View source for Ferae

{{Short description|A clade of mammals consisting of carnivorans and pholidotes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Ferae
|fossil_range = {{fossil_range|79.47|0}} Late [[Cretaceous]] to [[Holocene|present]]<ref name="Heighton2023">Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528682v1 "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"]</ref>
|image = Ferae.png
|taxon = Ferae
|authority = Linnaeus, 1758<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://linnean-online.org/159439/ |title='Ferae' – The Linnean Collections |website=linnean-online.org |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
|subdivision = {{center|[see [[#Taxonomy|classification]]]}}
|synonyms = {{collapsible list |bullets=true |title=list of synonyms:
|Carnaria {{small|(Haeckel, 1866)}}<ref>Haeckel, Ernst (1866.) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52177#page/11/mode/1up "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen."] Berlin: Georg Reimer.</ref>
|Carnassia {{small|(Haeckel, 1895)}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Ernst |last=Haeckel |title=Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere |url=https://archive.org/details/systematischephy03haec/page/601 |year=1895 |location=Berlin |publisher=G. Reimer |volume=T.3 |language=de}}</ref>
|Carnivora {{small|(Zagorodniuk, 2008)}}<ref>Zagorodniuk, I. (2008.) [https://www.academia.edu/27585773/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_Scientific_names_of_mammalian_orders_from_descriptive_to_uniform_ "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform"] Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. P. 33-43</ref>
|Carnivoramorpha {{small|(Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992)}}<ref>Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.</ref>
|Ferina {{small|(Newman, 1843)}}<ref>Edward Newman (1843.) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/123076#page/7/mode/1up "The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)"], London, J. Van Voorst</ref>
|Ostentoria {{small|(Amrine-Madsen, 2003)}}<ref name="Amrine-madsen2003">{{cite journal |author=Amrine-madsen, H. |author2=Koepfli, K.P. |author3=Wayne, R.K. |author4=Springer, M.S. |year=2003 |title=A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0 |pmid=12878460 |pages=225–240}}</ref>
|Rapacia {{small|(Newman, 1843)}}
|Sarcotheria {{small|(Haeckel, 1895)}}
}}
}}
'''Ferae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɪər|iː}} {{respell|FEER|ee}}, {{IPA|la|ˈfɛrae̯|lang}}, "wild beasts") is a [[mirorder]] of [[Placentalia|placental mammals]]<ref name="McKenna 1975 21–46">{{cite book |last=McKenna |first=M. C. |date=1975 |chapter=Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia |pages=21–46 |editor1-first=W. P. |editor1-last=Luckett |editor2-first=F. S. |editor2-last=Szalay |title=Phylogeny of the Primates |publisher=Plenum |location=New York}}</ref><ref name=McKenna/> in grandorder [[Ferungulata]], that groups together clades '''Pan-Carnivora''' (that includes [[carnivora]]ns and their fossil relatives) and [[Pholidotamorpha]] ([[pangolin]]s and their fossil relatives).
== General characteristics ==
=== In mirorder Ferae ===
The common feature for members of this mirorder is ossified [[tentorium cerebelli]] and the fusion of the [[scaphoid]] and [[lunate bone|lunate]] bones in the wrist.<ref name="Solé2013">Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) [https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=4346&file=1&pid=4283 "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story"] Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Gaudin |first1=Timothy J. |title=Chapter 1 – Evolution and morphology |date=2020-01-01 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128155073000010 |work=Pangolins |pages=5–23 |editor-last=Challender |editor-first=Daniel W. S. |series=Biodiversity of World: Conservation from Genes to Landscapes |publisher=Academic Press |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-815507-3.00001-0 |isbn=978-0-12-815507-3 |access-date=2020-02-26 |last2=Gaubert |first2=Philippe |last3=Billet |first3=Guillaume |last4=Hautier |first4=Lionel |last5=Ferreira-Cardoso |first5=Sérgio |last6=Wible |first6=John R. |s2cid=214085088 |editor2-last=Nash |editor2-first=Helen C. |editor3-last=Waterman |editor3-first=Carly}}</ref>
{{multiple image
|align = center
|total_width = 1000
|image1 = Manus of Patriomanis.jpg
|caption1 = {{center|forefoot of ''[[Patriomanis|Patriomanis americana]]''}}
|image2 = Vulpavus profectus fore foot.jpg
|caption2 = {{center|forefoot of ''[[Vulpavus|Vulpavus profectus]]''}}
|image3= Thinocyon medius fore foot.jpg
|caption3 = {{center|forefoot of<br>''[[Thinocyon|Thinocyon medius]]''}}
|image4 = Patriofelis ferox right manus.jpg
|caption4 = {{center|forefoot of ''[[Patriofelis|Patriofelis ferox]]''}}
}}
=== In clade Pan-Carnivora ===
The common features for members of clade Pan-Carnivora are:
* [[heterodont]] teeth that are sharp and for cutting meat,
* canine teeth that are usually large, conical, pointed, thick and stress resistant,
* and presence of the [[Carnassial|carnassial teeth]].
