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{{redirect|Entail}}
{{Short description|Form of trust in English common law}}
{{Property law}}
In English [[common law]], '''fee tail''' or '''entail''', is a form of [[trust law|trust]], established by deed or settlement, that restricts the sale or [[inheritance]] of an [[estate (law)|estate]] in [[real property]] and prevents that property from being sold, devised by [[will (law)|will]], or otherwise [[alienation (property law)|alienated]] by the tenant-in-possession, and instead causes it to pass automatically, by [[operation of law]], to an heir determined by the settlement deed. The terms ''fee tail'' and ''tailzie'' are from  [[Medieval Latin]] {{lang|la|feodum talliatum}}, which means "cut(-short) [[fiefdom|fee]]". Fee tail deeds are in contrast to "[[fee simple]]" deeds, possessors of which have an unrestricted title to the property, and are empowered to bequeath or dispose of it as they wish (although it may be subject to the [[allodial title]] of a monarch or of a governing body with the power of [[eminent domain]]). Equivalent legal concepts exist or formerly existed in many other European countries and elsewhere; in Scots law [[tailzie]] was codified in the [[Entail Act 1685]].
Most common law jurisdictions have abolished fee tails or greatly restricted their use. They survive in limited form in [[England]] and [[Wales]], but have been abolished in [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]], and all but four states of the [[United States]].
==Purpose==
The fee tail allowed a patriarch to perpetuate his blood-line, family-name, honour and armorials<ref>Frequently in default of a son and heir to the tenant-in-possession, the entail required the next male heir, if via a female line, to adopt the surname and arms of the patriarch, see for example [[Mark Rolle]]</ref> in the persons of a series of powerful and wealthy male descendants. By keeping his estate intact in the hands of one heir alone, in an ideally indefinite and pre-ordained chain of succession, his own wealth, power and family honour would not be dissipated amongst several male lines, as became the case for example in Napoleonic France by operation of the [[Napoleonic Code]] which gave each child the legal right to inherit an equal share of the patrimony, where a formerly great landowning family could be reduced in a few generations to a series of small-holders or peasant farmers. It therefore approaches the true [[corporation]] which is a legal body or person which does not die and continues in existence and can hold wealth indefinitely.
Indeed, as a form of trust, whilst the individual trustees may die, replacements are appointed and the trust itself continues, ideally indefinitely. In England almost seamless successions were made from patriarch to patriarch, the smoothness of which were often enhanced by baptising the eldest son and heir with his father's Christian name for several generations, for example the [[Baron FitzWarin|FitzWarin family]], all named Fulk. Such indefinite inalienable land-holdings were soon seen as restrictive on the optimum productive ability of land, which was often converted to deer-parks or pleasure grounds by the wealthy tenant-in-possession, which was damaging to the nation as a whole, and thus laws against perpetuities were enacted, which restricted entails to a maximum number of lives.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
An entail also had the effect of disallowing [[illegitimate child]]ren from inheriting. It created complications for many propertied families, especially from about the late 17th to the early 19th century, leaving many individuals wealthy in land but heavily in [[debt]], often due to annuities chargeable on the estate payable to the patriarch's widow and younger children, where the patriarch was swayed by sentiment not to establish a strict concentration of all his wealth in his heir leaving his other beloved relatives destitute. Frequently in such cases the generosity of the settlor left the entailed estate as an uneconomical enterprise, especially during times when the estate's fluctuating agricultural income had to provide for fixed sum annuities. Such impoverished tenants-in-possession were unable to realise in cash any part of their land or even to offer the property as security for a loan, to pay such annuities, unless sanctioned by private Act of Parliament  allowing such sale, which expensive and time-consuming mechanism was frequently resorted to. The ''beneficial owner'' (or tenant-in-possession) of the property in fact had only a [[life interest]] in it, albeit an absolute right to the income it generated, the ''legal owners'' being the trustees of the settlement, with the [[Remainder (law)|remainder]] passing intact to the next [[Inheritance|successor]] or [[heir]] in law; any purported bequest of the land by the tenant-in-possession was ineffective.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
==History==
Fee tail was established during [[feudal]] times by [[landed gentry]] to attempt to ensure that the high social standing of the family, as represented by a single patriarch, continued indefinitely. The concentration of the family's wealth into the hands of a single representative was essential to support this  process. Unless the heir had himself inherited the personal and intellectual strengths of the original great patriarch, often a great warrior, which alone had brought him from obscurity to greatness, he would soon sink again into obscurity, and required wealth to maintain his social standing. This feature of English gentry and aristocracy differs from the aristocracy which existed in pre-[[French Revolution|Revolution]] France, where all sons of a nobleman inherited his title and were thus inescapably members of a separate noble caste in society. Little-known, France then had one of the lowest ratios of noble families to population, in Europe. The accepted rule was however largely compensated by written or notarized wills which allowed fathers to favour, within certain limits, a first-born son. In England, [[primogeniture]] provided that an estate would be inherited entirely by the first-born legitimate son of a nobleman and that, accordingly, subsequent sons were born as mere gentlemen and [[commoner]]s.  Without the support of wealth, these younger sons might quickly descend into obscurity, and often did. On this eldest son was concentrated the honour of the family, and to him alone was granted all its wealth to support his role in that regard, by the process of the fee tail.
