View source for Expo 67

{{Short description|World's fair held in Montreal, Quebec}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox World's Fair
| box_width       =
| class           = Universal
| category        = 1
| image           = Expo 67 logo.svg
| image_width     =
| caption         = Official Expo 67 Logo
| year            = 1967
| name            = Expo 67
| motto           = Man and His World
| building        = [[Habitat 67]]
| area            = {{convert|365|ha|acre|abbr=off}}
| invent          =
| visitors        = 54,991,806<ref name="expo-67.ca">{{Cite web |url=https://expo-67.ca/en/the-film/ |title=The Film}}</ref>
| organized       = Pierre Dupuy
| cnt             = 60
| org             = 2
| biz             =
| country         = Canada
| city            = [[Montreal]]
| venue           = [[Notre Dame Island]] <br /> [[Saint Helen's Island]] <br /> [[Cité du Havre]]
| coord           = {{coord|45|31|00|N|73|32|08|W|format=dms|type:landmark_region:CA}}
| cand            = 1958
| award           = 1962
| open            = {{start date|1967|04|28}}
| close           = {{start date|1967|10|29}}
| prevexpo        = [[Century 21 Exposition]]
| prevcity        = [[Seattle]]
| nextexpo        = [[Expo '70|Expo 70]]
| nextcity        = [[Osaka]]
| suppl           = Specialized Expositions
| prevsuppl       = [[IVA 65]]
| prevsupcity     = [[Munich]]
| nextsuppl       = [[HemisFair '68]]
| nextsupcity     = [[San Antonio]]
| simuni          =
| simspe          =
| simhor          =
| simoth          =
| website         = [http://expo67.morenciel.com/ expo67]
}}
The '''1967 International and Universal Exposition''', commonly known as '''Expo 67''', was a general exhibition from April 28 to October 29, 1967.<ref name="Fulford" /> It was a category one [[world's fair]] held in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada. It is considered to be one of the most successful World's Fairs of the 20th century<ref>[http://www.voicesofeastanglia.com/2011/11/the-most-successful-world-fair-expo-67.html "The Most Successful World Fair – Expo 67"]. ''Voices of East Anglia''</ref> with the most attendees to that date and 62 nations participating.  It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair, with 569,500 visitors on its third day.
Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its [[Canadian Centennial|centennial year]]. The fair had been intended to be held in [[Moscow]], to help the [[Soviet Union]] celebrate the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]]'s 50th anniversary; however, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in late 1962.
The project was not well supported in Canada at first. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], and a new team of managers to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Local Development Benefits from Staging Global Events |last=OECD |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-9264042070 |pages=54}}</ref>
After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions continued on as an exhibition called '''Man and His World''', open during the summer months from 1968 until 1984. By that time, most of the buildings—which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition—had deteriorated and were dismantled.  Today, [[Parc Jean-Drapeau|the islands]] that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there.
==History==
===Background===
[[File:expopass.jpg|left|thumb|325 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1957. "I believe it was [[Pierre Sévigny (politician)|Colonel Sevigny]] who first asked me to do what I could to bring Canada's selection as the site for the international exposition in 1967," wrote Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]] in his memoir.<ref>{{cite book |title=One Canada The Years of Achievement 1956 to 1962 |last=Diefenbaker |first=John G |publisher=Macmillan of Canada |year=1976 |isbn=077051443X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onecanadamemoirs0000dief/page/303 303] |url=https://archive.org/details/onecanadamemoirs0000dief/page/303}}</ref>  Montreal's mayor, [[Sarto Fournier]], backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE).  At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bid to Hold the World's Fair in Montreal |work=Expo 67 Man and His World |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html |access-date=June 14, 2007 |archive-date=March 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331230530/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 1962,<ref name="Soviets Cancel">{{cite news |title=Briefly |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=April 16, 1967 |location=Toronto |page=31}}</ref> however, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair because of financial constraints and security concerns.<ref name=Fulford>{{cite book |last=Fulford |first=Robert |title=Remembering Expo: A Pictorial Record |year=1968 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart Ltd |location=Toronto |page=10}}</ref><ref name="Yves Jasmin">{{cite web |last=Jasmin |first=Yves |title=Ce 1Er Avril 1962: Une Nouvelle ÉPoque S'ouvre Devant Montréal |url=http://www.expo67.org/carnets_120401_f |work=Carnets de l'Expo |publisher=Foundation Expo67 |access-date=April 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414172927/http://www.expo67.org/carnets_120401_f |archive-date=April 14, 2013 |location=Montreal |language=fr |date=April 1, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did.  On November 13, 1962,<ref name="Montreal Wins">{{cite news |title=Montreal Gets 1967 World's Fair |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hVUlAAAAIBAJ&dq=montreal%20gets%20world%20fair&pg=3983%2C3279859 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Ottawa Citizen |date=November 14, 1962 |location=Ottawa |page=6}}</ref> the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada,<ref name="Montreal Wins" /> and Expo 67 went on to become the second-best attended BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world exposition]], after the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Exposition Universelle]] in Paris.  (It is now fourth, having been surpassed by [[Expo '70|Osaka (1970)]] and [[Expo 2010|Shanghai (2010)]].)<ref name="Expo 2010">{{cite news |last=Beaton |first=Jessica |title=Shanghai 2010 Expo Breaks World Fair Attendance Record |url=https://travel.cnn.com/shanghai/play/expo-blows-70-million-person-target-321478/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |newspaper=CNN International |date=October 26, 2010}}</ref>
Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref name="Simms">{{cite web |last1=Simms |first1=Don |first2=Stanley |last2=Burke |first3=Alan |last3=Yates |title=Montreal Gets the Call |work=Did You Know |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=November 13, 1962 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/montreal-gets-the-call.html |access-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, and to enlarge the existing [[Saint Helen's Island]]. The choice overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities, and also prevented land speculation.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref> On March 29, 1963, the location for the World's Fair was officially announced as being Saint Helen's Island.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banter |first=Bill |date=March 29, 1963 |title='Dazzling' Future Viewed for Saint Helen's Fair Site |pages=1 |work=Montreal Gazette |quote=St. Helen's Island late yesterday won the blessing of the Federal Government as site of the 1967 World's Fair}}</ref>