Carnassials are feature that allows distinguishing the [[Carnivoramorpha]], [[Oxyaenodonta]] and [[Hyaenodonta]] from the other carnivorous placental mammals.<ref name="Solé2013"/> However, these mammals are distinguished between themselves based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P<sub>4</sub> and m<sub>1</sub>, in Oxyaenodonta are M<sub>1</sub> and m<sub>2</sub>, and in Hyaenodonta and close relatives are M<sub>2</sub> and m<sub>3</sub>. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet.<ref name="Solé2013"/>
{{multiple image
|align = center
|total_width = 1000
|image1 = Comparison of Carnivoran and Creodont Carnassials.png
|caption1 = {{center|Comparison of carnassial teeth of a carnivoran ([[wolf]]), a hyaenodontid (''[[Hyaenodon]]'') and an oxyaenid (''[[Oxyaena]]'')}}
|image2 = Sinopa viverrina (Cope, 1874).jpg
|caption2 = {{center|lower jaws of ''[[Wyolestes|Wyolestes dioctes]]''}}
|image3 = Simidectes medius.jpg
|caption3 = {{center|lower jaw of ''[[Simidectes|Simidectes medius]]''}}
}}
== Classification and phylogeny ==
=== Sister groups to Ferae ===
According to recent studies, the closest relatives of Ferae are members of clade [[Pan-Euungulata]] (group that includes mirorder [[Ungulate|Euungulata]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Robin MD |last2=Bininda-Emonds |first2=Olaf RP |last3=Cardillo |first3=Marcel |last4=Liu |first4=Fu-Guo |last5=Purvis |first5=Andy |title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=13 November 2006 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=93 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 |pmid=17101039 |pmc=1654192 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhou, X. |year=2011 |title=Phylogenomic analysis resolves the interordinal relationships and rapid diversification of the Laurasiatherian mammals |journal=[[Systematic Biology]] |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 |url= |volume=61 |pages=150–64 |pmid=21900649 |pmc=3243735 |issue=1 |display-authors=etal}} (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011)</ref> and extinct genus ''[[Protungulatum]]''). Together they form grandorder [[Ferungulata]].
An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relative to Ferae is order [[Perissodactyla]], with whom they form a clade [[Zooamata]]. Together, clade Zooamata and order [[Bat|Chiroptera]] form clade [[Pegasoferae]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603797103 |year=2006 |author=Nishihara, H. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |pages=9929–34 |pmid=16785431 |last2=Hasegawa |first2=M |last3=Okada |first3=N |issue=26 |pmc=1479866 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.9929N |doi-access=free}}</ref> and Pegasoferae is sister taxon to order [[Artiodactyl]]a within clade [[Scrotifera]]. However, subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support this proposal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Matthee |first1=Conrad A. |last2=Eick |first2=Geeta |last3=Willows-Munro |first3=Sandi |last4=Montgelard |first4=Claudine |last5=Pardini |first5=Amanda T. |last6=Robinson |first6=Terence J. |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.002 |title=Indel evolution of mammalian introns and the utility of non-coding nuclear markers in eutherian phylogenetics |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=42 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pmid=17101283 |pmc= |pages=827–837}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/10635150701491149 |last1=Springer |first1=M.S. |last2=Burk-Herrick |first2=A. |last3=Meredith |first3=R. |last4=Eizirik |first4=E. |last5=Teeling |first5=E. |last6=O'Brien |first6=S.J. |last7=Murphy |first7=W.J. |year=2007 |title=The adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2007-08_56_4/page/673|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=56 |issue=4 |pmid=17661234 |pages=673–684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kitazoe |first1=Yasuhiro |last2=Kishino |first2=Hirohisa |last3=Waddell |first3=Peter J. |last4=Nakajima |first4=Noriaki |last5=Okabayashi |first5=Takahisa |last6=Watabe |first6=Teruaki |last7=Okuhara |first7=Yoshiyasu |editor1-last=Hahn |editor1-first=Matthew |title=Robust Time Estimation Reconciles Views of the Antiquity of Placental Mammals |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000384 