View source for Fatima

{{Short description|Daughter of Muhammad (c. 605–632)}}
{{about|Muhammad's daughter|other people named Fatima|Fatima (given name)|the town in Portugal|Fátima, Portugal|the Marian apparition|Our Lady of Fátima|other uses|Fatima (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] since forever. Enough.|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Fatima
| honorific_suffix   = al-Zahra
| image              = FatimaalZahra (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Artwork with Fatima's name, reconstruction from a [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] piece
| birth_date         = 605 or 612/15 {{small|(disputed)}}
| birth_place        = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| death_date         = 632
| death_place        = [[Medina]], [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| resting_place      = Medina, Hejaz
| title              = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=List of titles
|||al-Zahra <br/> ({{lit|the radiant}})
|al-Siddiqa <br/> ({{lit|the righteous}})
|al-Muhadditha <br/> ({{lit|the one spoken to by angels}})
|Umm Abiha <br/> ({{lit|mother of her father}})
|Sayyidat Nisa al-Janna ({{lit|mistress of the women of [[Jannah|paradise]]}})
|[[Sayyidat Nisa al-Alamin]] ({{lit|mistress of the women of the worlds}})
}}
| spouse             = [[Ali]]
| children           = *[[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]]
*[[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]
*[[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]]
*[[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]]
*[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]]
| parents            = {{plainlist|
*[[Muhammad]]
*[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]]}}
| relatives          = *[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (sister)
*[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]](sister)
*[[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayya]](sister)
| family             = [[Ahl al-Bayt|House of Muhammad]]
}}
{{Shia Islam|Ahl al-Kisa}}
'''Fatima bint Muhammad''' ({{langx|ar|فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد|Fāṭima bint Muḥammad}}; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as '''Fatima al-Zahra'''' ({{langx|ar|فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء|Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ}}), was the daughter of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and his wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]].{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} Fatima's husband was [[Ali]], the fourth of the [[Rashidun|Rashidun Caliphs]] and the first [[Twelve Imams|Shia Imam]]. Fatima's sons were [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], the second and third Shia Imams, respectively.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Fatima has been compared to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], mother of [[Jesus]], especially in Shia Islam.{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Ernst|2003|p=171}} Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}} and the dearest person to him.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=68}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for [[Muslims|Muslim]] women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering.{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} It is through Fatima that Muhammad's family line has survived to this date.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=57}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}} Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}}{{sfn|Rogerson|2006|p=42}}
When Muhammad died in 632, Fatima and her husband Ali refused to acknowledge the authority of the first [[Caliphate|caliph]], [[Abu Bakr]]. The couple and their supporters held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad,{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} possibly referring to his announcement at the [[Ghadir Khumm]].{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} Controversy surrounds Fatima's death within six months of Muhammad's.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}} [[Sunni Islam]] holds that Fatima died from grief.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} In [[Shia Islam]], however, Fatima's (miscarriage and) death are said to have been the direct result of her injuries during a raid on her house to subdue Ali, ordered by Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} It is believed that Fatima's dying wish was that the caliph should not attend her funeral.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}}{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=212}} She was buried secretly at night and her exact burial place remains uncertain.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|pp=184–185}}
== Name and titles ==
{{See also|Names and titles of Fatima}}
Her most common epithet is ''al-Zahra'' ({{Lit|the one that shines, the radiant}}),{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} which encodes her piety and regularity in prayer.{{Sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=16}} This epithet is believed by the Shia to be a reference to her primordial creation from light that continues to radiate throughout the creation.{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} The Shia [[Ibn Babawayh|Ibn Babawahy]] ({{Died in|991}}) writes that, whenever Fatima prayed, her light shone for the inhabitants of the heavens as starlight shines for the inhabitants of the earth.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=160}} Other titles of her in Shia are al-Ṣiddiqa ({{Lit|the righteous}}),{{Sfn|Rogerson|2006|p=42}} al-Tahira ({{Lit|the pure}}),{{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} al-Mubaraka ({{Lit|the blessed}}),{{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} and al-Mansura ({{Lit|helped by God}}).{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Another Shia title is al-Muḥadditha, in view of the reports that [[Angels in Islam|angels]] spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions,{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|pp=185–186}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|pp=63, 72}}{{Sfn|Pierce|2016|p=117}} similar to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], mother of [[Jesus]].{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=72}}
Fatima is also recognized as Sayyidat Nisa' al-Janna ({{Lit|mistress of the women of paradise}}) and Sayyidat Nisa' al-Alamin ({{Lit|mistress of the women of the worlds}}) in Shia and Sunni collections of hadith, including the canonical Sunni ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}
=== Fatima ===
The name Fatima is from the Arabic root f-t-m ({{Lit|to wean}}) and signifies the Shia belief that she, her progeny, and her adherents ({{Transl|ar|shi'a}}) have been spared from hellfire.{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=213}}{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=6}} Alternatively, the word Fatima is associated in Shia sources with Fatir ({{Lit|creator}}, a name of God) as the earthly symbol of the divine creative power.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=|pp=212–213}}
=== {{Transl|ar|Kunya}}s ===
A [[Kunya (Arabic)|{{Transl|ar|kunya}}]] or honorific title of Fatima in Islam is Umm Abiha ({{Lit|the mother of her father}}), suggesting that Fatima was exceptionally nurturing towards her father.{{Sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=14}}{{Sfn|Nashat|1983|p=92}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=55}} Umm al-Aima ({{Lit|the mother of Imams}}) is a {{Transl|ar|kunya}} of Fatima in Twelver sources,{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} as eleven of the [[Twelve Imams]] descended from her.{{Sfn|Glassé|2001a}}
== Early life ==
{{See also|Muhammad's children}}
Fatima was born in [[Mecca]] to [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], the first of [[Muhammad's wives]].{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} The mainstream [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] view is that Khadija gave birth to Fatima in 605 CE, at age fifty, five years before the first [[Wahy|Quranic revelations]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}} This implies that Fatima was over eighteen at the time of her marriage, which would have been unusual in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} [[Twelver]] sources, however, report that Fatima was born in about 612 or 615 CE,{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=5–6}} when Khadija would have been slightly older.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=|p=27}} The report of the Sunni [[Ibn Sa'd]] in his ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'' suggests that Fatima was born when Muhammad was about thirty-five years old.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=|p=27}}
The Sunni view is that Fatima had three sisters, named [[Zaynab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]], and [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], who did not survive Muhammad.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}} Alternatively, a number of Shia sources state that [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]], [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], and [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother, Hala, a sister of Khadija.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} According to [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]], most Shia Muslims hold that Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}} whereas Fedele limits this belief to the Twelver Shia.{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} Hyder reports that this belief is prevalent among the Shia in [[South Asia]].{{sfn|Akbar|2006|p=75}} Fatima also had three brothers, all of whom died in childhood.{{sfn|Freedman|McClymond|2000|p=497}}{{sfn|Muir|1891|p=5}}{{sfn|Glassé|2001c|p=321}}
