View source for Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)

{{Short description|Constitutional monarchy in Western Europe}}
{{hatnote|This article deals with the 19th-century state of the German Confederation. For the medieval state, see [[Duchy of Limburg]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{native name|nl|Hertogdom Limburg}}
| conventional_long_name = Duchy of Limburg
| common_name            = Limburg
| status                 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]]
| status_text            = [[States of the German Confederation|State of the German Confederation]] under the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Dutch King]]
| image_flag             =
| government_type        = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
| event_start            = [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]]
| year_start             = 1839
| date_start             = 19 April
| event_end              = [[Treaty of London (1867)|Treaty of London]]
| year_end               = 1867
| date_end               = 11 May
| p1                     = Province of Limburg (1815–1839){{!}}Province of Limburg
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Netherlands.svg
| s1                     = Limburg (Netherlands)
| flag_s1                = Flag of Limburg.svg
| image_coat             = File:Limburg provinciewapen oud.svg
| symbol_type_article    = Coats of arms of provinces of the Netherlands
| coa_size               = 70px
| image_map              = Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (tot 1830).png
| image_map_caption      = The Exchange of 1839. The removal of [[Luxembourg (Belgium)|Western Luxembourg]] (4) from the German customs union by [[Belgium]] (3) resulted in compensation by the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]] (1) by the creation of the Duchy of Limburg (2) (this territory was controlled by Belgium until 1839).
| capital                = Maastricht
| common_languages       = [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] (unofficial)
| religion               = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| leader1                = [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]]
| year_leader1           = 1839–1840
| leader2                = [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]]
| year_leader2           = 1840–1849
| leader3                = [[William III of the Netherlands|William III]]
| year_leader3           = 1849–1866
| title_leader           = [[Duke of Limburg|Duke]]
}}
The '''Duchy of Limburg''' ({{Langx|nl|Hertogdom Limburg}}) was created in 1839 from parts of the Dutch [[Province of Limburg (1815–1839)|Province of Limburg]] as a result of the [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]]. Its territory was the territory of the modern day province of Limburg with the exceptions of the cities of [[Maastricht]] and [[Venlo]]. The Duchy of Limburg was also a member state of the [[German Confederation]].
==History==
===Establishment===
The [[German Confederation]], as established by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, was a loose association of 39 German states to coordinate the economies of the member countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230682/German-Confederation|title=German Confederation &#124; German history|date=March 2024 }}</ref> Though not a part of the German Confederation at its founding, Limburg would join it in 1839 as a consequence of the [[Belgian Revolution]]. In 1830 several francophone, Catholic and liberal groups joined forces and proclaimed the independence of Belgium, whose territory prior to that had been part of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].
In the [[Treaty of London (1839)|subsequent peace settlement]] in 1839, the Dutch king ceded the western half of the [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] to the newly formed Belgian state. Luxembourg however, had been a member state of the German Confederation since the latter's creation and with the annexation of its western parts lost approximately 150,000 inhabitants. The German Confederation insisted the common market of the customs union would be compensated by the Netherlands elsewhere; the Dutch thus created the Duchy of Limburg (consisting of the Province of Limburg minus its two major cities, [[Maastricht]] and [[Venlo]], so as to not exceed the 150,000 number).<ref>{{in lang|de}} [http://www.hgisg-ekompendium.ieg-mainz.de/Dokumentation_Datensaetze/Multimedia/Sonstige_Gebiete/Limburg.pdf Limburg (1839–1865)]</ref>
===Dissolution and aftermath===
{{see also|Treaty of London (1867)}}
The [[Austro-Prussian War|Seven Weeks' War]] between [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Prussia]] in 1866 led to the collapse of the German Confederation. To clarify the position of the [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] and the Duchy of Limburg, which were possessions of the Dutch king but also member states of the Confederation, the [[Treaty of London (1867)|Second Treaty of London]] in 1867 affirmed that Limburg was an "integral part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands", while Luxembourg was and had been an independent state in [[personal union]] with the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1839.
The style "Duchy of Limburg" continued to be used in some official capacities until February 1907. An idiosyncrasy that survives to this day is that the [[King's Commissioner]] for the province is still informally addressed as "Governor" in Limburg, although his formal style does not differ from that used in other provinces.
== See also ==
* [[Province of Limburg (1815–1839)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.blikopdewereld.nl/Geschiedenis/Historische%20Onderwerpen/deel_11_een_geschiedenis_van_ned.htm History of Limburg during the German Confederation] Website of the History of the Netherlands by historian Dr. J. W. Swaen.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Limburg (Lower Lorraine) | volume= 16 |last= Edmundson |first= George |author-link= George Edmundson| pages = 691&ndash;692 |short= 1}}
{{States of the German Confederation|state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Duchy Of Limburg (1839-1867)}}
[[Category:1839 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1867 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:States of the German Confederation|Limburg]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1839]]
[[Category:Limburg (region)]]
[[Category:History of Limburg (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:German revolutions of 1848–1849]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1867]]