View source for Elizabeth Hardy (chemist)

{{Primary sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy
| image             = Elizabeth_MacGregor_Hardy.jpg
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1915|7|31}}
| death_date        = {{death date and age|2008|6|26|1915|7|31}}
| fields            = [[Organic Chemistry]]
| alma_mater        = [[Bryn Mawr College]]
| thesis_title      = Molecular Rearrangements in Three Carbon Systems
| thesis_year       = 1942
}}
'''Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy''' (July 31, 1915 – June 26, 2008)<ref>Ancestry.com.''U.S.,Social Security Death Index,'' 1935-2014. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2014</ref> was a Canadian-American chemist who discovered the [[Cope rearrangement]] while working in [[Arthur C. Cope]]'s research group at [[Bryn Mawr College]].<ref name="Olson">{{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Julie A.|last2=Shea|first2=Kevin M.|title=Critical Perspective: Named Reactions Discovered and Developed by Women|journal=Accounts of Chemical Research|date=17 May 2011|volume=44|issue=5|pages=311–321|doi=10.1021/ar100114m|pmid=21417324|url=https://scholarworks.smith.edu/chm_facpubs/11}}</ref><ref name="ActonActon">{{cite book |last1=Acton |first1=Q. Ashton |title=Issues in Chemistry and General Chemical Research |date=May 1, 2013 |publisher=ScholarlyEditions |location=Atlanta, Georgia |pages=354 |edition=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntAoc18Dn0kC&pg=PA354|isbn=9781490106311 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cope |first1=Arthur C. |last2=Hardy |first2=Elizabeth M. |title=The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. V. A Rearrangement Involving the Migration of an Allyl Group in a Three-Carbon System |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=February 1940 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=441–444 |doi=10.1021/ja01859a055}}</ref> The rearrangement drew upon the electronic models of [[Edward D. Hughes]] and [[Christopher Kelk Ingold]], but also the non-electronic work of [[Rainer Ludwig Claisen]] and [[Ernst Tietze]].<ref name="Gelfert">{{cite book |last1=Gelfert |first1=Axel |title=How to do science with models : a philosophical primer |date=2016 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=9783319279527 |pages=91–95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVFECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91}}</ref>
== Early life and education ==
Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy was born in [[Ottawa, Ontario, Canada]] to parents Thomas Woodburne Hardy and Margaret Ada (Graham) Hardy. Hardy attended [[McGill University]] and graduated with a Bachelor in Science in 1938.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=American Men & Women of Science|publisher=R.R. Bowker Company|year=1982|location=New York and Longon |pages=488}}</ref> In 1939, Hardy obtained a Master of Arts degree from Bryn Mawr College. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1942 at Bryn Mawr College, working in the labs of Arthur C. Cope.<ref name="Wilson"/>
Hardy and [[Evelyn Hancock]], another graduate student, coauthored nearly half of Cope's papers from Bryn Mawr.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite journal | title = Arthur Clay Cope | author-last1 = Roberts | author-first1 = John D. | author-last2 = Sheehan | author-first2 = John C. | journal = Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences | year = 1991 | volume = 60 | pages = 17–27 | url = http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/acope.pdf | access-date = 2019-10-31 | archive-date = 2011-06-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607062827/http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/acope.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Hardy went on to work for [[American Cyanamid]].<ref name="Wilson">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Anne M. |title=Harry S. Mosher and Arthur C. Cope, Early Organic Chemists Who Mentored Women |journal=Bulletin for the History of Chemistry |date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=21–29 |url=http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v34-1/v34-1%20p21-29.pdf |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref>
==Career and research==
Hardy worked as assistant professor of organic chemistry at Bryn Mawr College in 1939 and 1940. In the years 1942–1958, Hardy worked as a chemist at [[Calco Chemical Division]], subsequently she worked as a literature chemist at [[Lederle Labs]] from 1958 to 1975. After working for Lederle, Hardy worked as a senior resident literature chemist for [[American Cyanamid Company]] from 1975 on.<ref name=":0" /> She was a member of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], [[American Chemical Society]] and [[Chemical Institute of Canada]]. Hardy worked in a number of different research areas including molecular [[rearrangement reaction|rearrangements]], preparation of [[Saturated and unsaturated compounds|unsaturated]] [[ester]]s and [[ketone]]s, [[vat dye]]stuffs, [[esterification]] of [[Leuco dye|leuco]] vat dyes, [[organosulfur compounds]], and pharmaceutical chemistry.<ref name=":0" />
==Publications and patents==
{{cleanup-section|reason=bibliographic/reference formatting|date=February 2022}}
Hardy has a considerable number of publications and patents under her name and in collaboration with other scientists.
