View source for Duiker

{{Short description|Subfamily of antelopes}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Duikers
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Tortonian|Recent|Late [[Miocene]] to [[Holocene|present]]}}
| image = Rotducker Cephalophus natalensis Tiergarten-Nuernberg-1.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| image_caption = [[Red forest duiker]], ''Cephalophus natalensis''
| taxon = Cephalophinae
| authority = [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1863
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = ''[[Cephalophus]]''<br />
''[[Philantomba]]''<br />
''[[Sylvicapra]]''
}}
A '''duiker''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|aɪ|k|ər}} is a small to medium-sized brown [[antelope]] native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]], found in heavily wooded areas. The 22 <!--as per species list below-->extant [[species]], including three sometimes considered to be subspecies of the other species, form the subfamily '''Cephalophinae''' or the tribe '''Cephalophini'''.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
{{cladogram|align=left|title=
|caption=Cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duikers) and relationship with ''[[Tragelaphus]]'', based on Johnston ''et al.'' 2012
|cladogram=
{{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%;width:300px;
|1={{clade|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=[[Bushbuck]]
|2=[[Sitatunga]] }}
|2={{clade |1= [[Royal antelope]]
|2={{clade|label1=
|1=[[Klipspringer]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Kirk's dik-dik]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1= [[Blue duiker]]
|2= [[Maxwell's duiker]]}}
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Common duiker]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Abbott's duiker]]
|2=[[Yellow-backed duiker]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Jentink's duiker]]
|2=[[Bay duiker]] }} }} }}
|2=[[Zebra duiker]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Aders's duiker]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Red-flanked duiker]]
|2=[[Black-fronted duiker]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Harvey's duiker]]
|2=[[Red forest duiker]] }} }}
|2=[[White-bellied duiker]] }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Black duiker]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Ogilby's duiker]]
|2=[[Peters' duiker]] }} }}
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
The [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] Cephalophini<ref>{{Citation|last=Database|first=Mammal Diversity|title=Mammal Diversity Database|date=2021-11-06|doi=10.5281/zenodo.5651212 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5651212|access-date=2022-01-30}}</ref> (formerly the [[subfamily]] Cephalophinae) comprises three [[genus (biology)|genera]] and 22 [[species]], three of which are sometimes considered to be [[subspecies]] of the other species. The three genera include ''[[Cephalophus]]'' (15 species and three disputed taxa), ''[[Philantomba]]'' (three species), and ''[[Sylvicapra]]'' (one species). The subfamily was first described by British zoologist [[John Edward Gray]] in 1871 in ''[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]]''. The [[scientific name]] "Cephalophinae" probably comes from the combination of the [[New Latin languages|New Latin]] word ''cephal'', meaning head, and the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''lophos'', meaning crest.<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Cephalophus|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
The three disputed species in ''Cephalophus'' are [[Brooke's duiker]] (''C. brookei''), [[Ruwenzori duiker]] (''C. rubidis''), and the [[white-legged duiker]] (''C. crusalbum''). Considered to be a subspecies of [[Ogilby's duiker]] (''C. nigrifrons''), Brooke's duiker was elevated to species status by British ecologist [[Peter Grubb (zoologist)|Peter Grubb]] in 1998. Its status as a species was further seconded in a 2002 publication by Grubb and colleague [[Colin Groves]].<ref name="brooke's">{{MSW3|id=14200868|page=712}}</ref> However, zoologists such as [[Jonathan Kingdon]] continue to treat it as a subspecies.<ref name=brookeiucn>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2016 |title=''Cephalophus ogilbyi'' ssp. ''brookei'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T136902A50198130 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136902A50198130.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The Ruwenzori duiker is generally considered to be a subspecies of the [[black-fronted duiker]] (''C. nigrifrons''). However, significant differences from another race of the same species, ''C. n. kivuensis'', with which it is [[sympatric]] on the Ruwenzori mountain range, led Kingdon to suggest that it might be a different species altogether.