The effects of English primogeniture and entail have been significant plot details or themes in a number of notable works of English literature.<ref>See generally, Zouheir Jamoussi, ''Primogeniture and entail in England: A survey of their history and representation in literature'' (1999).<br /></ref> (See some examples cited below.)
===Statute of Westminster 1285===
The [[Statute of Westminster 1285|Statute of Westminster II]], passed in 1285, created and fixed the form of this estate. The new law was also formally called the statute ''[[De Donis Conditionalibus]]'' (Concerning Conditional Gifts).
===Opponents===
Fee tail was  never popular with the monarchy, the merchant class and many holders of entailed estates themselves who wished to sell or divide their land.{{cn|date=November 2023}}
===Abolition===
Fee tail as a legal [[estate (law)|estate]] in England was abolished by the [[Law of Property Act 1925]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Law|first1=Jonathan|title=A Dictionary of Law|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199664924|page=258|edition=Eighth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTrvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|access-date=16 April 2015}}</ref>
===Continuing use===
A fee tail can still exist in England and Wales as an equitable interest, behind a strict settlement; the legal estate is vested in the current 'tenant for life' or other person immediately entitled to the income, but on the basis that any capital money arising must be paid to the settlement trustees. A tenant in tail in possession can bar his fee tail by a simple disentailing deed, which does not now have to be enrolled. A tenant in tail in reversion (i.e., a [[future interest]] where the property is subject to prior life interest) needs the consent of the life tenant and any 'special protectors' to vest a [[reversion (law)|reversionary]] fee simple in himself. Otherwise he can only create a [[base fee]]; a base fee only confers a right to the property on its owner, when its creator would have become entitled to it; if its creator dies before he would have received it, the owner of the base fee gets nothing.   No new "fees tail" can now be created following the [[Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996]].<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/47/schedule/1/paragraph/5 Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 Schedule 1 Para 5]</ref>
In the US, [[conservation easement]]s are a form of entail still in use.
==Creation==
Traditionally, a fee tail was created by a trust established in a [[deed]], often a [[marriage settlement]], or in a will "to A and the heirs of his body". The crucial difference between the words of conveyance and the words that created a [[fee simple]] ("to A and his heirs") is that the heirs "in tail" must be the children begotten by the landowner. It was also possible to have "fee tail male", which only sons could inherit, and "fee tail female", which only daughters could inherit; and "fee tail special", which had a further condition of inheritance, usually restricting succession to certain "heirs of the body" and excluding others. Land subject to these conditions was said to be "entailed" or "held in-tail", with the restrictions themselves known as ''entailments''.
==Breaking of fee tail==
The breaking of a fee tail was simplified by the [[Fines and Recoveries Act 1833]],<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1833/cukpga_18330074_en_1#l1g3 Fines and Recoveries Act 1833 s.15]</ref> which allowed the holders of property in tail to file a disentailing assurance freeing them from its conditions; such a document needed to be enrolled. This obviated the previous method of breaking entails, the arcane legal fictions that enabled the system of [[common recovery]].
