View source for Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code

{{Short description|An alternative genetic code found in the mitochondrial genome of some echinoderms and flatworms}}
The '''echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code''' (translation table '''9''') is a [[genetic code]] used by the [[mitochondria]] of certain [[echinoderm]] and [[flatworm]] species.<ref name="NCBI" />
==The code==
:<code>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Amino acid|AAs]]  = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG</code>
:<code>[[Start codon|Starts]] = -----------------------------------M---------------M------------</code>
:<code>&nbsp;[[DNA#Nucleobase_classification|Base1]] = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG</code>
:<code>&nbsp;Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG</code>
:<code>&nbsp;Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG</code>
Bases: [[adenine]] (A), [[cytosine]] (C), [[guanine]] (G) and [[thymine]] (T) or [[uracil]] (U).
Amino acids: [[Alanine]] (Ala, A), [[Arginine]] (Arg, R), [[Asparagine]] (Asn, N), [[Aspartic acid]] (Asp, D), [[Cysteine]] (Cys, C), [[Glutamic acid]] (Glu, E), [[Glutamine]] (Gln, Q), [[Glycine]] (Gly, G), [[Histidine]] (His, H), [[Isoleucine]] (Ile, I), [[Leucine]] (Leu, L), [[Lysine]] (Lys, K), [[Methionine]] (Met, M), [[Phenylalanine]] (Phe, F), [[Proline]] (Pro, P), [[Serine]] (Ser, S), [[Threonine]] (Thr, T), [[Tryptophan]] (Trp, W), [[Tyrosine]] (Tyr, Y), [[Valine]] (Val, V)
==Differences from the standard code==
{|class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! DNA codons !! RNA codons !! This code (9) !! style="border: none; width: 1px;" | !! [[DNA codon table|Standard code]] (1)
|-
| {{mono|AAA}} || {{mono|AAA}} || style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | {{mono|Asn (N)}} || style="border: none; width: 1px;" | || style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | {{mono|Lys (K)}}
|-
| {{mono|AGA}} || {{mono|AGA}} || style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | {{mono|Ser (S)}} || style="border: none; width: 1px;" | || style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | {{mono|Arg (R)}}
|-
| {{mono|AGG}} || {{mono|AGG}} || style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | {{mono|Ser (S)}} || style="border: none; width: 1px;" | || style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | {{mono|Arg (R)}}
|-
| {{mono|TGA}} || {{mono|UGA}} || style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | {{mono|Trp (W)}} || style="border: none; width: 1px;" | || style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | {{mono|1=STOP = Ter (*)}}
|}
==Systematic range==
* [[Asterozoa]] (starfishes) <ref name="Himeno 1987" />
* [[Echinozoa]] (sea urchins) <ref name="Jacobs" /><ref name="Cantatore" />
* [[Rhabditophora]] among the [[Platyhelminthes]]<ref name="Telford" />
==See also==
* [[List of genetic codes]]
==References==
{{NLM content}}<ref name="NCBI">{{cite web | first1 = Andrzej | last1 = Elzanowski | first2 = Jim | last2 = Ostell | first3 = Detlef | last3 = Leipe | first4 = Vladimir | last4 = Soussov | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#thetop |title= The Genetic Codes|access-date=18 March 2016 | work = Taxonomy browser | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine }}</ref>
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Himeno 1987">{{Cite journal|journal=Gene|date=1987|volume=56|issue=2–3|pages=219–30|title=Unusual genetic codes and a novel gene structure for tRNA(AGYSer) in starfish mitochondrial DNA|author1=H. Himeno |author2=H. Masaki |author3=T. Kawai |author4=T. Ohta |author5=I. Kumagai |author6=K. Miura |author7=K. Watanabe |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(87)90139-9 |pmid=3678836}}</ref>
<ref name="Jacobs">{{Cite journal|journal=J Mol Biol|date=20 July 1988|volume=202|issue=2|pages=185–217|title=Nucleotide sequence and gene organization of sea urchin mitochondrial DNA.|author1=H. T. Jacobs |author2=D. J. Elliott |author3=V. B. Math |author4=A. Farquharson |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(88)90452-4|pmid=3172215}}</ref>
<ref name="Cantatore">{{Cite journal|journal=J Biol Chem|date=5 July 1989|volume=264|issue=19|pages=10965–75|title=The complete nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code of the mitochondrial genome of Paracentrotus lividus|author1=P. Cantatore |author2=M. Roberti |author3=G. Rainaldi |author4=M. N. Gadaleta |author5=C. Saccone |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60413-2|pmid=2544576|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Telford">{{Cite journal|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|date=10 October 2000|volume=97|issue=21|pages=11359–64|title=Changes in mitochondrial genetic codes as phylogenetic characters: two examples from the flatworms|author1=M. J. Telford |author2=E. A. Herniou |author3=R. B. Russell |author4=D. T. Littlewood |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.21.11359 |pmid=11027335 |pmc=17205|bibcode=2000PNAS...9711359T|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
[[Category:Molecular genetics]]
[[Category:Gene expression]]
[[Category:Protein biosynthesis]]
{{Genetics-stub}}