Fatima grew up in Mecca while Muhammad and his few followers suffered the ill-treatment of disbelievers.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=40}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} On one occasion, she rushed to help Muhammad when filth was thrown over him at the instigation of [[Amr ibn Hishām|Abu Jahl]], Muhammad's enemy and a [[Polytheism|polytheist]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=40}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Fatima lost her mother, Khadija, in childhood.{{sfn|Bodley|1946|p=81}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} When Khadija died, it is said that [[Gabriel]] descended upon Muhammad with a message to console Fatima.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}}
== Marriage ==
{{Main|Marital life of Fatima}}
Fatima married Muhammad's cousin, [[Ali]], in [[Medina]] around 1 or 2 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (623–5 CE),{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} possibly after the [[Battle of Badr]].{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=74}} There is Sunni and Shia evidence that some of the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]], including [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], had earlier asked for Fatima's hand in marriage but were turned down by Muhammad,{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=186}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=248}} who said he was waiting for the moment fixed by destiny.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} It is also said that Ali was reticent to ask Muhammad to marry Fatima on account of his poverty.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=55}} When Muhammad put forward Ali's proposal to Fatima, she remained silent, which was understood as a tacit agreement.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|pp=186–187}} On the basis of this report, woman's consent in marriage has always been necessary in Islamic law.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=76}} Muhammad also suggested that Ali sell his shield to pay the bridal gift ([[Mahr|{{transl|ar|mahr}}]]).{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=19}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}
Muhammad performed the wedding ceremony,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} and they prepared an austere wedding feast with gifts from other Muslims.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2012|p=389}} Shia sources have recorded that Fatima donated her wedding gown on her wedding night.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}}{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=214}} Later, the couple moved into a house next to Muhammad's quarters in Medina.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Their marriage lasted about ten years until Fatima's death.{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=211}} Fatima's age at the time of her marriage is uncertain, reported between nine and twenty-one.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=74}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=33, 56}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Bodley|1946|p=147}} Ali is said to have been about twenty two.{{sfn|Bodley|1946|p=147}}{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}}
[[File:The Marriage of 'Ali and Fatima, Iran, ca. 1850.jpg|thumb|The marriage of Ali and Fatima. Artwork created in [[Qajar Iran|Iran]], {{circa|1850}}]]
As with the majority of Muslims, the couple lived in severe poverty in the early years of Islam.{{sfn|Kelen|1975|p=103}}{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} In particular, both had to do hard physical work to get by.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=189}} Shia sources elaborate that Ali worked at various jobs while Fatima was responsible for domestic chores.{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=23–24}} It has also been related that Muhammad taught the couple a [[Tasbih|{{transl|ar|tasbih}}]] to help ease the burden of their poverty:{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=21, 24}} The [[Tasbih of Fatima]] consists of the phrases {{Transl|ar|Allah-hu Akbar}} ({{Lit|God is the greatest}}), {{Transl|ar|Al-hamdu-lillah}} ({{Lit|all praise is due to God}}), and {{Transl|ar|Subhan-Allah}} ({{Lit|God is glorious}}).{{sfn|Rahim|2014|p=476}} Their financial circumstances later improved after more lands fell to Muslims in the [[Battle of Khaybar]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} Fatima was at some point given a maidservant, named Fidda.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}
Following the [[Battle of Uhud]], Fatima tended to the wounds of her father{{sfn|Klemm|2005|p=185}} and regularly visited the graves to pray for those killed in the battle.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Later, Fatima rejected [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]]'s pleas to mediate between him and Muhammad.{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=185}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Fatima also accompanied Muhammad in the [[Conquest of Mecca]].{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}
=== Significance ===
Among others, the Sunni [[al-Suyuti]] ({{Died in|1505}}) ascribes to Muhammad that, "God ordered me to marry Fatima to Ali."{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}}{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}} According to [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|Veccia Vaglieri]] and Klemm, Muhammad also told Fatima that he had married her to the best member of his family.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=187}} There is another version of this hadith in the canonical Sunni collection [[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|''Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal'']], in which Muhammad lauds Ali as the first in Islam, the most knowledgeable, and the most patient of the Muslim community.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=59}} [[Hossein Nasr|Nasr]] writes that the union of Fatima and Ali holds a special spiritual significance for Muslims, as it is seen as the marriage between the "greatest saintly figures" surrounding Muhammad.{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}}
Ali did not marry again while Fatima was alive.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=153}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=248}} However, [[al-Miswar ibn Makhrama]], a companion who was nine when Muhammad died, appears to be the sole narrator of an alleged marriage proposal of Ali to [[Amr ibn Hisham|Abu Jahl's]] daughter in Sunni sources. While [[polygyny]] is permitted in Islam, Muhammad reportedly banned this marriage from the pulpit, saying that there can be no joining of the daughter of the prophet and the daughter of the enemy of God (Abu Jahl). He is also said to have praised his other son-in-law, possibly [[Uthman]] or [[Abu al-As]]. Soufi notes that the reference to the third caliph Uthman might reflect the Sunni orthodoxy, in which Uthman is considered superior to his successor Ali.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=51–54}}
Buehler suggests that such Sunni traditions that place Ali in a negative light should be treated with caution as they mirror the political agenda of the time.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} In Shia sources, by contrast, Fatima is reported to have had a happy marital life, which continued until her death in 11 [[Islamic calendar|AH]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}} In particular, Ali is reported to have said, "Whenever I looked at her [Fatima], all my worries and sadness disappeared".{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}}
=== Appearance ===
The Sunni [[al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] ({{Died in|1014}}) and al-Khwarazmi ({{Died in|1173}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=215}}), and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man ({{Died in|974}}) and al-Tabari al-Shia (eleventh century{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=221}}), have likened Fatima to the full moon, the sun hidden by clouds, or the sun that has come out of the clouds. The first expression is a common metaphor for beauty in Arabic and Persian. The Shia [[Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi|al-Majlesi]] ({{Died in|1699}}) explains that the second expression is a reference to Fatima's chastity, while the third expression refers to her primordial light.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=162}}
Soufi details that Fatima's manners closely resembled Muhammad's.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=68}} Her gait was also similar to the prophet's, according to Veccia Vaglieri, who also argues that Fatima must have enjoyed good health on the account of bearing multiple children, her arduous house chores, and her journeys to Mecca.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Her sources are silent about the appearance of Fatima, which leads her to the conclusion, "Fatima was certainly not a beautiful woman".{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} In contrast, the Sunni al-Khwarazmi relates from the prophet that, "If beauty ({{Transl|ar|husn}}) were a person, it would be Fatima; indeed she is greater," while some Shia authors have likened her to a human [[houri|{{Transl|ar|houri}}]].{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=165}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}}
== Events after Muhammad's death ==
{{see also|Succession to Muhammad}}
Fatima was severely bereaved after Muhammad's death in [[Hijri year|A.H.]]{{nbsp}}11/632 [[Common Era|C.E]].{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=79}} Several elegies to Muhammad, attributed to Fatima, have survived and are collected in a [[Diwan (poetry)|{{Transl|ar|diwan}}]] of poetry.{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}} At the same time, Fatima also actively contested the succession of Abu Bakr and maintained that [[Ali]] was the rightful successor to Muhammad.{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|pp=248–249}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} Fatima died within six months of her father and her death at a young age is subject of intense controversy with allegations against Abu Bakr and his ally [[Umar]],{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} as detailed below.