The requirement that a disentailing assurance should be enrolled was abolished in 1926.<ref>Law of Property Act 1925, s. 133.</ref>
==Mortgage of entailed lands==
Lending upon security of a [[mortgage law|mortgage]] on land in fee tail was risky, since at the death of the tenant-in-possession, his personal estate ceased to have any right to the estate or to the income it generated. The absolute right to the income generated by the estate passed by operation of law to parties who had no legal obligation to the lender, who therefore could not enforce payment of interest on the new tenants-in-possession. The largest estate a possessor in fee tail could convey to someone else was an estate for the term of the grantor's own life. If all went as planned, it was therefore  impossible for the succession of patriarchs to lose the land, which was the idea.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
==Failure of issue==
{{main|Failure of issue}}
Things did not always go as planned, however. Tenants-in-possession of entailed estates occasionally suffered "failure of issue" – that is, they had no legitimate children surviving them at the time of their deaths. In this situation the entailed land devolved to male cousins, i.e., back up and through the family tree to legitimate male descendants of former tenants-in-possession, or reverted to the last owner in fee simple, if still living. This situation produced complicated [[litigation]] and was an incentive for the production and maintenance of detailed and authoritative family pedigrees and supporting records of marriage, births, baptisms etc.
Depending on how the original deed or grant was worded, in the event of there being daughters but no sons, all the sisters might inherit jointly, it might pass to the eldest sister, it might be held in trust until one of them should produce a (legitimate) son, or it might pass to the next male-line relative (an uncle, say, or even a cousin, sometimes very distant). The last possibility, commonly called 'entailment to heirs male', is used in Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice''; the estate of Longbourn is entailed to a distant male cousin rather than the incumbent's five daughters or their offspring.
==Common recovery==
In the 15th century, lawyers devised  "[[common recovery]]", an elaborate legal procedure which used collaborative lawsuits and [[legal fiction]]s to "bar" a fee tail, that is to say to remove the restrictions of fee tail from land and to enable its conveyance in fee simple.  Biancalana's book ''The Fee Tail and the Common Recovery in Medieval England: 1176–1502'' (2001) discusses the procedure and its history at length.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Biancalana |title=The Fee Tail and the Common Recovery in Medieval England: 1176–1502 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521806466 }}</ref>
==Resettlement==
In the 17th and 18th centuries the practice arose whereby when the son came of age (at 21), he and his father acting together could bar the existing fee tail, and could then re-settle the land in fee tail, again on the father for life, then to the son for life and his heirs male successively, but at the same time making provision for annuities chargeable on the estate for the father's widow, daughters and younger sons, and most importantly, and as an incentive for the son to participate in the re-settlement, an income for the son during his father's lifetime. This process effectively evaded the law against perpetuities, as the entail in law had been terminated, but in practice continued. In this way an estate could stay in a family for many generations, yet emerged on re-settlement often fatally weakened, or much more susceptible to agricultural downturns, from the onerous annuities now chargeable on it.
==Formedon==
Formedon (or ''form down'' etc.) was a right of writ exercisable by a holder in fee for claiming property entailed by a lessee beyond the terms of his feoffment.{{clarify|date=April 2014}} A letter dated 1539 from the [[Lisle Letters]] describes the circumstances of its use:<ref>Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, (ed.) The Lisle Letters, 6 vols, University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 1981, vol.5, letter 1359, p.408, note 6</ref><blockquote>
I received your ladyship's letter by which ye willed me to speak with my Lady Coffyn for her title in East Haggynton in the county of Devon who had one estate in tail to him and to his heirs of her body begotten; and now he is dead without issue of his body so that the reversion should revert to Mr John Basset and to his heirs so there be no let nor discontinuance of the same made by Sir [[William Coffin (courtier)|William Coffyn]] in his life. Howbeit Mr Richard Coffyn, next heir to Sir William Coffyn, claimeth the same by his uncle's feoffment to him and to his heirs so that the law will put Mr John Basset from his entry and to compel him to take his action of ''form down'' which is much dilatory as Mr Basset knoweth</blockquote>
==Historical examples==
===Marquess of Hertford===
An English example of a fee tail may be the main estates of the wealthy art collector [[Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford]] (d. 1870). His only child was his illegitimate son, [[Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet]], to whom he left as much of his property as he could. The main land holdings and [[Ragley Hall]] were inherited by his distant cousin, [[Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford]], descended from a younger son of the [[Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford|1st Marquess]] who had died in 1794. Most of the 4th Marquess's art collection had been acquired by himself or his father, went to Wallace, and is now the [[Wallace Collection]]. Other works were covered by the fee tail, however, and passed to the 5th Marquess.