<ref>{{cite book|last1=J.|first1=Kingdon|title=The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey (USA)|isbn=9780691164533|page=537|edition=2nd}}</ref> Grubb treated the white-legged duiker as a subspecies of Ogilby's duiker in 1978,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grubb|first1=P.|title=A new antelope from Gabon|journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=1978|volume=62|issue=4|pages=373–80|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01048.x}}</ref> but regarded as an independent species by him and Groves after a revision in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Groves|first1=C.|last2=Grubb|first2=P.|title=Ungulate Taxonomy|date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|isbn=9781421400938|page=272}}</ref> This was supported by a 2003 study.<ref name="cotterill">{{cite book|last=Cotterill|first=F.P.D.|editor-first=A.|editor-last=Plowman|title=Ecology and conservation of small antelope: Proceedings of an international symposium on duiker and dwarf antelope in Africa|year=2003|pages=59–118|publisher=[[Filander-Verlag]]|isbn=9783930831524}}</ref>
A 2001 [[phylogenetic]] study divided ''Cephalophus'' into three distinct lineages - the giant duikers, east African red duikers, and west African red duikers. [[Abbott's duiker]] (''C. spadix''), the [[bay duiker]] (''C. dorsalis''), [[Jentink's duiker]] (''C. jentinki'') and the [[yellow-backed duiker]] (''C. silvicultor'') were classified as the giant duikers. The east African red duikers include the black-fronted duiker (''C. nigrifrons''), [[Harvey's duiker]] (''C. harveyi''), [[red-flanked duiker]] (''C. rufilatus''), [[red forest duiker]] (''C. natalensis''), Ruwenzori duiker, and [[white-bellied duiker]] (''C. leucogaster''). The third group, the west African red duikers, comprises the [[black duiker]] (''C. niger''), Ogilby's duiker, [[Peters' duiker]] (''C. callipygus''), and [[Weyns's duiker]] (''C. weynsi''). However, the status of two species, [[Aders's duiker]] and [[zebra duiker]], remained dubious.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Vuuren|first1=B.J.|last2=Robinson|first2=T.J.|title=Retrieval of four adaptive lineages in duiker antelope: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences and fluorescence in situ hybridization|journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]|year=2001|volume=20|issue=3|pages=409–25|doi=10.1006/mpev.2001.0962|pmid=11527467|bibcode=2001MolPE..20..409V }}</ref>
In 2012, Anne R. Johnston (of the [[University of Orleans]]) and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the [[subfamily]] Cephalophinae (duiker) based on [[mitochondria]]l analysis.<ref name="johnston">{{cite journal|last1=Johnston|first1=A.R|last2=Anthony|first2=N.M|title=A multi-locus species phylogeny of African forest duikers in the subfamily ''Cephalophinae'': evidence for a recent radiation in the Pleistocene|journal=[[BMC Evol. Biol.]]|year=2012|volume=12|page=120|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-120|doi-access=free|pmid=22823504|pmc=3523051|bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..120J }}</ref><ref name="johnston2">{{cite journal|last1=Johnston|first1=A.R.|last2=Morikawa|first2=M. K.|last3=Ntie|first3=S.|last4=Anthony|first4=N. M.|title=Evaluating DNA barcoding criteria using African duiker antelope (''Cephalophinae'') as a test case|journal=[[Conservation Genetics]]|date=2011|volume=12|issue=5|pages=1173–82|doi=10.1007/s10592-011-0220-2|bibcode=2011ConG...12.1173J |s2cid=22520513|issn=1572-9737}}</ref>
==Etymology==
The common name "duiker" comes from the [[Afrikaans]] word ''duik'', or [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''duiken'' - both mean "to dive",<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Duiker|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> which refers to the practice of the animals to frequently dive into vegetation for cover.<ref name="skinner">{{cite book|last1=Skinner|first1=J.D.|last2=Chimimba|first2=C.T.|title=The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521844185|page=669|edition=3rd}}</ref>
==Description==
[[File:Blue Duiker skeleton.jpg|thumb|Blue duiker (''[[Blue duiker|Philantomba monticola]])'' skeleton on display at the [[Museum of Osteology]]]]
Duikers are split into two groups based on their habitat – forest and bush duikers. All forest species inhabit the [[rainforest]]s of sub-Saharan Africa, while the only known bush duiker, [[common duiker|grey common duiker]] occupies [[savanna]]s. Duikers are very shy, elusive creatures with a fondness for dense cover; those that tend to live in more open areas, for example, are quick to disappear into [[thicket]]s for protection.
