View source for Elizabeth Maria Bowen Thompson

{{Infobox writer
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| name             = Elizabeth Maria Bowen Thompson
| honorific_suffix =
| image            = Elizabeth Bowen Thompson.png
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| native_name      =
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| pseudonym        =
| birth_name       = Elizabeth Maria Lloyd
| birth_date       = 1812/13
| birth_place      = England, U.K.
| death_date       = 14 November 1869
| death_place      = [[Blackheath, London]], U.K.
| resting_place    =
| occupation = {{hlist|educator missionary|letter writer}}
| language = English
| residence =
| nationality = British
| citizenship =
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| subject          =
| movement         =
| notable_works    = ''The Daughters of Syria''
| spouse = {{marriage|James Bowen Thompson|1850|1855|end=died}}
| partner          =
| children         =
| parents          = [[Hannibal Evans Lloyd]]
| relatives        = [[Henry Lloyd (soldier)|Henry Lloyd]]
| awards           =
| signature        = Elizabeth Maria Thompson signature.png
}}
'''Elizabeth Maria Bowen Thompson''' ({{nee}}, '''Lloyd'''; after marriage, '''Thompson'''; [[pen name]], '''Mrs. Bowen Thompson'''; 1812/13 – 14 November 1869) was a British educator missionary who founded the British Syrian Schools.<ref name="Makdisi2005">{{cite journal |last1=Makdisi |first1=Jean Said |author-link=Jean Said Makdisi |title=Elisabeth Bowen Thompson and the Teacher Training College |journal=Archaeology & History in the Lebanon |date=Autumn 2005 |issue=22 |pages=84–89 |url=http://www.ahlebanon.com/images/PDF/Issue%2022%20-%20Autumn%202005/ELISABETH%20BOWEN%20THOMPSON%20AND%20THE%20TEACHER%20TRAINING%20COLLEGE-JEAN%20SAID%20MAKDISI.pdf |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> Early on, she was brought under strong religious influences.<ref name="Dawson1912" /> After being widowed herself, she developed an affinity for the widows of the [[Crimean War]], [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], and [[1860 Mount Lebanon civil war]], and provided them with support. Her simple and graphic letters narrated her life's work.{{sfn|Thompson|1872|p=ix}} ''The Daughters of Syria'' was published in 1872.
==Early life and education==
Elizabeth Maria Lloyd was born in 1812/13. Her father was [[Hannibal Evans Lloyd]] (1770–1847), a Welsh<ref name="Makdisi2005" /> [[Philology|philologist]] and [[Translation|translator]]. Her mother was Lucy Anna Margaretta von Schwartzkopff (1782/3–1855), from [[Hamburg]].<ref name="oxforddnb.com">{{cite ODNB |title=Thompson, Elizabeth Maria Bowen [née Elizabeth Maria Lloyd] (1812/13–1869), missionary in Syria |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-58700 |year=2004 |access-date=13 September 2019  |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/58700|last1=Shehadi |first1=Nadim }}</ref>
She read English classics under her father, and received education about morals from her mother.<ref name="Makdisi2005" /> The paternal great-grandmother, a [[Scottish Highlands|Highlander]], and a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]], and it was said in one source that she changed clothes with [[Charles Edward Stuart|Prince Charlie]] and allowed herself to be taken in his stead, till he was well away. Her grandfather was a Welshman, [[Henry Lloyd (soldier)|General Lloyd]], known as a tactician.<ref name="Dawson1912">{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=E. C. (Edwin Collas) |title=Missionary heroines in many lands : true stories of the intrepid bravery and patient endurance of missionaries in their encounters with uncivilized man, wild beasts and the forces of nature in many parts of the world. With right illustrations |date=1912 |edition=Public domain |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0348620#p2z-6r0f: |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> The father, Hannibal, had visited Germany during the [[French period]], and recited his perceptions of battles, sieges, and escapes.{{sfn|Thompson|1872|p=5, 7}}
==Career==
In 1850, in [[London]], she married Dr. James Bowen Thompson,<ref name="universitystory.gla.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of James Bowen Thompson |url=https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH17070&type=P |website=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> a Scottish physician and missionary<ref name="Makdisi2005" /> of similar religious sympathies.<ref name="Dawson1912" /> He was the head of the British Syrian Hospital at [[Damascus]] from 1843 to 1848. He had large plans for Syria, and hoped to open it out by providing railways to India along the valley of the [[Euphrates]]. In pursuance of this scheme, the husband and wife went first to [[Constantinople]], and then settled on some property which the doctor owned near [[Antioch]].<ref name="Dawson1912" /><ref name="Makdisi2005" />
She soon mastered the language, and was sorry for the women and their degraded state. She formed several little schools. During the year and a half of their residence, they gave the schools a good start. When they left, they donated the work to a native Christian teacher and some Armenians, with the hope that it would be carried on.<ref name="Dawson1912" />{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=102}}