===Earl of Pembroke===
Another example was [[George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke]], who died in 1827. He had quarrelled with his eldest son, later the [[Robert Herbert, 12th Earl of Pembroke|12th Earl]], and left his unentailed estate to [[Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea]], his son by a second marriage.
==Fees tail in fiction==
Fees tail figure in the [[Plot (narrative)|plot]]s of several well known [[novel]]s and stories, particularly in the 19th century, including:
* ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' (1813) by [[Jane Austen]]
* ''[[Guy Mannering]]'' (1815) by [[Walter Scott]] – inheritance of an estate goes to an heir of [[tailzie]].<ref name="SND tailyie">{{cite web | title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: tailyie | website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language | date=26 August 2023 | url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/tailyie |quote=Heir of tailzie and provision to the estate of Ellangowan.| access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Middlemarch]]'' (1871–1872) by [[George Eliot]]
* ''[[The Belton Estate]]'' (1866) and ''[[Ralph the Heir]]'' (1871) by [[Anthony Trollope]]
* ''[[The Master of Ballantrae]]'' (1889) by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]
* ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]'' (1886) by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] mentions it by implication in a dispute over the House of Shaws that drives the plot
* ''[[The Adventure of the Priory School]]'' by [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]
* ''[[Brideshead Revisited]]'' by [[Evelyn Waugh]]
* ''[[Wideacre]]'' by [[Philippa Gregory]]
* ''[[The Quincunx]]'' by [[Charles Palliser]] (written in 1989, but it takes the form of a Dickensian mystery set in early-19th-century England)
* ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' by [[Julian Fellowes]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruhl |first=J.B. |date=2015 |title=The Tale of the Fee Tail in ''Downtown Abbey'' |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/valewenb68&i=131 |journal=Vanderbilt Law Review en Banc |volume=68 |pages=131–142 |url-access=subscription |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> (written in 2009–2015, but set in England in the period 1912–1927)
* ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' by Harper Lee (referred to as an "entailment")
* ''[[Wives and Daughters]]''  by [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]
===''Pride and Prejudice''===
''Pride and Prejudice'' contains a particularly thorny example of the kind of problems which could arise through the entailing of property. Mr. Bennet, the father of protagonist [[Elizabeth Bennet]], had only a life interest in the Longbourn estate, the family's home and principal source of income. He had no authority to dictate to whom it should pass upon his death, as it was strictly arranged to be inherited by the next [[male heir]]. Had Mr. Bennet fathered a son it would have passed to him, but since he did not it could not pass to any of his five daughters.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dixon|first1=Martin|title=Modern Land Law|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317821458|edition=Ninth|page=8 (footnote)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro78AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Instead, the next nearest male heir would inherit the property—Mr. Bennet's cousin, William Collins, a boorish minister in his mid-twenties. The inheritance of the Longbourn property completely excluded the five Bennet daughters, who were thus to lose their home and income upon their father's death. The need for the daughters to make a good marriage to ensure their future security is a key motivation for many episodes in the novel. Many fees tail arose from wills, rather than from marriage settlements which usually made some provision for daughters. Austen was very familiar with the law of entail; her brother, Edward, had inherited similarly entailed estates at [[Chawton]], [[Godmersham]] and [[Winchester]] from distant cousins under the will of Elizabeth Knight, who died in 1737.<ref name=grover>{{cite journal|last1=Grover|first1=Christine|title=Edward Knight's Inheritance: The Chawton, Godmersham, and Winchester Estates|journal=Persuasions|date=2013|volume=34|issue=1|url=http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/on-line/vol34no1/grover.html|access-date=17 April 2015|publisher=Jane Austen Society of North America}}</ref>
Law professor Maureen B. Collins (2017)<ref>Maureen B. Collins, "[http://www.jasna.org/publications/persuasions-online/vol38no1/collins/ The Law of Jane: Legal Issues in Austen’s Life and Novels]", ''Persuasions On-line'' 38.1 (Winter 2017).</ref> cites several other authors debating the accuracy of Austen's depiction of the entailment, including Appel (2013),<ref>Appel, Peter A. "[http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1958&context=fac_artchop A Funhouse Mirror of Law: The Entailment in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice]", Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 41.3 (2013): 609–636.</ref> Treitel (1984),<ref>Treitel, G. H. "Jane Austen and the Law". ''The Law Quarterly Review'' 100 (1984): 549–586.</ref> Redmond (1989),<ref>Luanne Bethke Redmond, "[http://www.jasna.org/publications/persuasions/no11/redmond/ Land, Law and Love]", ''Persuasions'' 11 (1989): 46–52</ref> and Grover (2014).<ref name=grover/>
==Other countries==
===Scotland===
In [[Scots law]], the word ''[[tailzie]]'' "comes from the French Word ''tailier'', to cut," implying "cutting the ordinary Line of Succession, and giving the Estate to others than those to whom it would have descended by Law." By the late 18th century it was also known as ''entail'', but the archaic spelling continued in law books.<ref name="SND tailyie2">{{cite web | title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: tailyie | website=Dictionaries of the Scots Language | date=26 August 2023 | url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/tailyie |quote=Sc. 1734 J. Spotiswood Hope's Practicks 400: The Custom of tailzying Estates came from Normandy, and the Word Tailzie comes from the French Word tailier, to cut, importing a cutting the ordinary Line of Succession, and giving the Estate to others than those to whom it would have descended by Law.| access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> The [[Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000]] (section 50) abolished all feudal tenures including the entail.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2000/5/section/50 ''Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act'' 2000, section 50.]</ref> Today, the doctrines of ''[[legitime|legitim]]'' and ''[[jus relictae]]'' restrict owners from willing property out of their family when they die with children or have a surviving partner.