* '''The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. V. A Rearrangement Involving the Migration of an Allyl Group in a Three-Carbon System.''' ''[[Arthur C. Cope]]'' and ''Elizabeth M. Hardy.'' Publication date: February 1, 1940 <ref>''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' 1940, 62, 2, 441-444 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01859a055</ref>
* '''The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. VI. The Regeneration of Substituted Vinyl Malonic Esters from their Sodium Enolates.'''  ''[[Arthur C. Cope]]'' and ''Elizabeth M. Hardy.'' Publication date: December 1, 1940 <ref>''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' 1940, 62, 12, 3319-3323 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01869a013</ref>
* '''The Rearrangement of Allyl Groups in Three-Carbon Systems.''' ''[[Arthur C. Cope]], [[Corris M. Hofmann]]'' and ''Elizabeth M. Hardy.'' Publication date: July 1, 1941 <ref>''. Am. Chem. Soc.'' 1941, 63, 7, 1852-1857 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01852a014</ref>
* '''Aminoalcohols and their Esters.''' ''[[Evelyn M. Hancock]], Elizabeth M. Hardy, [[Dorothea Heyl]], [[Mary Elizabeth Wright]]'' and ''[[Arthur C. Cope]].'' Publication date: October 1, 1944 <ref>''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' 1944, 66, 10, 1747-1752 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a039</ref>
* '''Study of the Aqueous Esterification of Anthrahydroquinones'''. ''[[Mario Scalera]], [[William B. Hardy]], Elizabeth M. Hardy'' and ''[[Asa W. Joyce]].'' Publication Date:July 1, 1951<ref>''J. Am. Chem. Soc.'' 1951, 73, 7, 3094-3099 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01151a036</ref>
* '''Some new methods for preparing bunte salts'''. ''[[Hans Z. Lecher]]'' and ''Elizabeth M. Hardy.'' Publication date: April 1, 1955 <ref>''J. Org. Chem.'' 1955, 20, 4, 475-487 https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01122a010</ref>
* '''Manufacture of sulphuric ester salts of phenols.'''  ''[[Hans Z. Lecher]],'' [[Plainfield, New Jersey|Plainfleld]]'', [[Mario Scalera]], [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] , Elizabeth M. Hardy,'' [[Bound Brook, New Jersey|Bound Brook]]. Patented: June 25, 1946<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2402647A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Application January 17, 1944, Serial No. 518,585}}</ref>
* '''Preparation of pentaalkylguanidines.''' ''[[Hans Z. Lecher]],'' [[Plainfield, New Jersey|Plainfleld]]'', Elizabeth M. Hardy,'' [[Bound Brook, New Jersey|Bound Brook]], ''[[Clement L. Kosloski]],'' [[North Easton]].  Patented: July 29, 1958<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2845459A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Application May 21, 1956 Serial No. 585,972}}</ref>
* '''Trichloromethyl benzenethio-sulfonates.'''  ''Elizabeth M. Hardy and [[John F. Hosler]], [[Bound Brook, New Jersey|Bound Brook]], [[Glentworth Lamb]],'' [[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]]. Patented: March 24, 1959<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2879198A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Application May 17, 1957. Serial No.659,764|date=17 May 1957 }}</ref>
* '''Trichloromethyl 2-methoxy-5-phosphono-benzenethiolsulfonate pesticides.''' ''Elizabeth M. Hardy,'' [[Hohokus]] Patented: January 16, 1962 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3017321A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Filed: April 22, 1959, Ser. No. 807980}}</ref>
* '''Preparation of s-aryl-thiosulfuric acids.'''  ''[[Hans Z. Lecher]],'' [[Plainfield, New Jersey|Plainfleld]]'', Elizabeth M. Hardy, [[Bound Brook, New Jersey|Bound Brook]].'' Patented: April 12, 1955<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2706200A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Application May 14, 1953, Serial No. 355,178}}</ref>
* '''Preparation of s-aryl-thiosulfuric acids.'''  ''[[Hans Z. Lecher]],'' [[Plainfield, New Jersey|Plainfleld]]'', Elizabeth M. Hardy, [[Bound Brook, New Jersey|Bound Brook]].'' Patented: July 5, 1955<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2712547A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Application April 7, 1954, Serial No. 421,700}}</ref>
* '''4-alkylmorpholine sulfur trioxide compounds.'''  ''[[Mario Scalera]],'' [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]'', [[Charles T. Leste]]r,'' [[De Kalb Co., GA|De Kalb]], ''Elizabeth M. Hardy, [[Bound Brook, New Jersey|Bound Brook]].'' Patented: November 30, 1948<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2454978A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Application January 18, 1946, Serial No. 642,102}}</ref>
* '''Soluble vat dyes of the acridone series.''' ''[[William B. Hardy]]'' and ''Elizabeth M. Hardy, [[Bound Brook, New Jersey|Bound Brook]].'' Patented: August 18, 1953<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2649452A/en|title=United States Patent Office|last=Application January 17, 1951, Serial No. 206,516}}</ref>
==References==
<references/>
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[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:American women chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century American chemists]]
[[Category:American organic chemists]]
[[Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]