=== Inheritance ===
{{Main|Fadak|Sermon of Fadak}}
[[Fadak]] was a village located to the north of [[Medina]], at a distance of two days travel.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} As part of a peace treaty with a [[Jews|Jewish]] tribe, half of the agricultural land of Fadak was considered {{Transliteration|ar|fay}} and belonged to the prophet, in line with verse 59:6 of the Quran.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} There is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima when verse 17:26 was revealed,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=26}} and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, [[al-Suyuti]] ({{Died in|1505}}) and [[al-Dhahabi]] ({{Died in|1348}}) are of this view, while [[Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani|al-Jurjani]] ({{Died in|1078}}) and [[Ibn Kathir]] ({{Died in|1373}}) are uncertain if the verse was revealed to Muhammad in Medina.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, the poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} who were forbidden from receiving general alms.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}}
Following Muhammad's death in 632 and early in his [[caliphate]], Abu Bakr is said to have seized Fadak from Fatima{{Sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=18–19}} by evicting her agents, possibly as a show of authority to Muhammad's clan ([[Banu Hashim]]) who had not yet pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, the charge of usurpation appears, for instance, in the works of [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Ibn Hajar al-Haythami]] ({{Died in|1566}}) and [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}).{{Sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=18–19}}
Among others, the Sunni [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}) reports that Fatima objected to Abu Bakr, saying that Fadak was a gift from her father. Her husband Ali and a maid at Muhammad's house, named [[Umm Ayman|Umm Aiman]], are reported to have offered their testimonies in support of Fatima.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} By some accounts, Fatima also brought her two sons as witnesses.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=27}} Abu Bakr, however, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the ownership of Fatima,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} requiring two men or one man and two women as witnesses per Islamic law.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=26}} Khetia adds that Fatima might have expected her closeness with Muhammad to strengthen her case.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=26}} In the same vein, Shias argue the truthful Fatima would have not claimed something which was not hers.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=102–103}} In another account, Abu Bakr agreed to return Fadak to Fatima but was dissuaded by his ally [[Umar]],{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} who tore up the deed written by Abu Bakr.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=101}}
Probably after Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claim, she demanded her inheritance from the estate of her father.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} Abu Bakr rejected this too, claiming that Muhammad had disinherited his family.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}} More specifically, he maintained that Muhammad had personally told him that prophets do not leave inheritance, and what they leave behind is public property that should be administered by the caliph.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} Abu Bakr was initially the sole witness to this statement, referred to as the [[hadith of Muhammad's inheritance]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}}{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=121}}
In his ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', the Sunni traditionist [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}) furnishes the hadith of inheritance with two chains of transmission which include numerous prominent [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of Muhammad, such as [[Umar]], [[Uthman]], and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]].{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=19–20}} In particular, he includes in these chains some notable [[Banu Hashim|Hashimites]], such as Ali and [[Ibn Abbas]], who are both known to have vehemently disputed this claim of Abu Bakr in other sources.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=|p=21}}
On the other hand, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, adding that similar reports attributed to other companions have been rejected by Sunnis.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=99–100}} Along these lines, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith are narrated from Abu Bakr, his ally Umar, his daughter [[Aisha]], and [[Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan]],{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} though some primary sources have disputed whether the last one was a companion of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=20}} Nevertheless, Soufi notes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=100}} Twelvers, however, reject the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance based on their own traditions, pointing also to the contradictions of this hadith with the Quran.{{Sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}
==== Sermon of Fadak ====
In protest, Fatima is said to have delivered a speech at the [[Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]], known as the [[Sermon of Fadak]],{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=25}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} Among other sources, this sermon appears in ''[[Balaghat al-nisa']]'', a collection of eloquent speeches by Muslim women,{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=47–49}} though the attribution of this speech to Fatima is rejected by Sunnis.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=47–9}} Fatima is said to have upheld Ali in her speech as the rightful successor to Muhammad.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=107}} She is also reported to have chastised Abu Bakr for denying her inheritance{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=53}}{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} and accused him of (hadith) fabrication,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}} saying that Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=53}} To support her claim, she is believed to have quoted verse 27:16 of the Quran in which [[Solomon in Islam|Solomon]] inherits from his father [[David in Islam|David]]{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=52}} and verse 19:6 in which [[Zechariah in Islam|Zechariah]] prays for a son who would inherit from him and from the House of [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=52}} As reported in ''Balaghat'', Fatima also quoted verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the rights of every Muslim to inheritance.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=15, 26}}
==== Views ====
Abu Bakr terminated the status of purity of Muhammad's kin by forcing them to rely on general alms which the prophet had forbidden for them in his lifetime.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}} At the same time, Abu Bakr allowed the prophet's widows to inherit his quarters in Medina. In particular, he granted his daughter [[Aisha]] some properties in the Aliya part of Medina and in Bahrain.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=51}}{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=121}} By maintaining their status, Abu Bakr might have signaled to the Muslim community that his daughter Aisha and the rest of Muhammad's widows were the true heirs of Muhammad, according to [[Reza Aslan|Aslan]].{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} [[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]] holds a similar view.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=50–51}}
Madelung suggests that the caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining the privileged status of Muhammad's kin and applying the Quranic rules of inheritance to them.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}} As phrased by Mavani, if the [[Banu Hashim]] had inherited Muhammad's material property, then they might have also been expected to inherit the spiritual authority of Muhammad.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}} Similar views are voiced by [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri]], [[David Samuel Margoliouth|Margoliouth]], [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub|Ayoub]], and Lalani,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=47}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=104–105}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|pp=21–22}}{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=23}} while El-Hibri does not view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial dispute.{{Sfn|El-Hibri|2010|p=9}} According to Aslan, Abu Bakr's actions are often regarded as a political move to weaken Muhammad's clan and strip his kin from their privileged status.{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} Aslan also argues that Abu Bakr's efforts were intended to undermine Ali's claim to the caliphate. These efforts, writes Aslan, are partly explained by Abu Bakr's conviction that the caliphate must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly by the personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali.{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} Madelung, [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]], and Anthony have noted the poor relations between the two men.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=42, 52, 213, 214}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}
=== Attack on her house ===
{{Main|Attack on Fatima's house}}
[[File:Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG|right|thumb|The location of Fatima's house in the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina, present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] (natives of [[Medina]]) gathered in the [[Saqifah|Saqifa]] ({{Lit|courtyard}}) of the [[Banu Sa'ida|Sa'ida]] clan.{{sfn|Walker|2014|p=3}} The [[conventional wisdom]] is that they met to decide on a new leader for the [[Ummah|Muslim community]] among themselves. For [[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]], however, the absence of the [[Muhajirun]] (migrants from [[Mecca]]) from this meeting suggests that the Ansar gathered to re-establish the control of the Ansar over their city Medina, under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=31}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=92}}
[[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], both companions of Muhammad, hastened to the gathering upon learning about it.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=92}} After a heated session, in which a chief of the Ansar was likely beaten into submission by Umar, those gathered at Saqifa agreed on Abu Bakr as the new head of the community.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=31–32}} The Saqifa event is said to have excluded Muhammad's family, who were preparing to bury him, and most of the Muhajirun.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}}{{sfn|Walker|2014|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=18}} To protest the appointment of Abu Bakr, [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}) reports that the [[Banu Hashim]] (Muhammad's clan) and some of his companions gathered at Fatima's house.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=31–32}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} Among them were Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]] and his companion [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam|Zubayr]], according to Madelung.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} The protesters, including Fatima, held that her husband [[Ali]] was the rightful successor to Muhammad,{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at [[Event of Ghadir Khumm|Ghadir Khumm]].{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} Ali is believed to have explained this position to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}}
