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/27/palace-illusions-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni|title=The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2009-09-26|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303170151/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/27/palace-illusions-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Draupadi by [[Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad]], is a Sahitya Akademi Award-winning Telugu novel that narrates [[Mahabharata]] from Draupadi's perspective.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/looking-into-the-heart-of-an-enigmatic-woman/cid/1441570|title=Looking into the heart of an enigmatic woman|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=India|date=2015-06-26|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303171549/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/looking-into-the-heart-of-an-enigmatic-woman/cid/1441570|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The Cult of Draupadi<ref>{{cite book|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo3626877.html|title=The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 1|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204062819/http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo3626877.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] – This trilogy is an exhaustive, scholarly account of the various folk traditions surrounding Draupadi in South India. Hiltebeitel travels through various parts of India, tracing and recording the lesser-known customs and tribes in Gingi Cult and much more, who extensively worship Draupadi as their deity – a status which has been attained by few Mahabharat characters. There are over 31 plays and ballads that are conducted in over 400 temples, that are dedicated to Draupadi Amman. The story of Draupadi creates great respect for women in society. Her sacrifice and her inner power defeats the evil activities performed on women
*Nathabati Anathbat by [[Shaoli Mitra]] – This is a stage play<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEMipNhKC54| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/wEMipNhKC54| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title=Nathabati Anathbat in Hindi – Shaoli Mitra|last=Abhimonyu Deb|date=31 August 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> depicting the agony of Draupadi as a woman who "has five husbands, and yet none to protect her."
*Dopdi by [[Mahasweta Devi]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] – A contemporary tale of oppression with Draupadi as the lead character.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-context-and-import-of-mahasweta-devis-draupadi/article36131705.ece|title=The context and import of Mahasweta Devi's 'Draupadi'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2021-08-27|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020010213/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-context-and-import-of-mahasweta-devis-draupadi/article36131705.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[The Great Indian Novel]] by Dr. [[Shashi Tharoor]] – Written as a fictional work that is analogous to the events featured in the Mahabharata in order to describe contemporary Indian Politics, Dr.Tharoor has described the character of 'Draupadi' as 'Di Mokrasi', who is an illegitimate daughter of 'Dhritarashtra' and 'Lady Drewpad' in the novel. Tharoor likens Draupadi to the tenets of 'Democracy'. As mentioned in Veda Vyasa's epic, he ascribes her to be the wife to all five 'Pandyas', who are themselves an abbreviation of different facets of Indian politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29548043|title=Why Shashi Tharoor's Great Indian Novel still appeals|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2014-10-16|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303175635/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29548043|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Agnivansha]]
* [[Draupati Amman]]
* [[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]], a novel by [[Pratibha Ray]]
* [[Yajnaseni (play)|Yajnaseni]], a play by [[Suman Pokhrel]]
*[[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
* {{Cite journal|last=Bhattacharya|first=Pratip|date=2004|title=''She Who Must Be Obeyed'', Draupadi: The ill fated one|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20144/Panchkanya%2019-30.pdf|volume=Panchakanya 19–30|journal=[[Manushi]]}}
* ''Eminent women in the Mahabharata'' by Vanamala Bhawalkar.
*{{cite book |title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/548/mode/1up | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year = 1975| isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 |first = Vettam|last = Mani}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Bishnupada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQ6CwAAQBAJ&q=Keechak&pg=PT105|title=Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata|date=2007-11-13|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5214-170-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Arindam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuffCgAAQBAJ&q=ayonija+dhrstadyumna&pg=PT67|title=Mahabharata Now: Narration, Aesthetics, Ethics|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Sibaji|date=2017-09-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34213-7|language=en}}
*The Critical Edition of Mahabharat(1966) published by Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
* ''Mahabharata'' (1999) by Krishna Dharma
* Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, English translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC |year=1993 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=0-7914-1381-0 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Hiltebeitel|first1=Alf|author-link1=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits|date=1999|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=[[Chicago]]|isbn=0226340554|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC|access-date=28 September 2015}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=Draupadi|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-012841-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Karve|first=Irawati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJz4ZWsRcsAC&q=Draupadi|title=Yuganta: The End of an Epoch|year=2006|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-1424-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzRDAQAAMAAJ&q=Draupadi+patronymic&pg=PA442|title=A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages|date=1872|publisher=Clarendon Press|language=en}}
*{{cite book|editor=Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|author = Mahasweta Devi|author-link = Mahasweta Devi|chapter = Draupadi |title=In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-07081-6|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6QsvDyroWkC}}
* {{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|author-link=Wendy Doniger|title=On Hinduism|date=March 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-936007-9|page=533|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_QAgAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi}}
*{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-537-6|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVsoDwAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Das|first=Gurcharan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77BoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|title=The Difficulty of Being Good: On the Subtle Art of Dharma|date=2010-10-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-978147-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&q=yaj%C3%B1asen%C4%AB&pg=PA490|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative|date=2011-08-17|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-539423-8|language=en}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|commonscat=|n=no|s=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Sacred-texts.com]
* [http://www.karava.org/religious The Kaurava race of Sri Lanka and the worship of Draupadi]
* [http://www.karaga.com/ Karaga Worship is all about Goddess Draupadi]
* {{cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf |authorlink=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The Cult Of Draupadi Mythologies:From Gingee To Kuruksetra|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991|volume=1|isbn=978-81-208-1000-6}}
* Pattanaik, Devadutt (2009). ''7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art''. Westland, Mumbai. {{ISBN|978-81-89975-67-8}}.
* Draupadi Amman Shrine/ Temple - KONDAL, Mayiladuthurai, TN.
{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Mahābhārata}}
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[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Queens in Hindu mythology]]