When the [[Crimean War]] broke out in 1853, Dr. Bowen Thompson offered his medical experience to the Government. He had gained much knowledge of Eastern epidemics, and he wanted to give his service to  the English government. In [[Balaklava]], Dr. Bowen Thompson was stricken with the endemic [[typhoid fever]]. He was also a victim of [[red tape]]ism: as a "civilian", he could not be taken into the military hospital, but was left on board ship on 5 August 1855.{{efn|According to the University of Glasgow, Dr. Bowen Thompson was moved to Kululee Hospital, in [[Constantinople]], where he died on 5 August 1855.<ref name="universitystory.gla.ac.uk" />}} It was a horrible experience, and Bowne Thompson wrote to Queen Victoria, explaining what had happened. The Queen was said to have taken measures that no such mistake should be mad againe.<ref name="Dawson1912" />
After burying her husband, Bowen Thompson made her home with her sister in England.{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=102}} She became involved with social work projects. When the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (1857–58) followed the Crimean War, Bowen Thompson joined the Lady Mayoress' Committee at the Mansion House and threw herself into providing necessaries for the sufferers. She formed an Association for the Wives of Soldiers under the patronage of the Queen.<ref name="Dawson1912" />
The massacre of the [[Maronites]] by the Syrian [[Druze|Druses]] during the [[1860 Mount Lebanon civil war]] attracted Bowen Thompson's sympathy. All the males from 7–70 years of age had been killed. She gave generously providing stores and clothing but she wanted to be in Syria with the widows.{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=102}} She started in October 1860, intending to spend the next half-year at [[Beirut]]. There, she met some of these women to consult as to what could best be done for them. "We look," they said, "to England to do us justice for the blood of our husbands and sons."<ref name="Dawson1912" />
In 1860, the plan for an industrial refuge -an association for the improvement of the condition of the Syrian women- rapidly formed itself in her mind.{{sfn|Thompson|1872|p=15}} 20,000 women were crowding the city eager to get work at even road-mending, destitute after the massacre. Ignorance and deeply-cherished revenge chiefly characterised them.{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=103}} She opened a class in her hotel. The landlord himself became the first pupil. She secured an Arabic teacher. The scheme began to run. Already she saw her future school at Beirut. It was to have a classroom for little children, an industrial department for women and girls, a department for obtaining work for the unemployed, and a store-room for the supplies which she confidently expected would flow in from England. In fact, the school was plain. She was very fortunate in securing, at this stage, the co-operation of Mr. and Mrs. Mott, who devoted themselves to carry out the same ends. This all enabled her to set up the British Syrian Schools Association, which would eventually form part of the wider work of the Middle East Christian Outreach organisation (1959) and then [[SIM (Christian organization)|SIM (Serving In Mission)]] in 2016.
By the end of 1861, a house was secured. It was at once occupied by some 30 Hasbeyan widows. The number increased so rapidly that within a month, three schools were in active operation. Subscriptions began to come in, and interest in the work grew. Soon a fourth school was started in a stable. Still, the number of applicants were greater than she could receive. Yet another school was filled with 90 children, and a few days later a fifth school was formed for young women.<ref name="Dawson1912" /> She also found it necessary to open a girls' school for the upper classes, who were willing to pay a fee for the privilege of having their daughters educated by an English woman rather than by the French nuns.{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=104}}
Lord Shaftesbury was much interested in all that was being done, and gave the weight of his name and influence to procure Bowen Thompson the financial help she required. But all on the spot were quite enthusiastic. The officers of the fleet anchored off Beirut used to send her all their washing to be done by her women in the laundry which she set up. One of the captains presented her with a [[Mangle (machine)|mangle]], and the ship's carpenters put up all the fittings. Once, when money ran short and she could not pay her widows for their work, she called them and bid them all join in prayer with her to ask for help. That day, a visit was paid by the [[harem]] of a Turkish [[Pasha]]. The women presented a purse of [[piastre]]s on leaving the school, and when Bowen Thompson came to count the coins, she found that they totalled up to three [[Turkish lira]]s, or exactly the sum which was needed to pay her widows.<ref name="Dawson1912" />
In the early summer of 1862, the schools were visited by the then Prince of Wales, His Majesty, King [[Edward VII]]. This was a great event. The Prince was greeted by the children with the [[British National Anthem]], and was much pleased with all he saw. After some practical questions which proved how thoroughly he comprehended what was being done, the Prince contributed 25 [[Napoléon (coin)|Napoléons]] to the school, and gave a large order for [[embroidery]].<ref name="Dawson1912" />