===Key people===
[[File:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|left|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Notre Dame Island with the Canada, [[Québec Pavilion|Quebec]] and Ontario pavilions in view]]
Expo 67 did not get off to a smooth start; in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. The main reason for the resignations was Mayor Drapeau's choice of the site on new islands to be created around the existing St. Helen's Island and also that a computer program predicted that the event could not possibly be constructed in time.<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Kingsley |date=November 5, 1963 |title=Building the World's Fair |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/building-the-worlds-fair.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110225705/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/building-the-worlds-fair.html |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |work=Did You Know |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Another more likely reason for the mass resignations was that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] took power. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] government appointees to the board of directors of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>
Canadian diplomat [[Pierre Dupuy (diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263" /> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>  Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the corporation.<ref name="p.264" />  He also replaced a Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, Deputy Commissioner General.<ref name="p.264" /> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and is widely credited for the total building of the Exhibition.<ref name="p.264" /> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group became known as ''Les Durs''—the tough guys—and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264" /> ''Les Durs'' consisted of: Jean-Claude Delorme, Legal Counsel and Secretary of the Corporation; Dale Rediker, Director of Finances; Colonel Edward Churchill, Director of Installations; [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Director of Operations, dubbed "The Mayor of Expo"; Pierre de Bellefeuille, Director of Exhibitors; and Yves Jasmin, Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations.<ref name="guidebook" /> To this group the chief architect Édouard Fiset was added. All ten were honoured by the Canadian government as recipients of the Order of Canada, Companions for Dupuy and Shaw, Officers for the others.
Jasmin wrote a book, in French, ''La petite histoire d'Expo 67'', about his 45-month experience at Expo and created the Expo 67 Foundation (available on the web site under that name) to commemorate the event for future generations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Expo 1967 Guide Book |year=1967 |publisher=Maclean-Hunter Publishing Co. Ltd. |location=Toronto |pages=256–258}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jasmin to Receive Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GUMjAAAAIBAJ&dq=yves%20jasmin&pg=5216%2C1173378 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=May 5, 1967 |location=Montreal |page=15}}</ref>
As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French- and English-speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success—'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the "[[Two Solitudes (Canadian society)|Two Solitudes]]."<ref>Berton, pp.269–270</ref>
===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers—including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]; novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]]; [[John Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist; and Claude Robillard, town planner—met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref>  The theme, "Man and His World", was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:
{{quote|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars.{{nbsp}}..." In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress.  Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.
Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy (1967), pp. 20–22</ref>}}
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy (1967), Table of contents</ref>
[[File:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67]]
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref>Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
* '''[[Habitat 67]]'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts;  Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Provider'''
===Construction begins===
[[File:Front of Expo Express train edit.JPG|thumb|Front view of [[Expo Express]] train]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, with an elaborate ceremony hosted by Mayor Drapeau on barges anchored in the St. Lawrence River.<ref name="Gazette Construction Begins">{{cite news |last=Bantey |first=Bill |title=Pearson Says $50 Million Federal for World Fair: P.M. Calls for Talks to Guarantee Success |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iAwuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6636%2C2028743 |access-date=October 14, 2013 |newspaper=The Gazette |date=August 13, 1963 |location=Montreal}}</ref> Ceremonially, construction began when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Saint Helen's Island|Île Sainte-Hélène]]'',{{refn|group="Note"|Although Île Sainte-Hélène was the main island, and would become the name of islands in the [[archipelago]], the earth-fill was dumped on what was then Île Ronde, site of the future amusement park La Ronde.<ref name="Rice IL Ronde infill">{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Robert |title=Magnitude Noted: P.M. Urges Fair Confab |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xWM_AAAAIBAJ&pg=5012%2C4482154 |access-date=October 14, 2013 |newspaper=The Windsor Star |date=August 13, 1963 |agency=Canadian Press |location=Windsor, Ontario |page=10}}</ref>}} and Quebec premier [[Jean Lesage]] spread the fill with a bulldozer.<ref name="Rice IL Ronde infill" /><ref name="Star Who'll Pay What?">{{cite news |last=Scanlon |first=Joseph |title=Who'll Pay What? World's Fair Still 'Bogged Down' |newspaper=The Toronto Daily Star |date=August 20, 1963 |location=Toronto |page=7}}</ref> Of the 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands, 10–12% was coming from the [[Montreal Metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> The remainder of the fill came from quarries on Montreal and the South Shore, however even with that it was insufficient and so bodies of water on both islands were added (lakes and canals) to reduce the amount of fill required. Expo's initial construction period mainly centered on enlarging Saint Helen's Island, creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Notre Dame Island|Île Notre-Dame]] and lengthening and enlarging the Mackay Pier which became the [[Cité du Havre]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263" /> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Christopher |title=An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre Des Hommes |journal=The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine |volume=87 |issue=3 |publisher=History Society of Canada |date=June–July 2007 |url=http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea |access-date=June 6, 2007 |archive-date=May 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524214032/http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea |url-status=dead}}</ref>  On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>
Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263" /> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>
===Logo===
The [[:File:Expo 67 logo.svg|logo]] was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert.<ref name="Julien Hebert">{{cite news |last=Creery |first=Tim |title='Affront to Parliament' Charged by Diefenbaker |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w-1kAAAAIBAJ&dq=julien%20herbert&pg=1015%2C3343707 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Edmonton Journal |date=March 18, 1964 |agency=Southam News Service |location=Edmonton, Alberta |page=47}}</ref> The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man.  Two of the symbols (pictograms of "man") are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent "friendship around the world".<ref name="guidebook">Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 29</ref> The logotype uses the lower-case [[Optima]] typeface. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[House of Commons of Canada]].<ref name="Julien Hebert" />
===Theme songs===
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stéphane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend/Un Jour, Un Jour".<ref name="Un Jour/ Hey Friend">
{{cite news |last=Haig |first=Terry |title=Hey Friend! All That Fanfare Doesn't Make a Hit |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JZUtAAAAIBAJ&dq=hey%20friend%20say%20friend&pg=7216%2C909288 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=December 5, 1966 |location=Montreal |page=10}}</ref> Complaints were made about the suitability of the song, as its lyrics mentioned neither Montreal nor Expo 67.<ref name="Un Jour/ Hey Friend" />  The song was selected from an international competition with over 2,200 entries from 35 countries.<ref name="Hey Friend Doris Claman">{{cite news |last=Maitland |first=Alan |title=Centennial Diary: Expo 67 Theme Song 'Hey Friend, Say Friend' |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/hey-friend-say-friend.html |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=[[CBC News]] |date=January 2, 1967 |author2=Alec Bollini |location=Montreal}}</ref>
However, the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (1967 song)|Ca-na-da]]".<ref name="Bobby Gimby">{{cite news |title=Stampede Parade Highlight Country's Centennial Theme |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mmNkAAAAIBAJ&dq=bobby%20gimby&pg=2891%2C836865 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Calgary Herald |date=July 4, 1967 |location=Calgary, Alberta |page=19}}</ref> Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper of Hamelin|Pied Piper]] of Canada".<ref>Berton, pp.30–33</ref>
The theme song "[[Something to Sing About]]", used for the Canadian pavilion, had been written for a 1963 television special.<ref name="Hey Friend Doris Claman" /> The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become an unofficial theme song for the province.<ref name="A Place to Stand">{{cite news |last=Scrivener |first=Leslie |title=Forty Years On, A Song Retains Its Standing |url=https://www.thestar.com/article/205867 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Toronto Star |date=April 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925203428/http://www.thestar.com/article/205867 |archive-date=September 25, 2012 |location=Toronto |page=D4 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 opening week}}
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref name="Back to the Future">{{cite video |title=Expo 67: Back to the Future... |medium=DVD Video |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |location=[[Toronto]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/ |date=2004}}</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations.<ref name=Opening>{{cite news |title=Only 24 Hours Remain for Expo Opening |newspaper=The Toronto Daily Star |date=April 26, 1967 |author=Canadian Press |location=Toronto |page=48}}</ref> Canada's [[Governor General]], [[Roland Michener]], proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson.<ref name="Pearson Opens Fair">{{cite news |last=Waltz |first=Jay |title=Pearson Lights Expo 67's Flame, And a 'Monument to Man' Is Opened; FAIR'S INAUGURAL ATTENDED BY 7,000 Fireworks and Church Bells Mark Island Ceremonies for World Exhibition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/28/archives/pearson-lights-expo-67s-flame-and-a-monument-to-man-is-opened-fairs.html |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 28, 1967 |location=New York |page=1}}</ref> On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state.<ref name="Pearson Opens Fair" /> Over 1,000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700 million viewers and listeners.{{refn|group="Note"|During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.<ref name="Back to the Future" />}}
Expo 67 opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]]-style countdown.<ref name=Countdown>{{cite news |title=The Little Guy Takes Over Expo – 120,000 Of Them |newspaper=The Toronto Daily Star |date=April 28, 1967 |author=Expo Bureau |location=Toronto |page=1}}</ref> A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30&nbsp;a.m. EST.<ref name=Countdown /> An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Computer Muffs: Busy Weekend Seen for Montreal's Fair |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8zAAAAIBAJ&dq=expo%2067%20opening&pg=1943%2C3629387 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |date=April 29, 1967 |author=American Press |location=Spokane, Washington |page=2}}</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Al Carter first">{{cite news |title=310,00 On Expo's First Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PUQ_AAAAIBAJ&pg=5501%2C541738 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Windsor Star |date=April 29, 1967 |author=Canadian Press |location=Windsor, Ontario |page=1}}</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp. 272–273</ref>
[[File:Ed Sullivan-Supremes-The Happening.jpg|thumb|[[The Supremes]] (L to R: [[Florence Ballard]], [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], and [[Diana Ross]]) performing "[[The Happening (song)|The Happening]]", broadcast live from Expo 67 on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' on Sunday, May 7, 1967]]
On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The dresses had been designed to the then-new [[miniskirt]] style, popularized a year earlier by [[Mary Quant]].<ref name="Gazette Miniskirt">{{cite news |title=Oh Those Uniforms: From Lamé to Miniskirt |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tu4tAAAAIBAJ&pg=7160%2C6974114 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=April 28, 1967 |location=Montreal |page=B-19}}</ref>
[[File:Elizabeth II and Lester B. Pearson at Expo 67 (3626383).jpg|thumb|Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] on the minirail at Expo 67, July 3, 1967.]]