A Scottish example of entail is the case of [[Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton]], who in 1895 inherited from the 12th Duke, his fourth cousin, who had attempted to marry his daughter to the heir.{{clarify|date=August 2023}}{{cn|date=August 2023}}
===Ireland===
In the [[Republic of Ireland]], Section 13 of the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009 largely abolished the fee tail and converted existing fees tail to [[fee simple|fees simple]].<ref>[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/act/pub/0027/sec0013.html#sec13 ''Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act'' 2009, section 13.]</ref> For constitutional reasons, this section is subject to a saving clause which prevents the conversion of fees tail to fees simple where the protector of the settlement is still alive. Therefore, some fees tail still exist in the state.
===United States===
The fee tail has been abolished in all but four states in the [[United States]]: [[Massachusetts]], [[Maine]], [[Delaware]] and [[Rhode Island]]. However, in the first three states, property can be sold or deeded as any other property would be, with the fee tail only applying in case of death without a will. In Rhode Island, a fee tail is treated as a [[life estate]] with remainder in the life tenant's children. [[New York (state)|New York]] abolished fee tail in 1782, while many other states within the U.S. never recognized it at all. In most states in the United States, an attempt to create a fee tail results in a [[fee simple]]; even in those four states that still allow fee tail, the estate holder may convert his fee tail to a fee simple during his lifetime by executing a deed.
In [[Louisiana]], the common law concept of estates in land never existed.  The concept of [[forced heirship]] and the marital portion protects force heirs and surviving spouses from total divestment of value of the estate of the decedent, who has a duty to provide for their care.
Fee tail-like restrictions still exist though contractual obligations. For example, owners of [[inholdings]] inside public lands may be prevented from selling or giving their land to non-family members. In this case, the restrictions result from an agreement between the government and the land owner, and is not a part of a deed or settlement.
===Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth===
In the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and later in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], fee tail estates were called ''ordynacja'' ({{IPA|pl|ɔrdɨˈnatsja|lang}}; landed property in ''fideicommis''). ''Ordynacja'' was an economic institution for governing of landed property introduced in late 16th century by king [[Stefan Batory]]. ''Ordynacja'' was abolished by the [[agricultural reform]] in the [[People's Republic of Poland]]. ''Ordynat'' was the [[title]] of the principal [[heir]] of ''ordynacja''.
According to the rules of ''ordynacja'', which became a statute approved by the [[Sejm]]<!--when?-->, the estate was not to be divided between the heirs but inherited in full by the eldest son ([[primogeniture]]).<ref name=hist>Peter Paul Bajer. "[http://www.szlachta.org/2radziwill.htm Short history of the Radziwill Family]" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231031433/http://www.szlachta.org/2radziwill.htm |date=2006-12-31}}</ref> Women were excluded from inheritance ([[Salic Law]]).<ref name=hist/> ''Ordynacja'' could not be sold or [[Mortgage loan|mortgaged]].<ref name=hist/>
''Ordynacja'' was similar to the French law of ''[[majorat]]'' or German and Scandinavian ''fideicommis'',<!-- Link to [[fee tail]] removed - not mentioned at that article --> and succession to such resembles that of British [[peerages]].