After the Saqifa affair, Abu Bakr reportedly tasked his ally Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} As noted by al-Tabari ({{Died in|923}}),{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}} the latter led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{sfn|Cortese|Calderini|2006|p=8}} The scene soon grew violent, and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam|Zubayr]] was disarmed and carried away.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=41}} The mob, however, retreated without Ali's pledge after Fatima pleaded with them,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} as reported in ''[[Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa|al-Imama wa al-siyasa]]''.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=34}} Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=84}} In contrast, the canonical ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=86}} Soufi comments that all but one of the traditions cited by al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri do not have chains of transmission that reach back to the time of the conflict.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=85}}
Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and, more broadly, on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43–44}} As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, according to a Sunni hadith attributed to [[Aisha]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43–44}} [[Lesley Hazleton|Hazleton]] similarly writes that Ali prayed alone even in the mosque.{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=73}} [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri]] adds that those who initially supported Ali gradually turned and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=40–41}} It appears that only his wife Fatima and their four small children remained on his side, writes Hazleton,{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=71}} in line with a statement to this effect attributed to Ali in ''[[Nahj al-Balagha|Nahj al-balagha]]''.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=115}}
====Use of violence====
Umar has been noted for his severity and misogyny,{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=124}}{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=|pp=71, 124}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}} especially in Shia sources.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=67}} "Umar's toughness" ({{Transl|ar|shidda}}) is cited in a Sunni tradition by Aisha as the reason Umar was excluded from a supposed attempt at reconciliation between Ali and Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}} Kelen describes an incident of Umar's violence against his sister when she professed Islam (before Umar).{{sfn|Kelen|1975|p=75}} It is uncertain what followed the above altercation at Fatima's house.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=|p=43}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} Shia sources allege that Fatima suffered injuries and miscarriage during a raid on her house led by Umar.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}} In particular, Shia alleges that Fatima miscarried her son [[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]],{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} whose name had been chosen by Muhammad before his death, according to [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]].{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} These claims are categorically rejected by Sunnis,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} who maintain that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=73}}{{sfn|Glassé|2001a}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}
The allegations of violence and miscarriage appear in some Shia works,{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}} including the canonical ''[[Kitab al-Kafi]]'',''{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=70}}'' ''Kamil al-ziyarat'',''{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=72|pp=}} [[Kitab al-Irshad]]'',''{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=75–76}}'' ''[[Tarikh al-Yaqubi|Tarikh al-Ya'qubi]]'',{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=88}} and ''Dala'il al-imama.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=77}}'' Of these, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'' does not mention miscarriage,{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=88}} while ''Kitab al-irshad'' by [[Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid|al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|1022}}) is quiet about any violence.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=75–76}} For the latter, considering that al-Mufid writes about violence against Fatima elsewhere, Khetia suspects that he refrained from controversial topics in his ''Kitab al-Irshad'' to render it accessible to most Twelvers without provoking the anger of Sunnis.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=75–76}} In his ''al-Saqifa wa Fadak'', al-Jawhari ({{Died in|935}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=214}}) includes a tradition to the effect that Umar and his men first threatened to set Fatima's house on fire. Then they entered the house, despite her pleas, and forced Ali and his supporters out of the house.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=|pp=84–85}} The remainder of the account in ''al-Imama wa al-siyasa'' describes that Ali was pulled out of his house by force and threatened with death, according to Khetia.''{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=35}}'' [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|661|680}}) is known to have alluded to the violent arrest of Ali in a letter to him before the [[Battle of Siffin]].{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=217}}
Madelung is uncertain about the use of force. Still, he notes that there is evidence (in Sunni sources) that Fatima's house was searched. According to Madelung, Ali later repeatedly said that he would have resisted (Abu Bakr) had there been forty men with him.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=100}} Alternatively, Buehler suggests that the allegations of violence should be treated with caution as they reflect the political agendas of the time.{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} In contrast, [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|Veccia Vaglieri]] is of the view that the Shia allegations are based on facts, even if they have been exaggerated.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Abbas writes that some well-regarded Sunni sources mention Umar's raid and Fatima's injuries.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} Khetia believes that there are known instances where sensitive information has been censored by Sunni authors, such as the prominent jurist [[Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam|Abu Ubayd al-Salam]] ({{Died in|837}}), who was possibly concerned with the righteous representation of Muhammad's companions.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=39}} Similar allegations have emerged against al-Tabari and [[Al-Masudi|al-Mas'udi]] ({{Died in|956}}).{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=38}} Along these lines, Lucas and Soufi both note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad,{{Sfn|Lucas|2004|pp=255–284}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=120}} particularly about the Saqifa affair,{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=39}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=43}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=83}} while these conflicts might have been amplified in Shia records.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=43}}
Both al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi note that Abu Bakr regretted the events after Saqifa on his deathbed.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=38}} In particular, al-Tabari states that Abu Bakr wished he had "never opened Fatima's house to anything, even though they had locked it as a gesture of defiance."{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=84}} This appears to have been a sensitive admission that has been censored by the Sunni author Abu Ubayd al-Salam in his ''Kitab al-amwal''.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=39}} Abu Bakr's regret is also cited by the Shia [[Ya'qubi|al-Ya'qubi]] ({{Died in|897-8}}).{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=88}} Sunni sources are nearly unanimous{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=22}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} that Ali pledged his allegiance to Abu Bakr after Fatima's death.{{Sfn|Walker|2014|pp=3–4}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013}} When it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support his cause, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=44}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=19–20}} which faced internal and external threats, according to Mavani.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} In particular, Jafri notes that Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=44}} including an offer from [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]].{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022b}} In reference to Abu Bakr's caliphate, Madelung writes that a poem later began to circulate among the Banu Hashim ending with, "Surely, we have been cheated in the most monstrous way."{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=37–38}} Ali forbade the poet to recite it, adding that the welfare of Islam was dearer to him than anything else.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=37–38}}
In sharp contrast with Muhammad's lifetime,{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman.{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}} Anthony describes this change in Ali's attitude as a silent censure of the first three caliphs.{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} While he reportedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters,{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}}{{sfn|Poonawala|2011}} the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with Abu Bakr and Umar is well-documented,{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=42, 52–54, 213–214}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}} though largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}} Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} A common Sunni argument is that Ali would have never continued his relations with Umar had the latter organized a raid on Ali's home.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=99}} A typical Shia response is that Ali gave up his rights and exercised restraint for the sake of a nascent Islam, according to Abbas.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=99–100}}
=== Death ===
Fatima died in 11/632, within six months of Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=104}} She was 18 or 27 years old at that time according to Shia and Sunni sources, respectively.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}} The exact date of her death is uncertain but the Shia commonly commemorates her death on 13 [[Jumada II]].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=239}} The Sunni belief is that Fatima died from grief after Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} Shia Islam, however, holds that Fatima's injuries during a raid by Umar directly caused her miscarriage and death shortly after.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}}
Al-Tabari mentions the suffering of Fatima in her final days.{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}} Shia traditions similarly describe Fatima's agony in her final days.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=81}} In particular, the [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] jurist [[Al-Qadi al-Nu'man|al-Nu'man]] similarly reports a hadith from the [[Muhammad al-Baqir|fifth Imam]] to the effect that "whatever had been done to her by the people" caused Fatima to become bedridden, while her body wasted until it became like a specter.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=80}} This hadith seems to contain a reference to Fatima's injuries during the raid.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=80}} [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub|Ayoub]] describes Fatima a symbol of quiet suffering in Islamic piety.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=24}} In particular, the Twelver Shia believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the [[Ahl al-Bayt]], including Fatima, for those who empathize with their divine cause and suffering.{{Sfn|Campo|2009a}}{{Sfn|Campo|2004}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=180}}