In conjunction with the opening of Expo 67, the Canadian [[Canada Post|Post Office Department]] issued a 5¢ stamp commemorating the fair, designed by Harvey Thomas Prosser.<ref>{{cite web |title=Expo 67 |url=http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=(artist.A790,C790.)+Or+(null.B742.)&l=50&d=STMP&p=1&u=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/02011702_e.html&r=15&f=G&Sect1=STMP |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101032603/http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=(artist.A790,C790.)+Or+(null.B742.)&l=50&d=STMP&p=1&u=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/02011702_e.html&r=15&f=G&Sect1=STMP |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2013 |work=Canadian Postal Archives Database |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |access-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref>
===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
The World Festival of Art and Entertainment at Expo 67 featured art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2">{{cite press release |title=Expovoyages |publisher=Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition |date=August 15, 1966 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html |access-date=June 14, 2007 |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170904/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows, including the [[Ukrainian Shumka Dancers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archivesdemontreal.com/2017/08/04/expo-67-au-jour-le-jour-aout/ |title=Expo 67 Au Jour Le Jour : Août {{!}} Archives De Montréal |website=archivesdemontreal.com |access-date=June 4, 2019}}</ref> [[Micheline Legendre]] organized Canada's first [[puppetry]] festival in conjunction with the Expo.<ref name=canmushist>{{Cite web |title=Micheline Legendre |url=https://theatre.historymuseum.ca/narratives/details.php?lvl2=4810&lvl3=4817&lvl4=5319&language=english |access-date=January 16, 2021 |publisher=[[Canadian Museum of History]] |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116045312/https://theatre.museedelhistoire.ca/narratives/details.php?lvl2=4810&lvl3=4817&lvl4=5319&language=qlisqdjwocj |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts]], Expo Theatre, Place des Nations, [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]], and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2" />
The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair.  Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00&nbsp;p.m., visitors could still visit La Ronde, which closed at 2:30&nbsp;a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2" />
In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[the Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[the Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show.</ref>
Another attraction was the [[Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967]] at the Autostade in Montreal.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=863&dat=19670622&id=fBUuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vCoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2216,6684063 "The Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo"] The News and Eastern Townships Advocate , June 22, 1967.</ref>
The fair was visited by many of the most notable people at the time, including [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada's monarch]], Queen [[Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]] of Monaco, [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s emperor [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]].<ref name="Special Guests">{{cite web |title=Special Guests |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330204_e.html |work=Expo 67: Man and His World |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |access-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314130919/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330204_e.html |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |location=Ottawa |year=2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], [[the Tokens]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.<ref name="Special Guests" /><ref name="Grateful Dead and the rest">{{cite news |title=1967 Our Summer of Love |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=823556a4-3299-42ec-a52e-844f6838df32&sponsor= |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Gazette |date=April 28, 2007 |agency=CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828013712/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=823556a4-3299-42ec-a52e-844f6838df32&sponsor= |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |location=Montreal |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Problems===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracted a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]] -->
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[Front de libération du Québec]] militants had threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. Threats that the Cuba pavilion would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces were not carried out.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news |last=Jackman |first=Peter |title=Expo – It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors |work=The Ottawa Journal |date=October 30, 1967}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]  in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six-Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman" /> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec... [[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' <ref name="Pearson's Response" />
In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates predicted that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as the fair was cruising to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman" /> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments.  But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman" />
===Expo ends===
[[File:Montréal Expo 67 Site Map.png|thumb|Site map of Expo 67, highlighting 20 of the 90 pavilions]]
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. The fair had been scheduled to close two days earlier, however a two-day extension granted by the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE) allowed it to continue over the weekend. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (54,991,806<ref name="expo-67.ca">{{Cite web |url=https://expo-67.ca/en/the-film/ |title=The Film}}</ref>) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web |title=Exhibitions Information (1931–2005) |work=Previous Exhibitions |publisher=[[Bureau International des Expositions]] |url=http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140 |access-date=June 4, 2007 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203740/http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00&nbsp;p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, and over the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman" /> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General [[Roland Michener]] closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman" /> All rides and the [[minirail]] were shut down by 3:50&nbsp;p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00&nbsp;p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman" />  A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman" />
Expo performed better financially than expected.  Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government.  Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates.  The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were: revenues of $221,239,872, costs of $431,904,683, and a deficit of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE" />
==Pavilions==
{{Main|Expo 67 pavilions}}
[[File:Expo 67, pavillon de l'URSS.jpg|thumb|right|Most visited: USSR Pavilion; the Expo 67 Soviet pavilion was disassembled after the fair closed, and moved to Moscow to become the [[Moscow Pavilion]] at the [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre#The site|All-Russia Exhibition Centre]].]]
[[File:Expo 67, pavillons Ontario, Canada, Provinces-de-l'Ouest, et le Minirail..jpg|thumb|2nd most visited: Canada Pavilion, shown with Ontario and Western Provinces pavilions]]
[[File:Expo67 USA Pavilion 2 minirail.jpg|thumb|3rd most visited: USA Pavilion (with minirail)]]
Expo 67 featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes, nations, corporations, and industries including the [[Biosphère|U.S. pavilion]], a [[geodesic dome]] designed by [[Buckminster Fuller]]. Many pavilions had innovative presentations, almost all using film in one way or another, or, as a commentator said: "film was everywhere, unreeling at a furious rate. Expo was a fair of film."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shatnoff |first=Judith |date=1967 |title=Expo 67: A Multiple Vision |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1211026 |journal=Film Quarterly |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.2307/1211026 |jstor=1211026 |issn=0015-1386}}</ref>
Expo 67 also featured the [[Habitat 67]] modular housing complex designed by architect [[Moshe Safdie]], which was later purchased by private individuals and is still occupied.