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=e384 |year=2007 |pmid=17440620 |pmc=1849890|bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..384K |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Xuming |last2=Xu |first2=Shixia |last3=Xu |first3=Junxiao |last4=Chen |first4=Bingyao |last5=Zhou |first5=Kaiya |last6=Yang |first6=Guang |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 |title=Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pmid=21900649 |pmc=3243735 |pages=150–164}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 |last1=Tsagkogeorga |first1=G |last2=Parker |first2=J |last3=Stupka |first3=E |last4=Cotton |first4=JA |last5=Rossiter |first5=SJ |year=2013 |title=Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera) |journal=Current Biology |volume=23 |pmid=24184098 |issue=22 |pages=2262–2267|s2cid=9133016 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Position of pangolins and creodonts within clade ===
[[Pangolin]]s were long thought to be the closest relatives of [[aardvark]] and [[xenarthra]]ns, forming to the now obsolete order [[Edentata]]. Research based on immunodiffusion technique<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shoshani |first=J. |date=1986-05-01 |title=Mammalian phylogeny: comparison of morphological and molecular results. |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/3/3/222/982658 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=222–242 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040389 |pmid=3127652 |issn=0737-4038|doi-access=free }}</ref> and comparison of protein and DNA sequences<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shoshani |first1=Jeheskel |last2=Goodman |first2=Morris |last3=Czelusniak |first3=John |last4=Braunitzer |first4=Gerhard |chapter=A Phylogeny of Rodentia and Other Eutherian Orders: Parsimony Analysis Utilizing Amino Acid Sequences of Alpha and Beta Hemoglobin Chains |date=1985 |editor-last=Luckett |editor-first=W. Patrick |editor2-last=Hartenberger |editor2-first=Jean-Louis |title=Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents |series=NATO Advanced Science Institutes (ASI) Series |language=en |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |pages=191–210 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-0539-0_7 |isbn=978-1-4899-0539-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Madsen |first1=Ole |last2=Scally |first2=Mark |last3=Douady |first3=Christophe J. |last4=Kao |first4=Diana J. |last5=DeBry |first5=Ronald W. |last6=Adkins |first6=Ronald |last7=Amrine |first7=Heather M. |last8=Stanhope |first8=Michael J. |last9=de Jong |first9=Wilfried W. |last10=Springer |first10=Mark S. |year=2001 |title=Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35054544 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=409 |issue=6820 |pages=610–614 |doi=10.1038/35054544 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=11214318 |bibcode=2001Natur.409..610M |s2cid=4398233}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=2 |last1=Murphy |first1=William J. |last2=Eizirik |first2=Eduardo |last3=O'Brien |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Madsen |first4=Ole |last5=Scally |first5=Mark |last6=Douady |first6=Christophe J. |last7=Teeling |first7=Emma |last8=Ryder |first8=Oliver A. |last9=Stanhope |first9=Michael J. |last10=de Jong |first10=Wilfried W. |last11=Springer |first11=Mark S. |date=2001-12-14 |title=Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.1067179 |pmid=11743200 |bibcode=2001Sci...294.2348M |volume=294 |issue=5550 |pages=2348–2351|s2cid=34367609}}</ref> revealed the close relationships between pangolins and [[carnivora]]ns, with whom they also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified [[tentorium cerebelli]] and the fusion of the [[scaphoid]] and [[lunate bone|lunate]] bones in the wrist. The [[last common ancestor]] of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.<ref name="Heighton2023"/>
