View source for Enophrys

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Juvenile Buffalo sculpin (Enophrys bison) 196mm.jpg
| image_caption = Buffalo Sculpin ''(E. bison)''
| image2 = Antlered Sculpin.jpg
| image2_caption = Antlered Sculpin ''(E. diceraus)''
| taxon = Enophrys
| authority = [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1839
| type_species = ''[[Enophrys diceraus|Cottus claviger]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Myoxocephalinae|access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{Genus list
| Aspicottus | [[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854
| Ceratocottus | [[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1859
| Clypeocottus | [[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1854
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF/>
}}
'''''Enophrys''''' is a [[genus]] of marine [[ray-finned fish]]es belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Cottidae]], the typical sculpins. These fishes are found in the northern and eastern [[Pacific Ocean]].
==Taxonomy==
''Enophrys'' was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1839 by the English [[zoologist]] [[William John Swainson]] with its only and [[type species]] being ''Cottus claviger''.<ref name = CofF/> This species had been [[Species description|described]] in 1839 by the French zoologist [[Georges Cuvier]] from [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] but it was later determined to be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''Cottus diceraus'', originally described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1787, also from Kamchatka.<ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus|genus=Enophrys|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' classifies this genus within the subfamily [[Cottinae]] of the family Cottidae,<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=467–495 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> however, other authors classify the genus within the subfamily [[Myoxocephalinae]] of the family [[Psychrolutidae]],<ref name = CofF/> although others place the subfamily Myoxocephalinae within the Cottidae.<ref name = AMP>{{cite journal | author1 = Olga A. Radchenko| author2 = Irina N. Moreva | author3 = Anna V. Petrovskaya | year = 2021 | title = The subfamily Myoxocephalinae of cottid fishes (Cottidae): Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 99 | pages = 1857–1868 | doi = 10.1111/jfb.14886}}</ref>
==Etymology==
''Enophrys'' prefixes ''phrys'', meaning "brow", with ''en'', ning "very", presumed to be a reference to the thick orbital ridge of the type species.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes20/ | title = Order Perciformes: Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Cottales: Family Cottidae (Sculpins) | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 22 October 2022 | access-date = 23 January 2023 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>
==Species==
''Enophrys'' contains 4 recognized species within it:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Enophrys| month = August | year = 2022}}</ref>
* ''[[Enophrys bison]]'' <small>([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854)</small> (Buffalo sculpin)
* ''[[Enophrys diceraus]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1787)</small> (Antlered sculpin)
* ''[[Enophrys lucasi]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|C. H. Gilbert]], 1898)</small> (Leister sculpin)
* ''[[Enophrys taurina]]'' <small>[[Charles Henry Gilbert|C. H. Gilbert]], 1914</small> (Bull sculpin)
==Characteristics==
''Enophrys'' sculpins share the possession of plates along their [[lateral line]]s and some species have prickly scales underneath the lateral line. They also have a very long, sharp spine on the upper [[preoperculum]] and sharp spines on the nose.<ref name = Knope>{{cite journal | author = Matthew L. Knope | year = 2013 | title = Phylogenetics of the marine sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the North American Pacific Coast | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 66 | pages = 341–349|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.008}}</ref> The bull sculpin is the smallest species with a maximum recorded [[total length]] of {{cvt|17|cm}} while the largest species is the buffalo sculpin which reaches a maximum published total length of {{cvt|37|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase/>
==Distribution==
''Enophrys'' sculpins are only found in the northern and Eastern Pacific Oceans from the [[Sea of Japan]] to [[California]].<ref name = Fishbase/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q149022}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cottinae]]
[[Category:Enophrys| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William John Swainson]]