The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union's exhibit. It attracted about 13 million visitors.<ref name="ussr">{{cite news |title=USSR, Canada, Biggest Attractions |publisher=[[Canadian Press]] |date=October 30, 1967}}</ref>  Rounding out the top five pavilions, in terms of attendance were: the [[Canadian Pavilion]] (11 million visitors), the United States (9 million), France (8.5 million), and Czechoslovakia (8 million).<ref name="ussr" />
The participating countries were<ref>Expo 67 Guidebook, pp.94—95</ref>
{|
|-
! Africa
| Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and the United Arab Republic (Egypt);
|-
! Asia-Pacific
|Australia, Tajikistan, Burma, Ceylon, Republic of China (Taiwan), Korea, Kuwait, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, and Thailand;
|-
! Europe
| Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia;
|-
! South America
| Guyana and Venezuela;
|-
! North America, Central America and Caribbean
| Barbados, Canada, Cuba, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United States.
|}
Diverse countries were absent due a diverse motives and financial reasons: among the list are Spain, South Africa, the People's Republic of China, and many South American countries.
==Legacy==
[[File:Place des nations - Montréal.JPG|thumb|left|Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006]]
===Man and His World (1968–1984)===
After 1967, the exposition struggled for several summer seasons as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World".<ref name="Expo Legacy" /> However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. After the 1971 season, the entire Notre Dame Island site closed and three years later completely rebuilt around the new [[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|rowing]] and [[Canoeing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|canoe sprint]] (then [[canoe racing|flatwater canoeing]]) [[Venues of the 1976 Summer Olympics|basin]] for Montreal's [[1976 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="Olympic Basin">{{cite web |title=Olympic Basin |url=http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/5-Olympic_basin-montreal-attraction.html |publisher=Parc Jean-Drapeau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428042821/http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/5-Olympic_basin-montreal-attraction.html |archive-date=April 28, 2012 |location=Montreal |date=2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. By this point, both major transportation systems for the site, the [[Minirail#Notre Dame Island (Blue)|Blue Minirail]] and [[Expo Express]], had permanently ceased operation.
In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s dome, and the previous year the Ontario pavilion was lost due to a major fire.<ref name="Biosphere">{{cite news |last=Kelly |first=Mark |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/a-pavilion-reborn.html |title=Expo 67's U.S. Pavilion Becomes the Biosphere |work=Prime Time News |date=June 5, 1995 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=April 26, 2012 |location=Toronto}}</ref> With the site falling into disrepair, and several pavilions left abandoned and vandalized, it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city.
In 1980, the Notre Dame Island site was reopened (primarily for the [[Floralies Internationales de Montréal|Floralies]]) making both islands simultaneously accessible again, albeit only for a brief time. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion at this period. After the 1981 season, the Saint Helen's Island site permanently closed,<ref name="Expo Legacy" /> shutting out the majority of attractions. Man and His World was able to continue in a limited fashion with the small number of pavilions left standing on Notre Dame Island. However, the few remaining original exhibits closed permanently in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |first=Georges |last=Lamon |date=August 31, 1984 |title=Terre Des Hommes, C'est Fini! |url=https://scontent-a-iad.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xfa1/l/t31.0-8/1899575_10152698984043968_7099189167940062300_o.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108031953/https://scontent-a-iad.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xfa1/l/t31.0-8/1899575_10152698984043968_7099189167940062300_o.jpg |archive-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref>
===Park and surviving relics===
[[File:Biosphere montreal.JPG|thumb|The former Expo 67 American Pavilion became the [[Montreal Biosphère]], an environmental museum on Saint Helen's Island.]]
[[File:Expo 67, pavillon de la France.jpg|thumb|In 1992, the Pavillion de la France was refurbished and is now the home of the [[Montreal Casino]]]]
After the Man and His World summer exhibitions were discontinued, with most pavilions and remnants demolished between 1985 and 1987, the former site for Expo 67 on [[Saint Helen's Island]] and [[Notre Dame Island]] was incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal. The park, named Parc des Îles, opened in 1992 during Montreal's 350th anniversary<ref name="parc">{{cite web |title=History |work=Parc Jean-Drapeau |publisher=City of [[Montreal]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp |access-date=April 30, 2007 |archive-date=February 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223063610/http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/heritage.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2000, the park was renamed from Parc des Îles to [[Parc Jean-Drapeau]], after Mayor [[Jean Drapeau]], who had brought the exhibition to Montreal. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the ''Société du parc des Îles'' to the ''Société du parc Jean-Drapeau''.<ref name="parc" /> Today very little remains of Expo but two prominent buildings remain in use on the former Expo grounds: the American pavilion's metal-lattice skeleton from its [[Buckminster Fuller]] dome, now enclosing an environmental sciences museum called the [[Montreal Biosphere]];<ref name="Biosphere" /> and [[Habitat 67]], now a condominium residence. The France and Quebec pavilions, now interconnected, now form the [[Montreal Casino]].<ref name=Casino>{{cite web |title=The French and Québec Pavilions |url=http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/84-Pavillon_de_la_France_et_du_Quebec-history-space.html |publisher=Parc Jean-Drapeau |access-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926174918/http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/84-Pavillon_de_la_France_et_du_Quebec-history-space.html |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |location=Montreal |year=2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Part of the structural remains of the Canadian pavilion survive as La Toundra Hall.<ref name="toundra">{{cite web |title=Room Rental La Toundra Hall |work=parc Jean-Drapeau |publisher=City of [[Montreal]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra |access-date=April 29, 2007 |archive-date=August 18, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818160715/http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/services/salles.asp#toundra |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is now a special events and banquet hall,<ref name="toundra" /> while another part of the pavilion serves as Parc Jean-Drapeau's administration building.<ref name="admin">{{cite web |title=The Canadian Pavilion |work=Buildings With A Tale To Tell |publisher=City of Montreal |year=2007 |url=http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp |access-date=April 29, 2007 |archive-date=April 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417162210/http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/historique/batiments.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> ([[Katimavik]]'s distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s).
Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held remains, however in an abandoned and deteriorating state. The Jamaican, Tunisian and partial remains of the Korean pavilion (roof only) also survive, as well as the CIBC banking centre. In Cite du Havre the Expo Theatre, Administration and Fine Arts buildings remain. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping.  The [[Montreal Metro]] subway station [[Berri-UQAM (Montreal Metro)|Berri-UQAM]] still has an original "Man and His World" welcome sign with logo above the pedestrian tunnel entrance to the [[Yellow Line (Montreal Metro)|Yellow Line]]. [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] continued to be operated by the City of Montreal following the Expo. In 2001 it was leased to the Texas-based amusement park company [[Six Flags]], which has operated the park since.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Ronde Amusement Park in Montreal – Attraction {{!}} Frommer's |url=https://www.frommers.com/destinations/montreal/attractions/la-ronde-amusement-park |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=www.frommers.com}}</ref> The [[Alcan Aquarium]] built for the Expo remained in operation for a number of decades until its closure in 1991. The Expo 67 parking lot was converted into [[Victoria STOLport]], an experimental short-take off airport for a brief time in the 1970s.<ref name=STOLport>{{cite news |last=Semenak |first=Susan |title=Downtown STOL Flights May Be Back This Autumn |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nBUyAAAAIBAJ&dq=victoria%20stolport&pg=2630%2C5678833 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=May 10, 1985 |location=Montreal |page=1}}</ref>
The Olympic basin is used by many local rowing clubs.<ref name="Olympic Basin" /> A beach was built on the shores of the remaining artificial lake. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Saint Helen's Island and the western tip of Notre Dame Island. The site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE-sponsored international botanical festival, ''Les floralies''.<ref name="Islands History" /> The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also.
Another attraction on today's Notre Dame Island site is the [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]] race track that is used for the [[Canadian Grand Prix]].<ref name="Islands History">{{cite web |title=Cultural and Historical Heritage |url=http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/cultural_historical_heritage.html |publisher=Parc Jean-Drapeau |access-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322233628/http://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/cultural_historical_heritage.html |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |location=Montreal |year=2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Czechoslovakian pavilion was designed to be disassembled and sold, attracting the interest of the province of Newfoundland, though its bid was not preferred by the Czechoslovakian government at first. On September 5, 1967, [[ČSA Flight 523|Ceskoslovenske Aerolinie Flight 523]] crashed during takeoff from [[Gander International Airport]], and many people were saved by the residents of Gander, which may have led to Newfoundland's purchase offer being accepted. It was assembled as the [[Arts and Culture Centre|Grand Falls Arts and Culture Centre]], now the Gordon Pinsent Centre for the Arts.<ref name="GrandFalls">{{cite web |url=https://artsandculturecentre.com/gfw/Online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=6060ACF2-DAC7-4D54-8A4B-1A394BBF6C76&menu_id=99E54BA5-FBE8-41E2-A645-EFB23DA995AC |title=History |year=2019 |website=Arts and Culture Centres |access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref>
The government of Newfoundland also purchased the Yugoslavian pavilion, a triangular building that was converted into the Provincial Seamen's Museum in [[Grand Bank]].<ref name="GrandBank">{{cite web |url=http://www.townofgrandbank.com/museum.html |title=The Town of Grand Bank |year=2009 |publisher=Town of Grand Bank |access-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174414/http://www.townofgrandbank.com/museum.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
One of the few [[Water taxi|Vaporettos]] that shuttled visitors around the park on "Expo Service No. 5" survived. After it was decommissioned it ended up in [[Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island]] in 1971 where it gave harbour tours. It was later moved to Nova Scotia and then New Brunswick. It has subsequently been renovated and returned to Charlottetown.<ref name="Vaporetto">{{cite web |title=Ride Solar |url=http://www.ridesolar.com |publisher=Parc Jean-Drapeau |access-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref>
===Expo's lasting effects===
In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history.<ref name="40th anniversary">{{cite news |author=TU THANH HA |title=Expo 67 Saw 'The World Coming To Us, In A Joyous Fashion' |date=April 26, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home |page=A3 |access-date=August 24, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905132736/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070426.wexpo0427/BNStory/National/home |archive-date=September 5, 2007}}</ref>  In 1968, as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city, Montreal's Major League [[baseball]] team, the [[Montreal Expos|Expos]] (now the [[Washington Nationals]]), was named after the event.<ref name="Expo Legacy">{{cite web |title=Legacy |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330206_e.html |work=Expo 67 Man and His World |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |access-date=April 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184654/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330206_e.html |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |location=Ottawa |year=2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest [[Charles De Gaulle]], on July 24, addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words: "Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec... [[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre]]!" De Gaulle was rebutted in [[Ottawa]] by Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]]: "Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity."<ref name="Pearson's Response">{{cite news |last=Pape |first=Gordon |title=De Gaulle Rebuked by Pearson for Pro-Separatist Remarks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapersid=RbEtAAAAIBAJ&dq=pearson%20we%20do%20not%20need%20to%20be%20liberated&pg=7015%2C4602017 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Gazette |date=July 26, 1967 |location=Montreal |page=1}}</ref> In the years that followed, the tensions between the English- and French-speaking communities would continue.  As an early 21st-century homage to the fair, satirists [[Bowser and Blue]] wrote a full-length musical set at Expo 67 called ''The Paris of America'', which ran for six sold-out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003.<ref name="Bowser and Blue">{{cite news |last=Nestruck |first=J. Kelly |title=Schwartz's: The Musical: Do You Want It on Rye or with the Singing Pickle? |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=March 29, 2011 |location=Toronto}}</ref>
Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions, and is still regarded fondly by Canadians.<ref name="40th anniversary" /> In Montreal, 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, [[Quebec sovereignism]]  (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), deteriorating infrastructure and political apathy became common.<ref>Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358–364</ref> In this way, it has much in common with the 1964–65 [[1964 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]. In 2007, a new group, [[Expo 17]], was looking to bring a smaller-scale — [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE sanctioned]] — exposition to Montreal for Expo 67's 50th anniversary and Canada's [[sesquicentennial]] in 2017.<ref name="expo17">{{cite web |title=Expo 17 Proposal |publisher=Expo 17 |date=April 21, 2007 |url=http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130142056/http://www.expo17.ca/english/expo_proposal.pdf |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Expo 17 hoped a new world's fair would regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.<ref name="expo17" />
===50th anniversary===
Starting in the spring of 2017, as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations for Expo 67, the city of Montreal and the committee in charge of the celebrations of 375th anniversary of the founding of the city put forward a commemoration program including fourteen events.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.375mtl.com/en/press-release/expo-67-50-ans-plus-tard/ |title=Expo 67 – 50 Years Later |website=375mtl.com |language=en-US |access-date=December 21, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Between March 17 and October 1, the [[McCord Museum]] presented [[Fashioning Expo 67]], an exhibition focused on the fashion and esthetic that was put forward during the Expo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/exhibitions/expo-67-and-fashion-in-montreal-in-the-1960s/ |title=Fashioning Expo 67 – Musee McCord |work=Musee McCord |access-date=December 21, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* At the [[Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the exhibition [[In Search of Expo 67]] offered nineteen works of art by artists who were born after the 1967 universal exposition. Their work was inspired by Expo 67 and shed a new light and vision on this event.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://macm.org/en/exhibitions/in-search-of-expo-67/ |title=In Search of Expo 67 – MAC Montréal |work=MAC Montréal |access-date=December 21, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The [[Stewart Museum]] presented [[Expo 67 – a World of Dreams]], an immersive multimedia experience inspired by the technological innovations displayed during Expo 67. As part of the exhibition, visitors could experience Expo 67 through [[virtual reality]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stewart-museum.org/en/expo-67-a-world-of-dreams-188.html |title=Expo 67: A World of Dreams – Stewart Museum |last=mbiance |website=www.stewart-museum.org |access-date=December 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3407224/stewart-museums-expo-67-exhibition-is-a-contemporary-take-on-the-past/ |title=Stewart Museum's Expo 67 Exhibition Is a Contemporary Take on the Past |work=Global News |access-date=December 21, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Centre d'histoire de Montréal|Centre d'Histoire de Montréal]] put forward [[Exposition 67 – Youth and their World|Explosion 67 – Youth and their World]], which presented youth's experience of the Expo 67 and was based on [[archive]] material and interviews.
* Echo 67 was presented at the Montreal Biosphere starting on April 27. This exhibition presented the environmental legacy of Expo 67.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://museesmontreal.org/en/exhibitions/explosion-67-youth-and-their-world |title=Explosion 67 – Youth and Their World {{!}} Montreal Museums |website=Montreal Museums |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630045631/http://museesmontreal.org/en/exhibitions/explosion-67-youth-and-their-world |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Outdoors exhibitions and events were presented across [[downtown Montreal]]. From September 18 to 30, 2017, the central square of [[Place des Arts]] was the site of a multi-screen installation ''Expo 67 Live'', with images of Expo 67 projected onto exterior surfaces of arts complex, some as high as five storeys. The 27-minute work was produced by the [[National Film Board of Canada]] and was intended to create an immersive sense of being back at the world's fair, while also evoking the NFB's pioneering multi-screen production at Expo, ''[[In the Labyrinth (film)|In the Labyrinth]]''. The installation is directed by {{ill|Karine Lanoie-Brien|fr}} and produced by [[René Chénier]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/expo-67-live-montreal-installation-1.4278822 |title='You Want to Go Big': Gigantic Multimedia Installation Brings Expo 67 to Montrealers |last=Indongo |first=Nantali |date=September 10, 2017 |work=[[CBC News]] |access-date=September 13, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* In April 2017, [[Montreal City Hall|the city hall of Montreal]] offered its visitors an exhibition of photographs taken during Expo 67.
* On April 25, the documentary thriller [[Expo 67 Mission Impossible]] premiered at the [[Théâtre Maisonneuve|Maisonneuve theatre]]. It presents the story of the men and women who made Expo 67 a reality and uses archival footage and exclusive interviews with the creators of the 1967 World Fair. The film premiere was part of an event commemorating the 50th anniversary of the 1967 universal exposition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/new-film-celebrates-expo-67-50-years-later-1.3385161 |title=New Film Celebrates Expo 67, 50 Years Later |date=April 25, 2017 |work=Montreal |access-date=December 21, 2017 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
When visiting these locations and taking part in these events, visitors had access to an electronic or paper passport in which they could collect stamps, just as it had been the case during Expo 67.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/expo-67---50-years-later---the-society-for-the-celebrations-of-montreals-375th-anniversary-launches-a-new-version-of-a-familiar-passport-619861273.html |title=Expo 67 – 50 Years Later – The Society for the Celebrations of Montréal's 375th Anniversary Launches a New Version of a Familiar Passport |website=www.newswire.ca |language=en |access-date=December 21, 2017}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
* A major portion of the movie "A Thief Is A Thief", which was the pilot episode of the television series [[It Takes a Thief (1968 TV series)|It Takes A Thief]], was filmed at the Expo in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0612728/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt |title="It Takes a Thief" A Thief Is a Thief (TV Episode 1968) – IMDb |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
* In ''[[Daredevil (Marvel Comics series)|Daredevil]]'' #33-34, cover-dated October-November 1967, [[Matt Murdock]] and his friends [[Foggy Nelson]] and [[Karen Page]] take train up to Montreal to visit the Expo, where they encounter the [[Beetle (comics)|Beetle]].