Multiple sources report that Fatima never reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=30–31, 35}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} partly based on a tradition to this effect in the canonical Sunni collection ''Sahih al-Bukhari''.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=96}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=30–31}} There are some accounts that Abu Bakr and Umar visited Fatima on her deathbed to apologize, which Madelung considers self-incriminatory.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}} As reported in ''[[Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa|al-Imama wa al-siyasa]]'',{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=35–36}} Fatima reminded the two visitors of Muhammad's words, "Fatima is part of me, and whoever angers her has angered me."{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=35–36}} The dying Fatima then told the two that they had indeed angered her, and that she would soon take her complaint to God and His prophet, Muhammad.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=25–26}} There are also Sunni reports that Fatima reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar, though Madelung suggests that they were invented to address the negative implications of Fatima's anger.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}}
=== Burial ===
{{See also|Burial of Fatima|}}
[[File:Jannatul-Baqi before Demolition.jpg|thumb|Al-Baqi' cemetery is a probable site for Fatima's grave, depicted here before the demolition of its mausoleums by the [[Wahhabi|Wahhabis]] in 1927.|240x240px]]
Following her will, Ali buried Fatima secretly at night{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} and hid her burial plot.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}} According to the Sunni al-Tabari, her dying wish was that Abu Bakr should not attend the funeral,{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=212}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} and this request was fulfilled by Ali.{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} Fatima's wish is believed to be at odds with the common practice of Muslims, who are encouraged to join funerals.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=82–83}} In Shia sources, her wish for a secret burial is viewed as a sign of the disassociation of Muhammad's daughter with the Muslim community who largely failed to support her against Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=83}}
The prominent [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] traditionist [[Shaykh Tusi|al-Tusi]] ({{Died in|1067}}) reports an account of the burial that vividly describes the suffering of Ali after the death of his wife, attributed to their son [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=83}} [[Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid|Al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|1022}}), another notable Twelver scholar, includes in his ''Ikhtisas'' a related tradition ascribed to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the sixth [[Imamate in Twelver doctrine|Imam]]. This tradition describes that the next morning Abu Bakr and Umar berated Ali for the secret burial of Fatima. After learning that this was Fatima's wish, the account continues that Umar threatened to locate and exhume Fatima's body and then re-bury her after [[Funeral prayer (Islam)|funeral prayer]].{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=86}} According to this account, what prevented Umar from materializing his threat was Ali's warning, "By God, as long as I'm alive and [my sword] [[Zulfiqar]] is in my hands, you will not reach her, and you know best [not to do it]."{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=86}} For Khetia, the interpretation is that the loss of Fatima was so traumatizing for Ali that he threatened Umar with violence for the first time, despite his previous restraint.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=86–87}}
Fatima's exact burial place in Medina remains uncertain,{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|pp=184–185}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}} with often contradictory reports.{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} The two most probable locations for her grave are the [[al-Baqi']] cemetery and her home, which was later annexed to the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=104}}{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} The former location is reportedly supported by her son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan's]] wish to be buried next to his mother.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=322}} On the other hand, the Sunni [[Nur al-Din al-Samhudi|al-Samhoodi]] ({{Died in|1533}}) concludes that Hasan is buried next to his grandmother [[Fatimah bint Asad]], rather than his mother Fatima.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://shamela.ws/ |title=وفاء الوفاء vol. 3 |pages=86}}</ref> This uncertainty in Shia sources again underscores Fatima's displeasure with the Muslim community.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=124}}
=== Descendants ===
{{See also|Alids}}
Fatima was survived by two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and two daughters, [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] and [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son [[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]]. Some canonical Shia sources report that Muhsin died in miscarriage, following Umar's [[Attack on Fatima's house|raid]] on Fatima's house.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}} Alternatively, Sunnis hold that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} It is through Fatima that [[Family tree of Muhammad|Muhammad's progeny]] has spread throughout the Muslim world.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} Fatima's descendants are given the honorific titles of [[sayyid|{{transl|ar|sayyid}}]] ({{lit|lord, or sir}}) or [[sharif|{{transl|ar|sharif}}]] ({{lit|noble}}) and are respected by Muslims.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014|p=20}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Morimoto|2012|p=2}} The [[Fatimid dynasty]] ({{Reign|909|1171}}) in [[North Africa]] claimed descent from Fatima via the [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] imam [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il]],{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=850}} though this claim has been challenged.{{Sfn|Andani|2016|pp=199–200}}
== In the Quran and hadith texts ==
{{See also|Ahl al-Bayt}}
While Fatima is not mentioned in the Quran by name, some verses are associated with her in classical exegeses.{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|pp=192–193}}
=== Verse of mubahala ===
An example is verse 3:61 of the Quran. After an inconclusive debate about [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] with a [[Christian]] delegation from [[Najran]] in 10/631–2, it was decided to engage in {{Transl|ar|mubuhala}}, where both parties would pray to invoke God's curse upon whoever was the liar. This is when Muhammad is reported to have received verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of [[Event of mubahala|mubahala]],{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher|Kofsky|2002|p=141}} which reads{{blockquote|And to whomsoever disputes with thee over it, after the knowledge that has come unto thee [about Jesus], say, "Come! Let us call upon our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves. Then let us pray earnestly, so as to place the curse of God upon those who lie."{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=330}}|source=}}Madelung argues that 'our sons' in the verse of mubahala must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to also include in the event their parents, Ali and Fatima.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}} Madelung writes that their inclusion by Muhammad in this significant ritual must have raised the religious rank of his family.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}} A similar view is voiced by Lalani.{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=29}}
Of those present on Muhammad's side, Shia traditions are unanimous that 'our women' refers to Fatima and 'ourselves' refers to Ali.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=71–2}} In particular, since the verse refers to Ali as the self of Muhammad, Shia holds that the former enjoys the same authority as the latter.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=72}} In contrast, most Sunni accounts by al-Tabari do not name the participants of the event, while some other Sunni historians agree with the Shia view.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=14}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher|Kofsky|2002|p=141}} Some accounts about mubahala add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and this five are thus known as the Ahl al-Kisa ({{lit|people of the cloak}}).{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=14, 16–17}}{{sfn|Algar|1984}} On the same occasion, Muhammad is also believed to have referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{Sfn|Algar|1984}} including the canonical ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' and [[Sahih at-Tirmidhi|''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'']].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16, 325}}
=== Verse of purification ===
[[File:آیه_تطهیر.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Arabic calligraphy of the verse of purification]]
The last passage of verse 33:33, also known as the [[verse of purification]],{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=65}} reads:{{Blockquote|text=God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely.{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2331}}}}Muslims disagree as to who belong to the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{Lit|people of the house}}) and what political privileges or responsibilities they have.{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the [[Ahl al-Kisa]], namely, Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16–17}}{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}} There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to include also Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} The verse of purification is regarded in Shia Islam as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}
The majority of the traditions quoted by al-Tabari ({{Died in|923}}) in his exegesis identify the Ahl al-Bayt in the verse of purification with the [[Ahl al-Kisa]], namely, Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=14–15}}{{Sfn|Algar|1984}} These traditions are also cited by some other early Sunni authorities, including [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] ({{Died in|855}}), [[al-Suyuti]] ({{Died in|1505}}), al-Hafiz al-Kabir,{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=71}} and [[Ibn Kathir]] ({{Died in|1373}}).{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=|pp=69, 147}} The canonical Sunni collection [[Sahih at-Tirmidhi|''Sunnan al-Tirmidhi'']] reports that Muhammad limited the Ahl al-Bayt to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons when the verse of purification was revealed to him.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16–17, 325}} In the [[event of mubahala]], Muhammad is believed to have gathered Ali, Fatima, and their sons under his cloak and referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{Sfn|Algar|1984}} including the canonical ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' and [[Sahih at-Tirmidhi|''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'']].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16,  325}} Veccia Vaglieri writes that Muhammad recited the last passage of the verse of purification every morning when he passed by Fatima's house to remind her household of the [[Fajr prayer|{{transl|ar|fajr}} prayer]].{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} This makeup of the Ahl al-Bayt is echoed by [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|Veccia Vaglieri]] and [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri]],{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=17}} and unanimously reported in Shia sources.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}}