While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order [[Creodonta]] into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to order Carnivora.<ref name="McKenna 1975 21–46"/> The ''Halliday et al. (2015)'' phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of [[Paleocene]] placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to [[Pholidotamorpha]] (pangolins and their stem-relatives).<ref name="HallidayUpchurch2015"/> However, recent studies have shown that Creodonta is an invalid [[polyphyletic]] taxon. Members of this group are now part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to [[Carnivoramorpha]] (carnivorans and their stem-relatives), split in two groups: order [[Oxyaenidae|Oxyaenodonta]] on one side and on the other side order [[Hyaenodonta]] plus its stem-relatives, like family [[Wyolestes|Wyolestidae]] (that only contains genus ''[[Wyolestes]]''),<ref>S. P. Zack, K. D. Rose, M. O'Leary (2022.) "New information on the enimgmatic ''Wyolestes'' and the affinities of genus", in [https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-SVP-Program-Abstract-Brochure_Preliminary.pdf "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"]</ref> genus ''[[Simidectes]]''<ref>S. P. Zack and S. Tomiya (2016.) "New postcrania clarify the affinities of the unusual Eocene mammal ''Simidectes''", in [https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP-2016-Program-Book-v10-with-covers.pdf "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 76th annual meeting"]</ref><ref name="Tomiya2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Tomiya |first1=S. |last2=Zack |first2=S. P. |last3=Spaulding |first3=M. |last4=Flynn |first4=J. J. |title=Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world |year=2021 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=Supplement S82 |pages=1–115 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.74|hdl=2433/274918 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and clade made of genera ''[[Altacreodus]]'' and ''[[Tinerhodon]]''.<ref name=Matthew2017>{{Cite journal |last1=Borths |first1=Matthew R |last2=Stevens |first2=Nancy J |date=2017 |title=Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia) |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2017/2056-deciduous-hyaenodont-teeth |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=55A |doi=10.26879/776 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Sandrine2017">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/ede.12219|title=Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria,Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars|year=2017|last1=Solé|first1=Floréal|last2=Ladevèze|first2=Sandrine|journal=Evolution & Development|volume=19|issue=2|pages=56–68|pmid=28181377|s2cid=46774007}}</ref><ref name="Prevosti2018">Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-03701-1_1 "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"]</ref><ref name=Simbakubwa>{{Cite journal |author1=Matthew R. Borths |author2=Nancy J. Stevens |year=2019 |title=''Simbakubwa kutokaafrika'', gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=e1570222 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E0222B |s2cid=145972918 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/8009951 }}</ref><ref name=Geodiversitas4213>{{Cite journal |author1=Floréal Solé |author2=Bernard Marandat |author3=Fabrice Lihoreau |year=2020 |title=The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=42 |issue=13 |pages=185–214 |doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13 |s2cid=219585388 |url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/42/13|doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Taxonomy ===
{|class="wikitable"
! Former classification (McKenna & Bell, 1997):<ref name=McKenna>{{cite book |last1=McKenna |first1=M. C. |last2=Bell |first2=S. K. |title=Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-231-52853-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS7FZkzIw-cC |access-date=2024-09-16 |pages=631}}</ref> !! Current classification:
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{{Tree list}}
* Grandorder: '''Ferae''' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
