View source for Endell Street Military Hospital

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{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name        = Endell Street Military Hospital
| org/group   = [[Royal Army Medical Corps]], [[War Office]]<!-- Org or group that owns/manages the hospital -->
| opened      = {{start date|1915|05}}
| image       = An Operation at the Military Hospital, Endell Street - Dr L Garrett, Dr Flora Murray, Dr W Buckley Art.IWMART4084.jpg
| alt         = An Operation at the Military Hospital, Endell Street - Dr L Garrett, Dr Flora Murray, Dr W Buckley, Francis Dodd, 1920. Imperial War Museum, London.
| image_size  = 257
| caption     = An Operation at the Military Hospital, Endell Street - Dr L Garrett, Dr Flora Murray, Dr W Buckley, Francis Dodd, 1920. Imperial War Museum, London.
| relief      = <!-- any non-blank value (yes, 1, etc.) will cause the template to display a relief map image, where available -->
| location    = 36, [[Endell Street]]
| region      = London
| state       = England
| country     = UK<!-- 2 letter code or in full, United States must be "US" -->
| address     = <!-- Address of main building -->
| healthcare  =
| funding     = Public
| type        = [[Military hospital]]
| beds        = 573
| closed      = {{end date|1919|12}}
| demolished  = <!-- Use if demolished at a different time from closure -->
| map_type    = United Kingdom London Westminster
| map_caption = Location within Westminster
| Coordinates = {{Coord|51.5154|-0.1255|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Endell Street Military Hospital''' was a [[World War I|First World War]] [[military hospital]] located on [[Endell Street]] in [[Covent Garden]], central London. The hospital was substantially staffed by suffragists (women who supported the introduction of votes for women).
The medical pioneers [[Flora Murray]] and [[Louisa Garrett Anderson]] recruited enough medically trained women to staff an entire hospital in France at the beginning of the war that was in operation from 1914 to 1915.  Drawing experience and staff of this hospital, the Endell Street hospital was established in London as a RAMC hospital under the War department in May 1915 by Murray and Anderson. The Endell hospital had 573 beds, allowing for some 26,000 patients to be cared for during the five years it was active.  The hospital closed shortly after the end of the war in December 1919.
The hospital adopted the motto, "Deeds not words", which was also the motto of the [[Women's Social and Political Union|WSPU]].  Despite scepticism by the [[Royal Army Medical Corps|RAMC]] in the women's medical staff ability to run a hospital, Endell Street received high feedback from patients, recognition in professional medical journals, and the successful treatment of a large number of soldiers during its operation.
==Establishment of the hospital==
[[File:Endell Street Military Hospital c. 1915.jpg|thumbnail|Entrance to Endell Street Military Hospital, {{circa|1915}}|left|280px]]
The concept of the Women's Hospital Corps was created and instituted in 1914. Previously met with hostility by officials, Doctors [[Flora Murray]] and [[Louisa Garrett Anderson]] decided to bypass the British government by going directly to the French Embassy with their offer to run a military hospital in [[Wimereux]], France. Their idea was accepted and they were granted work permits to travel to France. In less than two weeks, Murray and Anderson were able to recruit enough medically trained women to staff an entire hospital; doctors, nurses, orderlies, and clerks. The women created uniforms and raised funds for the supplies needed.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last=Geddes|first=Jennian F|title=The Women's Hospital Corps: Forgotten Surgeons of the First World War|journal=Journal of Medical Biography |publisher=Journal of Medical Biography 14, no. 2 |date=1 May 2006|volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=109–17|doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2006.05-24 |pmid=16607411 |s2cid=37280996 |issn=0967-7720
|id={{ProQuest|210330818}}|oclc=942611802}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Visitors to the hospital in France included [[Amélie of Orléans|Queen Amélie of Portugal]].<ref>Murray 1920, p. 66</ref> The hospital closed in January 1915 when injured soldiers started being treated in England rather than in France.<ref name=":1">Murray 1920, p. 115</ref>
The hospital at Endell Street was established by Murray and Anderson in May 1915.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Geddes |first=Jennian F |date=January 2007 |title=Deeds {{Not a typo|''and''}} words in the Suffrage Military Hospital in Endell Street |journal=[[Medical History]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=79{{ndash}}98 |location=Cambridge |issn=0025-7273 |pmid=17200698 |pmc=1712367 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300000909 |doi-access=free}}</ref>  It was constructed in the former St Giles [[Workhouse|Union Workhouse]] on Endell Street in Covent Garden, Central London. The empty workhouse had room for a larger hospital to operate. Most of the hospital equipment came from the military hospital in Wimereux, France following its closure in January 1915.<ref name=":1"/>