Possibly because the earlier injunctions in the verse of purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives,{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} some Sunni authors like [[Ibn Kathir]] include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} A number of Sunni hadiths, including some narrated by [[Ibn Abbas]] and [[Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl|Ikrima]], also support the inclusion of Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=15}} This view is shared by [[Ignác Goldziher|Goldziher]] and his coauthors.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} Alternatively, [[Oliver Leaman|Leaman]] argues that only those wives of prophets who mother their successors are counted by the Quran in their {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}}.{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}}
=== Verse of mawadda ===
Verse 42:23 of the Quran, also known as the [[verse of mawadda]], includes the passage{{Blockquote|text=[O Mohammad!] Say, "I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk."{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2691}}|source=}}The word kinsfolk ({{transl|ar|al-qurba}}) in this verse is interpreted by the Shia as the Ahl al-Bayt.{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=66}} [[Ibn Ishaq]] ({{Died in|767}}) narrates that the prophet specified {{transl|ar|al-qurba}} as his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=41, 60}} As quoted by Madelung, Hasan ibn Ali referred to the verse of mawadda in his inaugural speech as the [[Caliphate|caliph]] after the assassination of his father in 661, saying that he belonged to the Ahl al-Bayt "whose love He [God] has made obligatory in His Book [Quran]..."{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=311–312}}
The verse of mawadda is often cited by the Shia about the elevated status of the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=13}} In [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]], the affection in this verse also entails obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt as the source of exoteric and esoteric guidance.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=41}}{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=66}} This obedience is believed to benefit the faithful first and foremost, citing the following passage of verse 34:47,{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=41, 60}} which contains the passage, "Say, 'I ask not of you any reward; that shall be yours ({{Transl|ar|fa-huwa la-kum}}).'"{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2361}} Some Sunni commentators agree with the Shia view, including [[Qadi Baydawi|Baydawi]], al-Razi,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=152}} and Ibn Maghazili.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=41, 60}} Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives.{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2691}} The view preferred by al-Tabari is that the verse of mawadda instructs Muslims to love the prophet because of their blood relations to him.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=13}}{{Sfn|Gril|2003|p=236}} Alternatively, Madelung suggests that the verse of mawadda demands love towards relatives in general.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=13}}
=== Verses 76:5–22 ===
Verses 76:5–22 are connected to Fatima in most Shia and some Sunni sources, including the works of the Shia [[Shaykh Tabarsi|al-Tabarsi]] ({{Died in|1153}}), and the Sunni [[al-Qurtubi]] ({{Died in|1273}}) and [[Mahmud al-Alusi|al-Alusi]] ({{Died in|1854}}).{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=3331}} According to these exegetes, verses 76:5–22 were revealed to Muhammad after Fatima, Ali, Hasan, Husayn, and their maidservant Fidda gave away their only meal of the day to beggars who visited their home, for three consecutive days.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=72}} In particular, verses 76:7–12 read:
{{Blockquote|text=They fulfill their vows and fear a day whose evil is widespread, and give food, despite loving it, to the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. "We feed you only for the Face of God. We do not desire any recompense or thanks from you. Truly we fear from our Lord a grim, calamitous day." So God has shielded them from the evil of that Day, bestowed upon them radiance and joy, and rewarded them for having been patient with a Garden and with silk.{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|pp=3332–3333}}
}}
=== Connection with Mary ===
[[File:Persian miniature of Jesus and Mary.jpg|thumb|A Persian miniature of Jesus and Mary, with whom Fatima is often compared, especially in Shia Islam]]
The Quranic praise for [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] in verse 3:42 has been echoed for Fatima based on a prophetic hadith that lists Fatima, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], Mary, and [[Asiya]] as the outstanding women of all time.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}}{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}
{{Blockquote|text=Then the angels said, "O Mary, truly God has chosen you and purified you and chosen you over the women of the world."{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}}}
Especially in the Shia literature, there is a strong parallel between Fatima and Mary,{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} to the extent that one of the Shia epithets for Fatima is Maryam al-Kubra ({{Lit|Mary, the greater}}).{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}{{Sfn|Pierce|2016|p=208}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} Similar to Mary, some early sources report that angels spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions.{{sfn|Aslan|2011|pp=185–186}}{{sfn|Ayoub|2011|pp=63, 72}} Both are viewed as mothers of exalted progenies: Mary gave birth to Jesus, and Fatima is the mother of the Imams.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}} Fatima surpasses Mary in purity and divine favor in Shia writings{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} and in some Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=168–189}} For instance, citing the statement "Women's honor is through their fathers," the Shia [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] ({{Died in|1192}}) argues about the superiority of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, over Mary, daughter of [[Joachim|Imran]].{{Sfn|Pierce|2016|p=116}} To reconcile the superiority of Fatima with verse 3:42 above, "the women of the world" in this verse is interpreted as the women of Mary's time by most Shia and some Sunni exegetes.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=168–169}}
=== Verse of Light ===
Verse 24:35 of the Quran, also known as the verse of Light, is often associated with Fatima in Shia exegeses.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=62}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} The verse of Light begins as
{{Blockquote|text=God is the Light of the heavens and the earth, the parable of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp, the Lamp enclosed in Glass, the Glass as it were a brilliant star.{{sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=62}}}}
According to the Shia [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|al-Kulayni]] ({{Died in|941}}), Fatima is in this verse both the niche wherein resides the lamp (i.e., the Imams) and the shimmering glass for the divine light.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|pp=62–63}}
=== Hadith literature ===
The canonical Sunni collection ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' attributes to Muhammad, "Fatima is a part of me, and whoever makes her angry, makes me angry."{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}} Similar versions of this hadith appear in other Shia and Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=82}} The Sunni al-Suyuti relates from Muhammad that "Whoever loves (my) offspring, God loves; whoever gets angry [at them], God gets angry at them."{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} The Shia [[Ibn Babawayh|Ibn Babawahy]] similarly narrates from Muhammad that, "Verily God becomes angry when Fatima is angry and is pleased when she is pleased."{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=213}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}}
Another prophetic hadith in ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' elevates Fatima to the mistress of all the women on earth and in paradise.{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=212}} Muhammad is also famously said to have listed Fatima, Khadija, Mary, and Asiya as the four outstanding women of all time.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}} Whenever Fatima arrived, Muhammad used to stand up, greet her and ask her to sit next to him.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} When leaving [[Medina]], Fatima was the last person that Muhammad bid farewell to, and she was the first he visited upon his return.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Her manners were described to be similar to Muhammad's.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=50}} The prophet held that Fatima will be the first person to enter the paradise and, as with Mary, she will intercede for those who honor her and her descendants.{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}
It is attributed to Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha that Fatima was the most beloved of women to the prophet, and Ali was the most beloved of men to him, according to the Sunni al-Hakim al-Nishapuri and [[al-Tirmidhi]] ({{Died in|892}}) and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man, among others.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=68}} A similar tradition is cited by the Sunni al-Suyuti.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} There are also competing traditions about Abu Bakr-Aisha instead of Ali-Fatima, though [[Denise Spellberg|Spellberg]] believes they were circulated later for political reasons.{{Sfn|Spellberg|1994|pp=33–35}}
Muhammad's wife [[Umm Salama]] relates in possibly the earliest version{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=6}} of the [[Ahl al-Kisa|Hadith al-Kisa]] that Muhammad gathered Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn under his cloak and prayed, "O God, these are my {{Transl|ar|ahl al-bayt}} ({{Lit|the people of my house}}) and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely," thus making a reference to verse 33:33 of the Quran,{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} known also as the [[verse of purification]].{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=65}} The accounts of the Sunni Ibn Kathir and al-Suyuti and the Shia [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Tabatabai]] ({{Died in|1981}}) continue that Umm Salama asked Muhammad, "Am I with thee, O Messenger of God?" but received the negative response, "Thou shalt obtain good. Thou shalt obtain good."{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2331}} There also exists a version of this hadith in Sunni sources where Umm Salama is included in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} In another Sunni version, Muhammad's servant Wathila bint al-Asqa' is counted in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=7–8}}
== In modern culture ==
{{See also|Fatimiyya}}
While Fatima has been revered as an ultimate archetype for [[Muslims|Muslim]] women,{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} she has also gained a modern importance as a symbol for the female freedom fighter and the defender of the oppressed.{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=231}} In ''[[Fatemeh Is Fatemeh|Fateme Is Fateme]]'', the Iranian philosopher [[Ali Shariati|Shariati]] portrays Fatima as "the symbol of a responsible, fighting woman when facing her time and the fate of her society."{{sfn|Nashat|1983|p=126}} Fatima is also venerated for her compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering by all Muslims, especially by the [[Shia Islam|Shia]].{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=58}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=21}} The first feature-length movie about Fatima set during the lifetime and after the death of Muhammad is titled ''[[The Lady of Heaven]]'', produced in 2020 by the Enlightened Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2020-06-29 |title=Enlightened Kingdom Sets 'Lady Of Heaven'; Feature About Lady Fatima, Daughter Of Muhammad – Cannes |url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/lady-of-heaven-enlightened-kingdom-lady-fatima-daughter-of-muhammad-movie-1202973314/ |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The movie premiered in the United States on 10 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lady of Heaven |url=https://www.amctheatres.com/movies/the-lady-of-heaven-68145 |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=AMC Theatres}}</ref>