Because of their rarity and interspersed population, not much is known about duikers; thus, further generalizations are widely based on the most commonly studied [[Red forest duiker|red forest]], [[blue duiker|blue]], [[yellow-backed duiker|yellow-backed]], and [[common duiker|common grey duiker]]. In [[tropical rainforest]] zones of [[Africa]], people nonselectively hunt duikers for their hide, meat, and horns at highly unsustainable rates.<ref name="Newing">Newing 2001.</ref> Population trends for all species of duikers, excluding the common duiker and the smallest blue duiker, are significantly decreasing; [[Aders' duiker|Aders']] and particularly the larger duiker species such as the [[Jentink's Duiker|Jentink's]] and [[Abbott's duiker|Abbott's]] duikers, are now considered endangered by the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref>IUCN Red List.</ref>
== Anatomy and physiology ==
Duikers range from the {{convert|3|kg|lb|frac=2|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[blue duiker]] to the {{convert|70|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[yellow-backed duiker]].<ref name="Newing" /> With their bodies low to the ground and with very short horns, forest duikers are built to navigate effectively through dense rainforests and quickly dive into bushes when threatened.<ref name="Jarman">Jarman 1974.</ref> Since the common grey duiker lives in more open areas, such as savannas, it has longer legs and vertical horns, which allow it to run faster and for longer distances; only the males, which are more confrontational and territorial, exhibit horns. Also, duikers have well-developed [[preorbital gland]]s, which resemble slits under their eyes, or in the cases of blue duikers, [[Suprapedal gland|pedal glands]] on their [[hooves]].<ref name="Jarman" /> Males use secretions from these glands to mark their territories.
Besides reproduction, duikers behave in highly independent manner and prefer to act alone. This may, in part, explain the limited [[sexual size dimorphism]] shown by most duiker species, excluding the common duiker, in which the females are distinctly larger than the males.<ref name="Lunt">Lunt 2011.</ref>
Also, body size is proportional to the amount of food intake and the size of food. Anatomical features such as the head and neck shape also limit the amount and size of food intake. “Anatomical variations... impose further constraints on [[ingestion]]” causing differences in the food sources among different species of duiker.<ref name="Newing" />
== Behaviour ==
===Interactions===
In 2001, Helen Newing's study in [[West Africa]] on the interactions of duikers found that body size, habitat preference, and activity patterns were the main differentiating factors among the seven species of duikers. These differences specific to each species of duiker allow them to [[Niche differentiation|coexist by limiting niche overlap]].<ref name="Newing" /> However, although some species are yet to be considered endangered, because of the repeated damage and [[habitat fragmentation]] of their habitat by human activities, such specialization of the niches are gradually becoming impaired and are contributing to the significant decrease in population.
Due to their relative size and reserved nature, duikers' primary defense mechanism is to hide from [[predator]]s. Duikers are known for their extreme shyness, freezing at the slightest sign of a threat and diving into the nearest bush.<ref name="Jarman" /> Duikers' social behavior involves maintaining sufficient distance between individuals.<ref name="Jarman" /> However, in contrast to their conserved nature, duikers are more aggressive when dealing with territories; they mark their territory and their mates with secretions from their preorbital glands and fight other duikers that challenge their authorities.<ref name = Keymer>Keymer 1969.</ref> Male common duikers, especially the younger males, mark their territories also by [[defecation]].<ref name="Lunt" />
For those duikers that travel alone, they choose to interact with other duikers once or twice a year, solely for the purpose of mating.<ref name="Newing" /> Although duikers occasionally form temporary groups to gather fallen fruit, because so little is known about how they interact and affect one another, determining which factors contribute the most to their endangerment is difficult.<ref name="Jarman" />
Duikers prefer to live alone or as pairs to avoid the competition that comes from living in a large group. They have also evolved to become highly selective feeders, feeding only on specific parts of plants. In fact, in his study regarding the relationship between group size and feeding style, P.J. Jarman found that the more selective an organism's diet is, the more dispersed its food will be, and consequently, the smaller the group becomes.<ref name="Jarman" />
===Diet===
[[File:The book of antelopes (1894) Cephalophus harveyi.png|thumb]]
Duikers are primarily [[Browsing (herbivory)|browsers]] rather than [[grazing|grazers]], eating [[leaves]], shoots, [[seeds]], [[fruit]], buds, and bark, and often following flocks of birds or troops of monkeys to take advantage of the fruit they drop. They supplement their diets with meat: duikers consume [[insects]] and [[carrion]] from time to time and even manage to capture rodents or small birds. Since food is the deciding factor, various locations of food sources often dictate the distribution of duikers. While they feed on a wide range of plants, they choose to eat specific parts of the plant that are most nutritious. Therefore, to feed efficiently, they must be familiar with their territory and be thoroughly acquainted with the geography and distribution of specific plants.<ref name="Jarman" /> For such reasons, duikers readjusting to novel environments created by human settlements and deforestation is not easy.