Although designed for 520 beds, shortly after it opened orders were received to put up as many extra beds as possible. From 1916 until the summer of 1919, the official number of beds was 573.  Several auxiliary [[Voluntary Aid Detachment]] hospitals with a total of 150 beds were attached to the Endell Street hospital.  At times of pressure when billeting of convalescent men was allowed, the number of registered patients was as high as 800.<ref>Murray 1920, p. 169</ref>
Endell Street Hospital cared for some 26,000 patients during the five years it was active.<ref name=":2" /> The women surgeons performed some 20 operations per day during that time.<ref name=":0"/> Sometimes as many as 80 injured soldiers would arrive each night.<ref name=":0"/>
The hospital was close to London's main railway stations, allowing a great influx of patients when ambulance convoys arrived. Often each convoy was transporting 30 to 50 injured soldiers, some of which required immediate surgery. These soldiers were taken directly to the operating theatre.<ref name=":0" /> The surgeons routinely carried out over 20 operations a day from soldiers delivered from the convoys, which would often arrive late at night and sometimes arrived with as many as eighty soldiers.<ref name=":2" />
Of the twenty-six thousand patients who passed through the wards of Endell Street Military Hospital, the largest number were British with a fair proportion of Dominion and Colonial troops. There were also two thousand two hundred and seven Canadians. There were more than two thousand Australian and New Zealand patients, including those wounded in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] that began arriving in August 1915.  Only two hundred U.S. troops were patients.  A small number of Russian, Greek Japananes, and French wounded were patients at the hospital.<ref>Murray 1920, pages 180{{endash}}184</ref>  A small ward for service women was opened, late in the hospital's life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women in Air Force Blue|author=Escott, Beryl E.|page=31|isbn=978-1852600662|publisher=P. Stephens|year=1989|location=Somerset}}</ref> Some satellite hospitals were also established including [[Dollis Hill House|Dollis Hill House Auxiliary Hospital]] which opened in 1916.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/dollishillhouse.html|title=Dollis Hill House Auxiliary Hospital|publisher=Lost Hospitals of London|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>
==Staff==
[[File:Staff of the Endell Street Military Hospital, August 1916 (39806589042).jpg|thumb|left|500px|Hospital staff in August 1916]]
[[File:Suffragette Banner - Museum of London.jpg|left|thumb|WSPU "Deeds, Not Words" Banner c. 1910]]
[[File:EndellStreetHospital1915PeggyTurnbull.jpeg|thumb|Margaret (Peggy) Katherine Turnbull (1892-1980) in the nursing uniform of the Endell Street Military Hospital, 1915|249x249px]]
Leading the hospital, Murray was named Doctor in Charge and Anderson was named Chief Surgeon. Many of the clinicians who staffed the hospital had previously worked at the hospital in Wimereux. When that hospital closed, the suffragettes were relocated to the new Endell Street hospital.<ref>Murray 1920, p. 123</ref> At Endell Street, these clinicians worked in what was considered female-appropriate jobs as nurses, [[orderlies]], and clerks. The hospital also staffed women as [[Chauffeur|driver]]s, [[dentists]], [[pathologists]], and [[surgeons]].<ref name=":0" /> One such surgeon was Mrs Lilian Marie Wemyss Grant who worked at Endell Street as an Assistant Surgeon before going as Medical Officer in 1918 to [[HM Factory, Gretna]].<ref>UK & Ireland, Medical Directories 1845-1942</ref>
Librarians and entertainment officers visited with the patients to heighten morale. Gardeners helped in the courtyard and people without family or friends at the hospital came to spend time with a lonely patient.<ref name=":3"/>
While working under the authority of the War Office, women doctors at the Endell Street Military Hospital received the pay and benefits of military grades from lieutenant to lieutenant colonel, but they had no rank and could not command men.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |editor1-first=Barton C. |editor1-last=Hacker |editor2-first=Margaret |editor2-last=Vining |title=A Companion to Women's Military History |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |date=17 August 2012 |isbn=978-90-04-20682-3 |series=History of Warfare |volume=74 |url=https://brill.com/view/title/16556 |access-date=1 April 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144752/https://brill.com/view/title/16556 |url-status=live }} {{subscription required}}</ref>
The hospital adopted the WSPU's motto of "Deeds, Not Words". The women hoped that eventually the hospital and their deeds would prove women's equality and their ability to fulfil their duties as citizens.<ref name=":0" />