=== Mother's Day in Iran ===
[[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] celebrate Fatima's birth anniversary on 20 [[Jumada al-Thani]] as the [[Mother's Day]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Iran marks Mother's Day |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/102655}}</ref> On this day, banners reading ''Ya Fatima'' (O! Fatima) are displayed on government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows.{{sfn|DeBano|2009|p=234}} The [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian date]] for this changes every year.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
|2018
|2019
|2020
|2021
|2022
|2023
|2024
|-
! '''Gregorian date'''
|9 March<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2018 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2018/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|26 February<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2019 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2019/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|15 February<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2020 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2020/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|3 February<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2021 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2021/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|24 January<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2022 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2022/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|14 January<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2023 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2023/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|3 January<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2024/ |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2024 |website=IslamicFinder |access-date=2020-01-25 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 22 December
|}
==See also==
{{portal|Shia Islam|Islam}}
* ''[[Book of Fatimah]]''
* [[Hamsa]], a type of amulet also referred to as the "Hand of Fatima"
* [[Our Lady of Fátima]], the title of the Virgin Mary based on reported apparitions at Fátima, Portugal
* [[Bayt al-Ahzan]]
==Citations==
{{reflist|20em}}
==References==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2021 |isbn=9780300252057 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1997 |isbn=0521646960 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}}
*{{cite book |last=Aslan |first=Reza |url=https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi0000asla_n9k1/mode/2up |title=No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam |publisher=Random House |date=2011 |isbn=9780812982442}}
*{{cite book |last=Ernst |first=Carl |url=https://archive.org/details/followingmuhamma0005erns/mode/2up |title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |date=2003 |isbn=9780807875803 |location=Chapel Hill}}
*{{cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |url=https://archive.org/details/heirsofprophetmu0000roge/mode/2up |title=The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni–Shia Schism |publisher=Abacus |date=2006 |isbn=9780349117577}}
*{{cite book |last=Hazleton |first=Lesley |url=https://archive.org/details/aftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com/mode/2up |title=After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia–Sunni Split in Islam |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |date=2009 |isbn=9780385532099}}
*{{cite book |last=Bodley |first=R.V.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/messengerlifeofm00bodl/page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Messenger; the Life of Mohammed |publisher=Doubleday & Co., Inc. |date=1946}}
*{{cite book |last=Muir |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/caliphateitsris00muirgoog/mode/2up |title=The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall: From Original Sources |publisher=Religious Tract Society |date=1891 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |last=Jafri |first=S.H.M |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up |title=Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam |publisher=Longman |date=1979 |location=London}}
*{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1985 |isbn=9780853982005}}
*{{cite book |last=Kelen |first=Betty |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000kele/mode/2up?q=fatima |title=Muhammad: The Messenger of God |publisher=T. Nelson |date=1975 |isbn=9780929093123}}
*{{cite book |last=Nashat |first=Guity |url=https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse/mode/2up |title=Women and Revolution in Iran |publisher=Westview Press |date=1983 |isbn=9780865319318 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |last=Mavani |first=Hamid |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/ |title=Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |isbn=9780415624404}}
*{{cite book |author-last=Pierce |author-first=Matthew |title=Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2016 |isbn=9780674737075}}
*{{cite book |last1=Freedman |first1=David Noel |url=https://archive.org/details/riversofparadise0000unse/mode/2up |title=The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders |last2=McClymond |first2=Michael |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] |date=2000 |isbn=9780802829573}}
*{{cite book |author1-last=Kassam |author1-first=Zayn |title=The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity |author2-last=Blomfield |author2-first=Bridget |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=2015 |isbn=9780857729675 |editor1-last=Daftary |editor1-first=Farhad |page=210 |chapter=Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective |editor2-last=Sajoo |editor2-first=Amyn |editor3-last=Jiwa |editor3-first=Shainool}}
*{{cite book|title=Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism
|author-first=Mahmoud M.|author-last= Ayoub|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|date=2011|isbn= 9783110803310}}
*{{cite book |title=Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2012 |isbn=9780415519175 |editor1-last=Morimoto |editor1-first=Kazuo |edition=Illustrated}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bar-Asher |first1=Meir M. |last2=Kofsky |first2=Aryeh |title=The Nusayri-Alawi Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004125520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bli4DyuHRIC&q=Event+of+Mubahala&pg=PA141}}
*{{cite book|title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary|publisher=Harper Collins|date=2015|isbn= 9780062227621|url=https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up|editor1-first=S.H.|editor1-last= Nasr|editor2-first= C.K.|editor2-last= Dagli|editor3-first= M.M.|editor3-last= Dakake|editor4-first= J.E.B.|editor4-last= Lumbard|editor5-first=M.|editor5-last= Rustom}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lalani|first1=Arzina R.|title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir|date=2000|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781860644344}}
*{{cite book|title=Chosen Among Women: Mary and Fatima in Medieval Christianity and Shi'ite Islam|author-first=Mary F.|author-last= Thurlkill|publisher=University of Notre Dame Pess|date=2008|isbn= 9780268093822|url=https://archive.org/details/marythurkhillchosenamongwomenmaryandfatima}}
*{{cite book|title=Ideas, Images, and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam|editor-first=Sebastian|editor-last= Günther|publisher=Brill|date=2005|chapter=Image Formation of an Islamic Legend: Fātima, the Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad|author-first= Verena|author-last= Klemm|isbn= 9789047407263|pages=181–208}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica|title=Fātema |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fatema|author1-first=Mohammad Ali|author1-last=Amir-Moezzi|volume= IX/4|pages= 400–404|author2-first= Jean|author2-last=Calmard|date=1999}}
*{{cite book|last1=Al-Tabari|title=The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 9: The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State A.D. 630–632/A.H. 8–11|publisher=The State University of New York Press|date=1990|isbn=9780887066924|editor1-last=Poonawala|editor1-first=Ismail K.|chapter=The Events of the Year 11}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cortese |first1=Delia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz4pAAAAYAAJ |title=Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam |last2=Calderini |first2=Simonetta |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0748617333 |edition=1st}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2022 |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill Reference Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ghadir-khumm-COM_27419?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Ghad%C4%ABr+Khumm |last=Amir-Moezzi |first=Mohammad Ali |edition=3rd}}
*{{cite book|last=Akbar|first=Syed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBkfYKBOjsC|title=Reliving Karbala : Martyrdom in South Asian Memory: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006|isbn=9780199706624|location=United States}}
*{{cite book |title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr |author-first=Denise A. |author-last=Spellberg |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1994 |isbn=9780231079990 |author-link=Denise Spellberg |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsgenderis0000spel/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|title=The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam|author-first=Mahmoud M.|author-last= Ayoub|publisher=Oneworld Publications|date= 2014|isbn=9781780746746|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou}}
*{{cite book|title=Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs|author-first=Tayeb|author-last= El-Hibri|publisher=Columbia University Press|date= 2010|isbn= 9780231521659}}
*{{cite book|title=Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal|author-first=Scott C.|author-last= Lucas|publisher=Brill|date= 2004|isbn= 9789004133198}}
* {{citation |last=DeBano |first=Wendy |title=Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia |page=234 (footnote 18) |date=2009 |editor=Laudan Nooshin |series=Soas Musicology Series |chapter=Singing against Silence: Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAR15vJcC6wC&pg=PA234 |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=9780754634577}}
{{refend}}
=== Encyclopedias ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2014 |title=FATIMA (d. 632) |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |volume=1 |pages=182–187 |isbn=9781610691772 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=Adam Hani |author-last=Buehler |author-first=Arthur F.}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2014 |title=Prayer |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |volume=2 |pages=473–477 |isbn=9781610691772 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=Adam Hani |author-last=Rahim |author-first=Habibeh}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2022a |title=Fāṭima |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill Reference Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/fatima-COM_0217?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=fatima |last=Veccia Vaglieri |first=L. |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |edition=2nd}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|author-first=L.|author-last=Veccia Vaglieri|title=ʿAlī B. Abī Ṭālib|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|editor-first= P.|editor-last= Bearman|publisher=Brill Reference Online|date= 2022b|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ali-b-abi-talib-COM_0046?