Many Polish [[magnate]]s' fortunes were based on ''ordynacja'', among them those of the [[Radziwiłł]]s, [[Zamoyski]]s, [[Czartoryski]]s, [[Potocki]]s and [[Lubomirski]]s. Most important ''ordynacja'' were veritable little [[principalities]]. The earliest and most extensive ''ordynacjas'' include:
* [[Ordynacje Radziwiłłów]], created for [[Mikołaj VII Radziwiłł]], [[Albrecht Radziwiłł]] and [[Stanisław Radziwiłł]] in 1589, centered on [[Olyka]], [[Nesvizh]], and [[Kletsk]]
* {{ill|Ostrogski Family Fee Tail|lt=Ordynacja Ostrogska|pl|Ordynacja Ostrogska}}, created for [[Janusz Ostrogski]] in 1609, later inherited by the [[Zaslawski]], [[Lubomirski]] and [[Sanguszko]] families, centered on [[Ostroh]]
* [[Ordynacja Zamojska]], created for [[Jan Zamoyski]] in 1589, centered on [[Zamość]]
* {{ill|Ordynacja Jarosławska|pl}}, created for [[Rafał Jarosławski]] in 1470, centered on [[Jarosław]]
* {{ill|Ordynacja Pińczowska|pl}}, created for Piotr and {{ill|Zygmunt Gonzaga Myszkowski|lt=Zygmunt Myszkowski|pl}} in 1601, later inherited by the [[Wielopolski family]], centered on [[Pińczów]]
===Other===
Other European legal systems had comparable devices to keep estates together, especially in Spain and Northern European countries like [[Prussia]]. They are derived from ''[[fideicommissum]]'', a legal institution in [[Roman law]]. Unlike most of the English aristocracy, the [[Prussian Junkers|Prussian ''junkers'']] supported fees tail, and succeeded in reinstating them in 1853, after they had been abolished in a recent Constitution. In Germany and Austria the ''Familienfideikommiss'' was only abolished in 1938, and in [[Scandinavia]] they persisted even later – a few old Swedish fees tail still remain in force, though no new ones may be established. For the law of German and Austrian fideicommissa in particular, an 862-page manual by the German legal scholar [[Philipp Knipschildt]], entitled ''Tractatus de fideicommissis nobilium familiarum – von Stammgütern'' ({{Google books|V2tBAAAAcAAJ|De fideicommissis}}), was the standard reference work. First published in 1654, this grand systematization of existing legal opinion was frequently reprinted and continued to be consulted until well into the 19th century.
==See also==
* [[Reichserbhofgesetz]]
* [[Rule in Wild's Case]]
* [[Taltarum's Case]]
* [[Easement]]
== References ==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|last=Bell
|first=William
|title=Dictionary and Digest, Law of Scotland, with Short Explanations of the most Ordinary English Law Terms
|edition=Revised and Corrected with Numerous Additions by George Ross
|pages=328
|year=1861
|publisher=Bell & Bradfute
|location=Edinburgh
}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Fee Tail and the Common Recovery in Medieval England 1176–1502
|first=Joseph
|last=Biancalana
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-511-01631-X
|url=http://library.uc.edu.kh/userfiles/pdf/40.The%20Fee%20tail%20and%20the%20common%20recovery%20in%20medieval%20England%201176-1502.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806212538/http://library.uc.edu.kh/userfiles/pdf/40.The%20Fee%20tail%20and%20the%20common%20recovery%20in%20medieval%20England%201176-1502.pdf
|archive-date=2022-08-06}}
* {{cite book
|last=Cahill
|first=James C.
|title=The Cyclopedic Law Dictionary
|url=https://archive.org/details/cyclopediclawdi00longgoog
|edition=2nd
|pages=353
|year=1922
|publisher=Callaghan and Company
|location=Chicago
}} (1st edition by Walter A. Shumaker and George Foster Longsdorf)
* {{cite book |first1=Barbara |last1=English |first2=John |last2=Saville |title=Strict Settlement: A Guide for Historians |url=https://archive.org/details/strictsettlement0000engl |url-access=registration |place=Hull |publisher=University of Hull Press |year=1983 |isbn=9780859584395 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fee Tail}}
[[Category:Inheritance]]
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[[Category:Scots law legal terminology]]
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