The smaller species, for example the blue duiker, generally tend to eat various seeds, while larger ones tend to feast more on larger fruits.<ref name="Newing" /> Since blue duikers are very small, they are more efficient in digesting small, high-quality items. Receiving most of their water from the foods they eat, duikers do not rely on drinking water and can be found in waterless areas.<ref name = Keymer /><ref>Lydekker 1926.</ref>
===Activity patterns===
Duikers can be [[diurnality|diurnal]], [[nocturnal]], or both. Since the majority of the food source is available in the daytime, duiker [[evolution]] has rendered most duikers as diurnal. A correlation exists between body size and sleep pattern in duikers. While smaller to medium-sized duikers show increased activity and scavenge for food during the daytime, larger duikers are most active at night.<ref name="Newing" /> An exception to this is the yellow-backed duiker, the largest species, which is active during both day and night.<ref name="Newing" />
===Distribution and abundance===
Duikers are found [[sympatry|sympatrically]] in many different regions. Most species dwell in the tropical rainforests of [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[West Africa]], creating overlapping regions among different species of forest duikers. Although "body size is the primary factor in defining the fundamental niches of each species", often dictating the distribution and abundance of duikers in a given habitat,<ref name="Newing" /> distinguishing between the numerous species of duikers based purely on distribution and abundance is often difficult.<ref name="Newing" /> For example, the blue duiker and red forest duiker coexist within a small area of [[Mossapoula]] ([[Central African Republic]]). While blue duikers are seen more frequently than red forest duikers in the heavily hunted area of Mossapoula,<ref>Noss 2000.</ref> red forest duikers are more observed in a less exploited regions such as the western [[Dja Faunal Reserve|Dja Reserve]] of [[Cameroon]].<ref>Muchaal 1999.</ref>
== Ecology ==
[[Conservation biology|Conservation]] of duikers has a direct and critical relationship with their ecology. Disruption of balance in the system leads to unprecedented [[competition]], both [[interspecific competition|interspecific]] and [[intraspecific competition|intraspecific]].<ref name="Newing" /> Before intervention, the system of specialized resources in which larger duikers exploit a particular type of food and smaller duikers on another, is functional as modeled in the diurnal and nocturnal nature of the duikers; this allows the [[ecological niche|niche]] to be shared by others without distinct [[interspecific competition]]. Similarly, they decrease intraspecific competition by being solitary, independent, and selective in eating habits. In consequence, disruption of the competitive balance in one [[habitat]] often cascades its effect on to the [[competition (biology)|competitive balance]] in another habitat.<ref name="Newing" />
Also, a correlation exists between body size and diet. Larger animals have more robust [[digestion|digestive systems]], stronger jaws, and wider necks, which allow them to consume lower-quality foods and larger fruits and seeds.<ref name="Newing" />
Similarly, bay and Peters' duikers can coexist because of their different sleep patterns. This allows Peters' duikers to eat fruits by day, and the bay duikers to eat what is left by night. In consequence of such a life pattern, the bay duiker's digestive system has evolved to consume remaining, rather poor-quality foods.<ref name="Newing" />
Another critical influence that duikers have on the environment is acting as “seed [[biological dispersal|dispersers]] for some plants”.<ref>Redford 1992.</ref><ref>Wilkie 1998.</ref> They maintain a [[mutualism (biology)|mutualistic relationship]] with certain plants; the plants serve as a nutritious and abundant food source for the duikers, and simultaneously benefit from the extensive dispersal of their seeds by the duikers.