** Order: [[Carnivora]] {{small|(Bowdich, 1821)}} (carnivorans)
** Order: '''[[Cimolesta]]''' {{small|(McKenna, 1975)}}
*** Suborder: [[Pangolin|Pholidota]] {{small|(Weber, 1904)}} (pangolins)
*** Suborder: †[[Apatemyidae|Apatotheria]] {{small|(Scott & Jepsen, 1936)}}
*** Suborder: †[[Didelphodonta]] {{small|(McKenna, 1975)}}
*** Suborder: †[[Ernanodontidae|Ernanodonta]] {{small|(Ding, 1987)}}
*** Suborder: †[[Pantodonta]] {{small|(Cope, 1873)}}
*** Suborder: †[[Pantolesta]] {{small|(McKenna, 1975)}}
*** Suborder: †[[Taeniodonta]] {{small|(Cope, 1876)}}
*** Suborder: †[[Tillodontia]] {{small|(Marsh, 1875)}}
*** Family: †[[Palaeoryctidae]] {{small|(Winge, 1917)}}
*** "Subfamily:" †[[Wyolestes|Wyolestinae]] {{small|(Gingerich, 1981)}}
*** Genus: †''[[Alostera]]'' {{small|(Fox, 1989)}}
*** Genus: †''[[Avitotherium]]'' {{small|(Cifelli, 1990)}}
*** Genus: †''[[Pararyctes]]'' {{small|(Van Valen, 1966)}}
*** Genus: †''[[Ravenictis]]'' {{small|(Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)}}
** Order: †'''[[Creodonta]]''' {{small|(Cope, 1875)}} (false carnivorans)
*** Family: †[[Hyaenodonta|Hyaenodontidae]] {{small|(Leidy, 1869)}}
*** Family: †[[Oxyaenidae]] {{small|(Cope, 1877)}}
*** "Subfamily:" †[[Koholia|Koholiinae]] {{small|(Crochet, 1988)}}
*** Genus: †''[[Prionogale]]'' {{small|(Schmidt-Kittler & Heizmann, 1991)}}
{{tree list/end}}
|
{{Tree list}}
* Mirorder: '''Ferae''' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
** ''Clade'': '''Pan-Carnivora''' {{small|(Flynn, Wyss & Wolsan, 2020)}}<ref name="Kevin2020">J. J. Flynn, A. R. Wyss and M. Wolsan (2020.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341065957_Pan-Carnivora_J_J_Flynn_A_R_Wyss_and_M_Wolsan_new_clade_name "''Pan-Carnivora'', new clade name"] In book: Phylonyms (pp.979–982)</ref>
*** ''Clade'': [[Carnivoramorpha]] {{small|(Wyss & Flynn, 1993)}} (carnivorans and stem-relatives)
*** Order: †'''[[Oxyaenidae|Oxyaenodonta]]''' {{small|(Van Valen, 1971)}}
**** Family: †[[Oxyaenidae]] {{small|(Cope, 1877)}}
*** (unranked): †'''Hyaenodonta''' [''[[sensu lato]]'']
**** Order: †[[Hyaenodonta]] [''[[sensu stricto]]''] {{small|(Van Valen, 1967)}}
**** Family: †[[Wyolestes|Wyolestidae]] {{small|(Gingerich, 1981)}}
**** (unranked): †'''''Altacreodus''/''Tinerhodon'' clade'''
***** Genus: †''[[Altacreodus]]'' {{small|(Fox, 2015)}}
***** Genus: †''[[Tinerhodon]]'' {{small|(Gheerbrant, 1995)}}
**** Genus: †''[[Simidectes]]'' {{small|(Stock, 1933)}}
** ''Clade'': '''[[Pholidotamorpha]]''' {{small|(Gaudin, 2009)}}
*** (unranked): '''Pholidota''' [''sensu lato'']
**** Order: [[Pangolin|Pholidota]] [''sensu stricto''] {{small|(Weber, 1904)}} (pangolins)
**** Order: †[[Palaeanodonta]] {{small|(Matthew, 1918)}} (stem-pangolins)
** Order: †[[Pantolesta]] {{small|(McKenna, 1975)}}
{{tree list/end}}
|}
==== Alternative classification and possible fossil members ====
In ''Halliday et al. (2015)'' various enigmatic Palaeocene [[eutheria]]n mammals have been proposed to be possible members of Ferae, like members of orders [[Mesonychia]], [[Pantodonta]] and [[Taeniodonta]], and families [[Arctocyonidae]], [[Didelphodontidae]], [[Nyctitheriidae]], [[Palaeoryctidae]], [[Periptychidae]] and [[Triisodontidae]].<ref name="HallidayUpchurch2015">{{cite journal |last1=Halliday |first1=Thomas J. D. |last2=Upchurch |first2=Paul |last3=Goswami |first3=Anjali |title=Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=92 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=521–550 |issn=1464-7931 |doi=10.1111/brv.12242 |pmid=28075073 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473028/1/Halliday_et_al-Biological_Reviews.pdf |pmc=6849585}}</ref> Mesonychians are proposed to be a sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids were [[polyphyletic]], with genera ''[[Arctocyon]]'' and ''[[Loxolophus]]'' as a sister taxa to pantodonts and periptychids, ''[[Goniacodon]]'' and ''[[Eoconodon]]'' sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, and other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctids.<ref name="HallidayUpchurch2015"/> This enlarged Ferae was also found to be the sister group to order [[Bat|Chiroptera]],<ref name="HallidayUpchurch2015"/> even though recent studies dispute this classification.<ref name="Zachos2020">Frank Zachos (2020.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342895181_Mammalian_Phylogenetics_A_Short_Overview_of_Recent_Advances "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances"], In book: "Mammals of Europe – Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31–48)</ref><ref name="Xue2021">Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790320303377?via%3Dihub "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships"], Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Mammal classification]]
* [[Ferungulata]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Pan-Carnivora|P.|state=collapsed}}
{{Pholidotamorpha}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q20868}}
[[Category:Ferae| ]]
[[Category:Mammal unranked clades]]