View source for Event of the mubahala

{{Short description|Meeting between the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Najranite Christians}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Event of the ''mubahala''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Shia Islam}}
The '''event of the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}''' ({{Langx|ar|مُبَاهَلَة|translit=mubāhala|lit=mutual cursing}}) was an aborted attempt to resolve a theological dispute between [[Muslims]] and [[Christians]] in {{Circa|632}} [[Common Era|CE]] by invoking the curse of God upon the liars. These debates took place in [[Medina]], located in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], between a Christian delegation from [[Najran]], a city in [[South Arabia]], and the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], who proposed this solution probably when their discourse had reached a deadlock concerning the nature of [[Jesus]], human or divine.
The Christian delegation withdrew from the challenge and negotiated a peace treaty, either immediately, or when Muhammad arrived for the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} with his family, according to the majority of Islamic traditions. This episode has been linked to certain verses of the [[Quran]], the central religious text of [[Islam]], particularly verse 3:61. The event is particularly significant for [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] because Muhammad was accompanied by his daughter [[Fatima]], her husband [[Ali]], and their two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], who are pivotal to [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia beliefs]]. At the time, this event must have raised their religious rank as the partners of Muhammad in his prophetic claims.
== Etymology ==
The word {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ({{lang|ar|مُبَاهَلَة}}) is derived from the root verb {{Transliteration|ar|bahala}}, which means 'to curse', while the noun {{Transliteration|ar|al-bahl}} can mean either 'the curse' or a scarcity of water.{{Sfn|Berjak|2006|p=419}} The word {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} can also mean 'withdrawing mercy from one who lies or engages in falsehood'.{{Sfn|Massignon|1999}} The act of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ({{Lit|mutual imprecation, curse}}) thus involves swearing a conditional curse, for instance, "May I be cursed if...," together with a purifying oath.{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} As a last resort, {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} remains a lawful option to resolve disputes in [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] ({{Transliteration|ar|fiqh}}).{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}}
==Event==
With the rise of Islam in the [[Hejaz]],{{Sfn|Shahid|}}{{Sfn|Nickel|2006}}  Muhammad wrote to nearby personages around the year 9 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (631{{Ndash}}632 [[Common Era|CE]]) and invited them to Islam.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=13}} One such letter was apparently addressed at the bishops of the Christian community of Najran.{{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=127}} A delegation of Najrani Christians later arrived in [[Medina]] to meet with Muhammad in 8,{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015}} 9,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=13{{ndash}}14}}{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=|p=380}} or 10 AH,{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015}}{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=6}}{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} perhaps to ascertain his claims to prophethood.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=|p=14}} In view of their weak ties with the [[Sasanian Empire]], these and other Christians of the south were probably in a position to independently negotiate with Muhammad.{{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=127}} By one account, the delegation was led by Abd al-Masih, Abu al-Harith ibn Alqama, and Sayyid ibn al-Harith.{{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=127}}{{Sfn|Nickel|2006|p=181}} There a peace treaty was finally reached by which the Christians agreed to pay an annual poll-tax ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jizya]]}}) but were not required to convert to Islam or partake in Muslims' military campaigns,{{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=|pp=127{{ndash}}128}} and remained in charge of for their own affairs.{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=|p=380}} This was perhaps the first such treaty in [[Muslims|Muslim]] history,{{Sfn|Shahid|}}{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=|p=380}} but also resembled the treatment of Christians elsewhere by Muhammad.{{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=126}} It was not until the [[Rashidun|caliphate of Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}) that the Christians of Najran were expelled from the Arabian Peninsula.{{Sfn|Shahid|}}
=== {{Transliteration|ar|Mubahala}} ===