== Conservation ==
[[Image:Duiker at San Antonio, TX Zoo, 2014 DSCN0701.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Red-flanked duiker at the [[San Antonio Zoo]] in [[San Antonio, Texas]]]]
Duikers live in an environment where even a subtle change in their life patterns can greatly impact the surrounding [[ecosystem]]. Two of the main factors that directly lead to duiker [[extinction]] are habitat loss and [[overexploitation]]. Constant urbanization and the process of “shifting agriculture” is gradually taking over many of duikers' habitats; at the same time, overexploitation is also permitting the overgrowth of other interacting species, resulting in an inevitable disruption of coexistence.<ref>Weber 2001</ref>
Overexploitation of duikers affects their population and organisms that rely on them for survival. For instance, plants that depend on duikers for seed dispersal may lose their primary method of reproduction, and other organisms that depend on these particular plants as their resources would also have their major source of food reduced.
Duikers are often captured for [[bushmeat]]. In fact, duikers are one of the most hunted animals both in terms of number and [[biomass]] in Central Africa.<ref>Muchall 1999.</ref> For example, in areas near the African rainforests, because people do not raise their own [[livestock]], many people of all classes rely on bushmeat as their source of [[protein]]<ref>Anadu 1988.</ref> For these people, if the trend of overexploitation continues at such a high rate, the effects of the population decrease in duikers will be too severe for these organisms to serve as a reliable food source.
In addition to the unnaturally high demand for bushmeat, unenforced hunting law is a perpetual threat to many species, including the duiker. Most hunters believe that the diminishing number of animals was due to overexploitation. The direct effects of hunting include overexploitation of target species and incidental hunting of nontargeted or rare species (because hunting is largely nonselective).<ref name="Newing" />
To avoid this outcome, viable methods of conserving duikers are access restriction and [[captive breeding]]. Access restriction involves imposing temporal or spatial restrictions on hunting duikers.<ref name="Newing" /> Temporal restrictions include closing off certain seasons, such as the main birth season, to hunting; spatial restrictions include closing off certain regions where endangered duikers are found.<ref name="Newing" /> [[Captive breeding]] has been used and is often looked to as a solution to ensuring the survival of the duiker population; however, due to the duikers' low [[reproduction|reproductive]] rate, even with the protection provided by the conservationists, captive breeding would not increase the overall population's growth rate.<ref name="Newing" />
The greatest challenge facing the conservation of duikers is the lack of sufficient knowledge regarding these organisms, coupled with their unique [[population dynamics]].<ref name="Newing" /> The need is to not only thoroughly understand their population dynamics, but also establish methods to differentiate among the various species.
=== Bushmeat industry ===
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified the sale of duiker bushmeat as contributing to the spread of [[filovirus]]es such as [[Ebola]], citing Georges et al., 1999. The WHO notes that risk of infection predominantly arises from slaughter and preparation of meat, and that consumption of properly cooked meat does not pose a risk.<ref>WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans. Geneva, Switzerland, 1 April 2009</ref>
=== Species ===
{{seealso|List of bovids}}
* '''Tribe Cephalophini'''
:* Genus ''Cephalophus''
::* [[Abbott's duiker]], ''C. spadix''
::* [[Aders's duiker]], ''C. adersi''
::* [[Bay duiker]], ''C. dorsalis''
::* [[Black duiker]], ''C. niger''
::* [[Black-fronted duiker]], ''C. nigrifrons''
::* [[Brooke's duiker]], ''C. brookei''
::* [[Harvey's duiker]], ''C. harveyi''[[Image:Cephalophus sylvicultor sylvicultor2.jpg|thumb|right|Yellow-backed duiker]]
::* [[Jentink's duiker]], ''C. jentinki''
::* [[Ogilby's duiker]], ''C. ogilbyi''
::* [[Peters' duiker]], ''C. callipygus''
::* [[Red-flanked duiker]], ''C. rufilatus''
::* [[Red forest duiker]], ''C. natalensis''
::* [[Ruwenzori duiker]], ''C. rubidus'' (may be a subspecies of the black-fronted duiker or the red-flanked duiker)
::* [[Weyns's duiker]], ''C. weynsi''
::* [[White-bellied duiker]], ''C. leucogaster''
::* [[White-legged duiker]] ''C. crusalbum'' (may be a subspecies of Ogilby's duiker)
::* [[Yellow-backed duiker]], ''C. silvicultor''
::* [[Zebra duiker]], ''C. zebra''
:* Genus ''Philantomba''
::* [[Blue duiker]], ''P. monticola''
::* [[Maxwell's duiker]], ''P. maxwellii''
::* [[Walter's duiker]], ''P. walteri''
:* Genus ''Sylvicapra''
::* [[Common duiker]], ''S. grimmia''
== See also ==
*[[List of even-toed ungulates by population]]
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==References==