The RAMC was outspoken about their reluctance to allow an all women's staff to run a military hospital. The staff's involvement in the suffrage movement also added to the RAMC's scepticism of the women's ability perform in a professional manner. Murray recounts a colonel who was disgusted by the idea, exclaiming "what difficulties you will have".<ref>Murray 1920, p. 129</ref> The RAMC felt that the women would not be properly trained to care for and control soldiers in the military setting. They were proven wrong when the women received all positive acknowledgments due to their "feminine touches" around the hospital. Flowers, bright colours, and proper lighting—all of which contrasted with the drabness of military hospitals—were attributed to the women's ability to consider the patient's psychological health as well as their physical health.<ref name=":0" />
During the hospital's active years, Endell Street Military Hospital staff were able to publish seven publications in ''[[The Lancet]].''<ref name=":0"/> The papers were in written in collaboration with the [[Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service]] and included an analysis of a series of cases of [[anaerobic infection]]. They collaborated with the [[Pasteur Institute]] in trials of [[gas gangrene]] [[antiserum]] by [[Frances Ivens]] from the [[Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont]]. Endell Street and Royaumont together produced the first hospital-based research papers published by female British doctors.<ref name=":0" />
==Closure==
In 1917, Murray and Anderson each received the [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] for their work in the hospital.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=World War One: Endell Street hospital's suffragette surgeons |journal=BBC News |date=February 28, 2014 |access-date=April 2, 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-26050708 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627130925/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-26050708 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 1919, Endell Street received orders to evacuate and close the hospital. Endell Street Military Hospital closed in December 1919.<ref>Murray 1920, p. 246</ref><ref name=lost>{{cite web|url=https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/endellstreet.html|title=Endell Street Military Hospital|publisher=Lost Hospitals of London|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814145116/http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/endellstreet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The hospital was subsequently demolished and the site now forms part of the area occupied by the [[Oasis Sports Centre, London|Oasis Sports Centre]].<ref name=lost/> A plaque commemorating those hospital staff who died in the First World War was located in the [[Royal Free Hospital]] in London but has since been lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/63150|title=Military Hospital Endell Street Staff - World War I plaque and Women's Hospital for Children|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>
In November 2017 the [[Imperial War Museum]] made an award to Alison Ramsey of Digital Drama for "Deeds Not Words; Suffragette Surgeons of WWI", a film about the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitaldrama.org/tag/endell-street-military-hospital/|title=Deeds Not Words Wins at Imperial War Museum Short Film Festival|publisher=Digital Drama|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>
== References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Flora |author-link=Flora Murray |date=1920 |title=Women as Army Surgeons: Being the history of the Women's Hospital Corps in Paris, Wimereux, and Endell Street September 1914{{ndash}}October 1919 |location=London |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |url=https://archive.org/details/womenasarmysurge00murr |ref=none}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal
| pmid = 18952990
| year = 2008
| last1 = Geddes
| first1 = J. F.
| title = Louisa Garrett Anderson (1873-1943), surgeon and suffragette
| journal = Journal of Medical Biography
| volume = 16
| issue = 4
| pages = 205–14
| doi = 10.1258/jmb.2007.007048 | s2cid = 704972
|ref=none
}}
*{{cite book|author=Moore, Wendy|author-link=Wendy Moore|year=2020|title=Endell Street: the suffragette surgeons of World War One|location=London|publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=9-781-78649-584-6 |ref=none}} (also entitled: ''Endell Street: the Trailblazing Women who Ran World War One's Most Remarkable Military Hospital'' {{ISBN|9-781-78649-586-0}})
*{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jmv5|title=Endell Street|author=Moore, Wendy|website=BBC Radio 4|access-date=August 11, 2020 | ref=none}}
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Endell Street Military Hospital}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1915 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1919 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Defunct hospitals in London]]
[[Category:Endell Street, London]]
[[Category:Military hospitals in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1915]]