In Medina, Muhammad and the Christian delegation may have also debated the nature of [[Jesus]], human or divine, although the delegation ultimately rejected the Islamic belief that Jesus was merely human,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}} as represented by verse 3:59 of the [[Quran|Qur'an]], which acknowledges the miraculous birth of Jesus but rejects the Christians' belief in his divinity, "Truly the likeness of Jesus in the sight of God is that of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]]; He created him from dust, then said to him, 'Be!' and he was."{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=378{{ndash}}379}} Indeed, this and some other verses of the third chapter ({{Transliteration|ar|[[surah]]}}), perhaps even its first seventy to eighty verses,{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} are said to have been revealed to Muhammad on this occasion.{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=|p=379}} Among these is verse 3:61, sometimes known as the verse of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}, which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}},{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=35}} perhaps when the debate had reached a deadlock:{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=110}}
{{Blockquote|text={{lang|ar|فَمَنْ حَآجَّكَ فِيهِ مِنۢ بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَكَ مِنَ ٱلْعِلْمِ فَقُلْ تَعَالَوْا۟ نَدْعُ أَبْنَآءَنَا وَأَبْنَآءَكُمْ وَنِسَآءَنَا وَنِسَآءَكُمْ وَأَنفُسَنَا وَأَنفُسَكُمْ ثُمَّ نَبْتَهِلْ فَنَجْعَل لَّعْنَتَ ٱللَّهِ عَلَى ٱلْكَـٰذِبِينَ}}<br>And to whomsoever disputes with thee over it, after the knowledge that has come unto thee, say, "Come! Let us call upon our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves. Then let us pray earnestly, so as to place the curse of God upon those who lie."{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|p=379}}}}
The following verse 3:63, "And if they turn away, then God knows well the workers of corruption,"{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=|p=380}} has been interpreted as the subsequent rejection by the Christian delegation of {{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}, that is, the Islamic belief in the oneness of God.{{Sfn|Nickel|2006|p=179}}
=== Participants ===
[[File:Madina trip 154.jpg|thumb|The Mubahala Mosque in [[Medina]], present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
By some reports, the delegation did not accept the challenge and instead negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad, either because they thought possible that he was truthful in his claims,{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=379{{ndash}}380|p=}}{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} or because they were intimidated by the military might of Muslims.{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=379{{ndash}}380|p=}}{{Sfn|Bill|Williams|2002|p=29}} This is reported by the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] exegete [[Muqatil ibn Sulayman]] ({{Died in|767}}),{{Sfn|Nickel|2006|pp=179{{ndash}}180}} and by the Sunni historian [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}) in his {{Transliteration|ar|Tabaqat}}.{{Sfn|Nickel|2006|pp=|p=181}} In a tradition cited by Muqatil, Muhammad reflects hypothetically that he would have taken with him to the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons Hasan and Husayn.{{Sfn|Nickel|2006|pp=179{{ndash}}180}} Ibn Sa'd writes that two leaders of the delegation later returned to Medina and converted to Islam,{{Sfn|Nickel|2006|p=181}} which might explain their earlier refusal of the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}.{{Sfn|al-Hasan|1977|p=370}}
Yet according to other reports, Muhammad did appear for the occasion of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}, accompanied by his family, as instructed by the verse of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}},{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=379{{ndash}}380|p=}}{{Sfn|Lammens|2012}} apparently at the {{Transliteration|ar|khatib ahmar}} ({{Lit|red dune}}) in the [[Al-Baqi Cemetery|al-Baqi cemetery]], later renamed to {{Transliteration|ar|jabal al-mubahala}} ({{Lit|mountain of the {{transliteration|ar|mubahala}}}}).{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}}{{Sfn|Bar-Asher|Kofsky|2002|p=141}} Those who accompanied him are often identified as Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2007|p=61n18}}{{Sfn|Daftary|2008}} Such reports are given by the Shia-leaning historian [[Ibn Ishaq]] ({{Died in|767}}) in his {{Transliteration|ar|[[Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah|al-Sira al-Nabawiyya]]}}, the Sunni exegete [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] ({{Died in|1210}}) in his {{Transliteration|ar|[[Tafsir al-Razi|Tafsir]]}},{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015}} the Sunni traditionist [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] ({{Died in|875}}) in his canonical {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, the Sunni traditionist [[Al-Hakim Nishapuri|Hakim al-Nishapuri]] ({{Died in|1014}}) in his {{Transliteration|ar|[[Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn|al-Mustadrak]]}},{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=140n42}} and the prominent Sunni exegete [[Ibn Kathir]] ({{Died in|1373}}).{{sfn|Nasr et al.|2015|pp=|p=380}} This indeed appears to be the majority view in exegetical works.{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}} Here, the Islamicist [[Wilferd Madelung]] argues that the term 'our sons' ({{Transliteration|ar|abna'ana}}) in the verse of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, namely, Hasan and Husayn. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to include also in the event their parents, namely, Ali and Fatima.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}
==== {{Transliteration|ar|Ahl al-Kisa}} ====