* An episode of the 1970s television series [[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|''Battlestar Galactica'']], "Greetings from Earth Part 2", was filmed at the Expo site in 1979. The Expo structures were used to represent a city on an alien world where the people had all been killed by a long-ago war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expo 67 on Battlestar Galactica |url=http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/expo67/battlestar-galactica.htm |access-date=June 21, 2020 |website=www.worldsfairphotos.com}}</ref>
* The Canadian band [[Alvvays]] released a video for the song "Dreams Tonite" in which they have been digitally inserted into footage taken during the fair.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indie88.com/watch-alvvays-share-retro-themed-dreams-tonite-video/ |title=Watch: Alvvays Share Retro-Themed 'Dreams Tonite' Video |date=September 13, 2017}}</ref> The band said in a statement that Canada was at its coolest 50 years ago in Montreal at Expo '67".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/alvvays_pay_homage_to_montreals_expo_67_in_dreams_tonite_video |title=Alvvays Pay Homage to Montreal's Expo '67 in "Dreams Tonite" Video &#124; Exclaim!}}</ref>
* The 1988 song "[[Purple Toupee]]" by [[They Might Be Giants]] contains the line 'I shouted out, "Free the Expo '67"'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tmbw.net/wiki/Lyrics:Purple_Toupee |title=Lyrics:Purple Toupee – TMBW: The They Might be Giants Knowledge Base}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[1967 in Canada]]
* [[67 X]]
* [[A Centennial Song]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Montreal]], a concept car first shown during Expo 67 and later mass-produced
* [[Canadian National Exhibition]] and the [[Pacific National Exhibition]], held annually
* [[Centennial Voyageur Canoe Pageant]]
* [[Expo 67 pavilions]]
* [[Expo 86]], held in Vancouver in 1986
* [[Expo Express]]
* [[Minirail]]
* [[Line 4 Yellow (Montreal Metro)]]
** [[Jean-Drapeau (Montreal Metro)#Overview|Île Sainte-Helene Station]]
* [[List of world's fairs]]
* [[Ontario Place]], a Toronto waterfront park created in the 1970s in a style similar to Expo 67
* [[Expo 17]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Berton |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre Berton |title=[[1967: The Last Good Year]] |publisher=Doubleday Canada Limited |year=1997 |location=[[Toronto]] |isbn=0-385-25662-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Official Expo 1967 Guide Book |publisher=[[Maclean-Hunter]] Publishing Co. Ltd. |year=1967 |location=[[Toronto]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Gabrielle |author-link=Gabrielle Roy |first2=Guy |last2=Robert |title=Terres des Hommes/Man and His World |publisher=Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition |year=1967 |location=[[Ottawa]]}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Expo 1967}}
* [http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1967-montreal Official website of the BIE]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/ Expo 67 – A Virtual Experience], ''[[Library and Archives Canada]]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119134729/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/ |date=November 19, 2011 }}
* [http://www.expo67.museum/ Expo67.museum  – Digitized historical collection of documents on Expo 67.]
* [http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/podcasts/Pages/50-years-of-expo-67.aspx 50 Years of Expo 67], ''Library and Archives Canada''
* [http://www.nfb.ca/film/impressions_of_expo_67 Impressions of Expo 67], ''[[National Film Board of Canada]]''
* [http://expo67.ncf.ca/ Expo 67 in Montreal's extensive photo collection about the fair]
* [http://www.westland.net/expo67 Interactive maps]
* [http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php Expo 67 Official Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419162640/http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/index.php |date=April 19, 2009 }}
* [http://www.expomuseum.com/1967/ Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024004659/http://expomuseum.com/1967/ |date=October 24, 2007 }}
* The [http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/2329.xml Expo 67 miscellany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215163751/https://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2F2329.xml |date=February 15, 2020 }} collection at [[Hagley Museum and Library]] includes a variety of publications and ephemera associated with the 1967 International and Universal Exposition.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veBCiW94f7U&t CFPL-TV, Footage of St. Thomas student trip to Expo 67], Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel
* [http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/centennial/expo67.aspx "Expo 67", part of ''Centennial Ontario'', online exhibit] on Archives of Ontario website
* The [https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/expo-67-collection Expo 67 Collection] at [[McGill University Library|McGill Library]]'s Rare Books and Special Collections includes publications, ephemera, unpublished documents, and many artifacts from Expo 67.
* [http://www.studylove.org/worldsfairs6.html#1967 1967 Montréal (BIE World Expo)] – approximately 390 links
{{1967 Montreal Universal and International Exposition}}
{{List of world exhibitions}}
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[[Category:Expo 67| ]]
[[Category:1967 festivals]]
[[Category:1967 in Canada]]
[[Category:1967 in Montreal]]
[[Category:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:History of Canada (1960–1981)]]
[[Category:History of Montreal]]
[[Category:Montreal Expos]]