A school was soon started at [[Hasbaya]], where one of the most terrible of the massacres had taken place. Bowen Thompson went throughout the whole district planning where best her centres of education might be planted. From Hasbeya, she ascended [[Mount Hermon]], and from its summit, was able to down upon the land. When [[Canon (priest)|Canon]] [[Henry Baker Tristram]] visited the neighbourhood, some while after, the women inquired if he had any things which needed to be washed, or clothes to be mended. He noted, "... that the benefits of Mrs. Thompson's education descended to the very practical details of everyday life, and when I told them that Sitt (Mrs.) Thompson was a dear friend of mine, they clapped their hands for joy."<ref name="Dawson1912" />
In 1864, there were already eighteen schools in full swing, and still more places asked for them. The seventh annual examination of scholars took place in 1867 at Beirut. During three days, everyone in Beirut society, came out to see the children. On one occasion there were about a thousand people present.<ref name="Dawson1912" />
In 1867, the governor of Mount Lebanon, Daoud Pasha was so impressed by Bowen Thompson that he gave her his confidence and support. The Pasha accompanied her to the village of [[Afn Zahalteh]], where she wanted permission to open a school. He offered his arm and went with her to seek a suitable house, but they were defeated by the squalor. Bowen Thompson later received the offer of part of a dirty house. She therefore tied a handkerchief over her head, and set to work, till others followed her example. After a while carpenters and masons gave their help to put up partitions and stop holes, besides putting up shelves and benches. When the Pasha returned he found a transformation. He contributed 1000 [[franc]]s toward the new school-house, to replace the temporary room. Later on, a school was started at Damascus by Pasha. As usual, Bowen Thompson did not stop to consider ways and means, but just commenced. Having found the right teacher, she arranged to pay her a monthly salary The Maronite priests were opposed to starting a school at Zachleh, but they protested in vain. The schoolhouse, built in Moorish style, was constructed on the steep side of the village hill.<ref name="Dawson1912" />
Bowen Thompson could not have set on foot so many branches of work had not her sister and brother-in-law (Mr. Mentor Mott) from England joined her. Their home in England having been burned down (all family records and correspondence were destroyed by the fire which consumed their mansion at East Coombe two months after Bowen Thompson left for Syria),{{sfn|Thompson|1872|p=2}} they resolved, rather than rebuild, to put their means and their lives to work for the Syrian people. A younger sister had already been helping Bowen Thompson for some time, so that there were four members of her family in Syria.{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=104}}
After nine years, she had established 23 schools, containing approximately 1,700 pupils under 56 teachers.{{sfn|Thompson|1872|p=15}} These schools became centres of Gospel teaching and secular knowledge.<ref name="Dawson1912" /> Many settlements applied to have a school opened. Infant schools, orphanages, Sunday schools, schools for cripples, Moslem boarding schools, and schools for the blind were in proper working order throughout the Lebanon, supported by her sister and Bowen Thompson.{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=105}}
==Later life==
During the summer of 1869, Bowen Thompson suffered from weakness. In the early autumn, she returned to her sister at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]]. Toward the end, she asked them to telegraph Beirut and ask that the children might pray for her. She died on 14 November 1869.<ref name="Dawson1912" /><ref name="oxforddnb.com" />{{sfn|Gracey|1898|p=105}} After her death, her writings were edited and published in 1872 as ''The Daughters of Syria''.<ref name="Thompson)1872">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teQCAAAAQAAJ|title=The Daughters of Syria: A Narrative of Efforts by the Late Mrs. Bowen Thompson, for the Evangelization of the Syrian Females|author=Elizabeth Maria Thompson (Mrs. James Bowen Thompson)|publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday|year=1872}}</ref>
==Selected works==
[[File:The Daughters of Syria (1872).png|thumb|''The Daughters of Syria'' (1872)]]
* ''The Daughters of Syria'', 1872 [https://archive.org/details/daughterssyriaa00thomgoog (Text)]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
===Attribution===
* {{source-attribution| {{cite book|last=Gracey|first=Mrs. J. T.|title=Eminent Missionary Women|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/eminentmissiona00gracgoog/page/n119|edition=Public domain|year=1898|publisher=Eaton & Mains|chapter=Melinda Rankin}} }}
* {{source-attribution| {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Elizabeth Maria (Mrs. James Bowen Thompson)|title=The Daughters of Syria: A Narrative of Efforts by the Late Mrs. Bowen Thompson, for the Evangelization of the Syrian Females|url=https://archive.org/details/daughterssyriaa00thomgoog/page/n14|edition=Public domain|year=1872|publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday}} }}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Elizabeth Maria Bowen}}
[[Category:1810s births]]
[[Category:1869 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English educators]]
[[Category:19th-century British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:English Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:People of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:British people of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:English letter writers]]
[[Category:Founders of educational institutions]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Syria]]
[[Category:19th-century British letter writers]]