Some traditions about the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and the five have thus become known as the {{Transliteration|ar|[[ahl al-kisa]]}} ({{lit|people of the cloak}}).{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=14, 16–7}}{{sfn|Algar|1974}}{{Sfn|Tritton|2012}} On the same occasion, Muhammad may have defined his {{Transliteration|ar|[[ahl al-bayt]]}} ({{Lit|people of the house}}) as Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}} including the canonical collections {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]}},{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16, 325}} and {{Transliteration|ar|[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]}}.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=11n36}} Alternatively, some have suggested that these claims were possibly later additions.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=11n36}}{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} At any rate, the inclusion of these four by Muhammad, as his witnesses and guarantors in the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ritual,{{Sfn|McAuliffe|}}{{Sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} must have raised their religious rank within the community.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{sfn|Lalani|2006|p=29}}
== Significance in Shi'a Islam ==
[[File:آیه مباهله.jpg|thumb|Verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of {{Transl|ar|mubahala}}, inscribed in the shrine of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] in [[Karbala]], located in [[Iraq]]]]
That Muhammad was accompanied to the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} by the above four is also the Shi'a view,{{Sfn| Thurlkill |2007|p=20}} and Shia sources are unanimous that the term 'our sons' ({{Langx|ar|أَبْنَآءَنَا|translit=abna'ana}}) in the verse of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} refers to Hasan and Husayn, the term 'our women' ({{Langx|ar|نِسَآءَنَا|translit=nisa'ana}}) therein refers to Fatima, and that the term 'ourselves' ({{Langx|ar|أَنفُسَنَا|translit=anfusana}}) is a reference to Muhammad and 'Ali.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=71–2}} By contrast, most reports presented by the Sunni exegete [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|al-Tabari]] ({{Died in|923}}) are silent about the matter, whereas some other Sunni authors agree with the Shia reports.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=14}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher|Kofsky|2002|p=141}}
The verse of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} is often cited by Shi'a scholars to support their claims concerning the prerogatives of the {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-kisa}}.{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=35}}{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} In particular, if the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to 'Ali and Muhammad, as Shi'a authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar authority as the latter.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=72}}{{Sfn|Bill|Williams|2002|p=29}} Likewise, the Shi'a exegete [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]] ({{Died in|1981}}) contends that the participation of these four, to the exclusion of other Muslims, necessitates their partnership with Muhammad in his prophetic claims, for otherwise there could have been no negative consequence to their participation as the verse of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} targets only the liars.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2007|p=110}}
=== Eid of the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ===
Eid of the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ({{lang|ar|عِيْد ٱلْمُبَاهَلَة}}) is the Shi'a commemoration of the prophet Muhammad's {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} with the Christians of [[Najran]], celebrated annually on 21,{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} or 24 [[Dhu al-Hijja]] of the [[Islamic calendar]],{{Sfn|Bill|Williams|2002|p=29}} although the date in the [[Gregorian calendar]] varies from year to year because the former calendar is [[Lunar calendar|lunar]] and the latter is [[Solar calendar|solar]]. The equivalent [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] date to 24 [[Dhu al-Hijja]] is shown below for a few years.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Islamic year
| 1440 || 1441 || 1442 || 1443  || 1445
|-
! Eid of {{Transl|ar|mubahala}}
| 14 August 2020 || 3 August 2021 || 23 July 2022 || 12 July 2023 || 1 July 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic Calendar in Iran 1444, 2022-2023 |url=https://www.islamiccal.com/en/hijri-calendar/iran/ |website=IslamicCal.com |access-date=10 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Tritton|author-first= A.S.|title= Ahl al-Kisā'|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition= Second|editor1-first= P.|editor1-last= Bearman|editor2-first= Th.|editor2-last= Bianquis|editor3-first= C.E.|editor3-last= Bosworth|editor4-first= E.|editor4-last= van Donzel|editor5-first= W.P.|editor5-last= Heinrichs| url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0382|year= 2012|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0382|isbn= 9789004161214|author-link=Arthur Stanley Tritton
}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp/mode/2up|url-access=registration|publisher=Clarendon Press|author-first=W. Montgomery|author-last=Watt|year=1956|title=Muhammad at Medina|author-link=W. Montgomery Watt}}
{{refend}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Muslimholidays}}
[[Category:7th century in religion]]
[[Category:Ahadith|Event]]
[[Category:Fatima]]
[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]
[[Category:Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Christianity and Islam]]
[[Category:Life of Muhammad]]
[[Category:History of Shia Islam]]