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2021 |title=Ali |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali |access-date= |author-link=Hossein Nasr |last2=Afsaruddin |first2=Asma |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2021 |title=Fadak |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |publisher=Brill Reference Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/fadak-COM_036126?lang=en |last=Sajjadi |first=Sadeq}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2006 |title=Fatima (Al-Zahra') Bint Muhammad (ca. 12 Before Hijra–11/ca. 610–632) |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603 |editor-last=Meri |editor-first=Josef W. |pages=248–250 |isbn=9780415966900 |author-first=Tahera |author-last=Qutbuddin}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2013 |title='Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599–661) |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/ |last=Anthony |first=Sean W. |editor-last=Bowering |editor-first=Gerhard |pages=30–32 |isbn=9780691134840}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2018 |title=Fatima (605/15–632 CE) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56 |editor-last=de-Gaia |editor-first=Susan |page=56 |isbn=9781440848506 |author-last=Fedele |author-first=Valentina}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2002 |title=Fatima |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n1/mode/2up |last=McAuliffe |first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |volume=2 |isbn=9789004114654}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001a |title=Fāṭima |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |page=137 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001b |title='Alī ibn Abī Talīb |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |pages=39–41 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001c |title=Muḥammad, the Messenger of God |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |pages=320–325 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001d |title=Ahl al Kisā' |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |page=32 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001e |title=Ahl al Bayt |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |page=31 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2009a |title=Fatima (ca. 605–633) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/mode/2up |last= |first= |editor-last=Campo |editor-first=Juan Eduardo |pages=230–231 |isbn=9781438126968}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2009b |title=''ahl al-bayt'' |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/mode/2up |last= |first= |editor-last=Campo |editor-first=Juan Eduardo |page=23 |isbn=9781438126968}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse/page/24/mode/2up?q=baqir|pages=25–26|author-last=Campo|author-first=J.E.|date=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference|editor-first=R.C.|editor-last= Martin|title=Ahl Al-Bayt}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2014 |title='Ali Ibn Abi Talib  (599–661) |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |volume=1 |pages=20–24 |isbn=9781610691772 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=Adam Hani |author-last=Shah-Kazemi |author-first=Reza}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl-e Bayt |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|author-first=I.K.A.|author-last= Howard|date=1984|volume=I/6|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahl-e-bayt|page=635}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill |date=2003 |title=Love and Affection |pages=233–237 |author-first=Denis |author-last=Gril |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaKURAN_vol3/mode/ |isbn=9789004123557}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Goldziher |author1-first=I. |author2-last=Arendonk |author2-first=C. van |author3-last=Tritton |author3-first=A.S. |title=Ahl Al-Bayt |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |editor-first=P. |editor-last=Bearman |publisher=Brill Reference Online |date=2022}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God|title=Ahl al-Bayt|author-first=R.|author-last=Brunner|date=2014|pages=5–9|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/4/mode/2up|publisher=|editor1-first=C.|editor1-last= Fitzpatrick|editor2-first= A.H.|editor2-last= Walker}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān |title=People of the House |date=2004 |volume=4 |author-first=M. |author-last=Sharon |isbn=9789004123557 |publisher=Brill |pages=48–53 |editor-first=J.D. |editor-last=McAuliffe |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol4/page/n51/mode/2up}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2006|title=Ahl Al-Bayt|author-last=Leaman|author-first=O.|editor-last=Leaman|editor-first=O.|pages=16–17|url=https://archive.org/details/thequrananencyclopediaed.byoliverleaman_201909/page/n43/mode/2up}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Algar |author-first=H. |date=1984 |title=Āl-e ʿAbā |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=I |page=742 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-aba-the-family-of-the-cloak-i}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb |first1=Ismail |last1=Poonawala |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=2011 |volume=I/8 |pages=838–848 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429163734/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Fitzpatrick|editor1-first=Coeli|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up|encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God|editor2-last=Walker|editor2-first=Adam Hani|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2014|isbn=9781610691772|title=Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq  (c. 573–634)|author-first=Adam Hani|author-last=Walker|pages=1–4}}
* {{EI2 |last=Canard |first=Marius |author-link=Marius Canard |title=Fāṭimids |volume=2 |pages=850–862 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0218}}
{{refend}}
=== Journal articles ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andani |first=Khalil |title=A Survey of Ismaili Studies (Part 1): Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism |journal=Religion Compass |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=191–206 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/rec3.12205}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ruffle |first=Karen |date=2012 |title=May Fatimah Gather Our Tears: The Mystical and Intercessory Powers of Fatimah Al-Zahra in Indo-Persian, Shii Devotional Literature and Performance |url=https://ebookshia.com/books/view/2507/May+Fatimah+Gather+Our+Tears%3A+The+Mystical+and+Intercessory+Powers+of+Fatimah+al-Zahra+in+Indo-Persian%2C+Shi%E2%80%98i+Devotional+Literature+and+Performance |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=386–397 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-2010-021}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ruffle |first=Karen |date=2011 |title=May You Learn From Their Model: The Exemplary Father–Daughter Relationship of Mohammad and Fatima in South Asian Shiʿism |url=https://www.academia.edu/34132285 |journal=Journal of Persianate Studies |volume=4 |pages=12–29 |doi=10.1163/187471611X568267}}
{{refend}}
=== Theses ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Khetia |first=Vinay |title=Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources |date=2013 |publisher=Concordia University |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976817/ |page=}}
*{{cite thesis |author-last= |author-first= |title=The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought |publisher=Princeton University |last=Soufi |first=Denise Louise |date=1997 |degree=PhD |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529|id= {{ProQuest|304390529}}}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
=== Books ===
*{{cite book |last=Morrow |first=John Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufLaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism |date=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786458486 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMnFZOHkurcC&pg=PA138 |title=A Shi'ite Anthology |publisher=SUNY Press |date=1981 |isbn=9780873955102|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author=[[Karen Armstrong|Armstrong, Karen]] |title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Harper |date=1993 |isbn=0062508865 |location=San Francisco|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Ashraf |first=Shahid |title=Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvr. Ltd. |date=2005 |isbn=8126119403|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |title=Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1990 |isbn=9780195107999 |author-link=John Esposito |url-access=registration|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |isbn=9780195112344 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito|ref=none }}
* {{cite book|title=Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism|editor-first=J.A.|editor-last=Morrow|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicimageside0000unse/page/228/mode/2up|url-access=registration|isbn=9780786458486|year=2014|publisher=McFarland & Company|chapter=Fatimah|author-first=B.|author-last=Blomfield|pages=101–109}}
=== Shia sources ===
*{{cite book |last=Tahir-ul-Qadri |first=Muhammad |title=Virtues of Sayyedah Fatimah |publisher=Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications |date=2006 |isbn=9693202252|ref=none }}
* [http://roshd.org/eng/beliefs/index.asp?BEL_CODE=93 ''The Life of Fatimah''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327183659/http://www.roshd.org/eng/beliefs/index.asp?BEL_CODE=93|date=27 March 2013}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Naser Makarem Shirazi |author-last=Makarem Shirazi |author-first=Naser |url=http://al-islam.org/lady_fatima/ |title=Fatima az-Zahra', The World's Most Outstanding Lady|year=2015 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author-link=Ali Shariati |author-last=Shariati |author-first=Ali |url=http://www.al-islam.org/fatimaisfatima |title=Fatima is Fatima|year= 2021 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author-last=Ordoni |author-first=Abu Muhammad |url=http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm |title=Fatima (S.A) The Gracious|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528061043/http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm |archive-date=28 May 2008 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author-first=Muhammad Baqir |author-last=Majlisi |author-link=Muhammad Baqir Majlesi |date=2015 |url=http://www.theislamicseminary.org/wp/books/behar-al-anwar-volume-43-paperback-english-only/ |title=Behar al-Anwar |translator-link=Muhammad Shaykh Sarwar |translator-first=Muhammad |trans-title=Oceans of Light |translator-last=Sarwar |volume=43|isbn=9780991430840 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |chapter=Fatima's life |title=Muntahi al-Amal |title-link=Muntahi al-Amal |author-link=Abbas Qomi |author-first=Abbas |author-last=Qomi |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Fadlullah |first=Sayyid Muhammad Husayn |url=http://al-islam.org/fatimahrolemodel/ |title=Fatimah al-Ma'sumah (as): A Role Model for Men and Women |date=2012 |publisher=Al-Bakir Cultural & Social Centre |location=London |author-link=Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Ordoni |first=Abu Muhammad |title=Fatima the Gracious |author2=Muhammad Kazim Qazwini |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |date=1992 |asin=B000BWQ7N6 |ref=none }}
*{{cite journal |last=Parsa |first=Forough |date=2006 |title=فاطمهٔ زهرا سلامالله علیها در آثار خاورشناسان |trans-title=Fatima Zahra in the Works of Orientalists |journal=Nashr-e Dānesh |volume=22 |issue=1 |id=0259-9090 |ref=none }} (In Persian)
=== Sunni primary sources ===
*{{cite book |last=[[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Al-Bukhari]] |first=Muhammad |title=[[Sahih al-Bukhari]], Books 4, 5, 8 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Yarir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nKLr72nxO4C&q=You%2C+Fatimah%2C+were+born+at+the+time+when+the+Quraysh+were+building+the+Ka%27bah%3B+the+Prophet+was&pg=PA167 |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors: al-Tabari's Supplement to His History |date=1998 |publisher= |isbn=9780791428207 |location= |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=[[Ibn Hisham]] |first=Abdul Malik |title=Al-Seerah Al-Nabaweyah (السيرة النبوية&nbsp;– Biography of the Prophet) |publisher=Mustafa Al Babi Al Halabi (Egypt) |date=1955 |ref=none }} (In Arabic)
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Fatimah|wikt=no|n=no|s=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q180123|species=no}}
* [https://www.al-islam.org/life-fatimah-az-zahra-study-and-analysis-baqir-shareef-al-qurashi The Life of Fatimah Az-Zahra']
* [https://www.al-islam.org/virtues-sayyidah-fatimah-sa-dr-muhammad-tahir-ul-qadri The Virtues of Fatimah (sa)]
* [https://en.wikishia.net/view/Fidda Fidda]
{{Honoured women in Islam}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Fatima| ]]
[[Category:605 births]]
[[Category:632 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century women]]
[[Category:Muslim female saints]]
[[Category:People of the Quran]]
[[Category:Women companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Children of Muhammad]]
[[Category:The Fourteen Infallibles]]
[[Category:Ali]]
[[Category:Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]
[[Category:People from Mecca]]
[[Category:Wives of Shiite Imams]]
[[Category:Muslim figures favored in Shia Islam]]