* {{aut|Colyn, M.}} ''et al.'' 2010: Discovery of a new duiker species (Bovidae: Cephalophinae) from the Dahomey Gap, West Africa. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/index.html ''Zootaxa''], '''2637''': 1–30. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02637p030f.pdf Preview]
* [http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/duiker The African Wildlife Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110527172248/http://www.naturalsciences.be/active/sciencenews/antilope Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences: New species of antelope discovered]
*{{cite journal | last1 = Anadu | first1 = P. A. | last2 = Elamah | first2 = P. O. | last3 = Oates | first3 = J. F. | year = 1988 | title = The bushmeat trade in southwestern Nigeria: a case study | journal = [[Human Ecology (journal)|Human Ecology]] | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 199–208 | doi = 10.1007/BF00888092 | s2cid = 153348855 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Muchaal | first1 = P.K. | last2 = Ngandjui | first2 = G. | year = 1999 | title = Impact of village hunting on wildlife populations in the western Dja Reserve, Cameroon | journal = [[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] | volume = 13 | issue = 2| pages = 385–396 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002385.x| bibcode = 1999ConBi..13..385M | s2cid = 85630295 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Noss | first1 = A.J. | year = 1998 | title = The Impacts of Cable Snare Hunting on Wildlife Populations in the Forests of the CentralAfrican Republic | journal = [[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 390–398 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96027.x}}
*Noss, A. (2000) Cable snares and nets in the Central African Republic. In: Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests (Eds. J. ROBINSON, and E. BENNETT). Columbia University Press, New York, pp.&nbsp;282–304.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Newing | first1 = H | year = 2001 | title = Bushmeat hunting and management: implications of duiker ecology and interspecific competition | journal = [[Biodiversity and Conservation]] | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 99–118 | doi=10.1023/a:1016671524034| s2cid = 5530137 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Keymer | first1 = I.F. | year = 1969 | title = Investigations on the Duiker (''Sylvicapra grimmia'') and Its Blood Protozoa in Central Africa | journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] | volume = 255 | issue = 798| pages = 33–108 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1969.0003| bibcode = 1969RSPTB.255...33K | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Lunt | first1 = N. | last2 = Mhlanga | first2 = M. R. | year = 2011 | title = Defecation rate variability in the common duiker: importance of food quality, season, sex and age | journal = [[South African Journal of Wildlife Research]] | volume = 41 | issue = 1| pages = 29–35 | doi=10.3957/056.041.0113| s2cid = 86181024 }}
*Lydekker, R., 1926, The game animals of Africa, 2nd ed., revised by J. G. Dollman. London: Rowland Ward Ltd.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Jarman | first1 = P. J. | year = 1974 | title = The Social Organisation of Antelope in Relation to Their Ecology | journal = [[Behaviour (journal)|Behaviour]] | volume = 48 | issue = 1–4| pages = 215–267 | doi=10.1163/156853974x00345}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Redford | first1 = K.H. | year = 1992 | title = The empty forest: many large mammals are already ecologically extinct in vast areas of neotropical forest where the vegetation still appears intact | doi = 10.2307/1311860 | journal = [[BioScience]] | volume = 42 | pages = 412–422 | jstor = 1311860 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Wilkie | first1 = D.S. | last2 = Curran | first2 = B. | last3 = Tshombe | first3 = R. | last4 = Morelli | first4 = G.A. | year = 1998 | title = Modeling the sustainability of subsistence farming and hunting in the Ituri forest of Zaire | journal = [[Conserv. Biol.]] | volume = 12 | pages = 137–147 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96156.x}}
*Weber, W. 2001, African rain forest ecology and conservation: an interdisciplinary perspective. Yale University Press: 201–202
*Finnie, D. 2008. Cephalophus adersi. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 April 2013.
==Further reading==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Cephalophinae}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Duiker |volume=8 |short=x}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.5}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16627544|from2=Q273997}}
[[Category:Duikers| ]]
[[Category:Antelopes]]
[[Category:Bovids of Africa| ]]
[[Category:Mammal tribes]]
[[Category:Fauna of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Afrikaans words and phrases]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Blyth]]