View source for Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany

{{Short description|Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1859 to 1860}}
{{Expand German|topic=bio|Ferdinand IV. (Toskana)|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name                 = Ferdinand IV
| image                = FerdinandTuscany.jpg
| caption              =
| reign                = 21 July 1859 &ndash; 22 March 1860
| succession = [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| predecessor          = [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Leopold II]]
| successor            =
| spouse               = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Princess Anna of Saxony (1836–1859)|Princess Anna of Saxony]]<br/>|24 November 1856|10 February 1859|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|Princess Alice of Parma|11 January 1868}}
}}
| issue                = {{plainlist|
*[[Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria (1858–1883)|Archduchess Maria Antonia]]
*[[Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Leopold Ferdinand]]
*[[Archduchess Louise of Austria|Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony]]
*[[Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Josef Ferdinand]]
*[[Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Peter Ferdinand]]
*Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand
*Anna Maria, Princess of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein
* Archduchess Margareta Maria
* Archduchess Germana Maria
* Archduke Robert Ferdinand
* Archduchess Agnes Maria
}}
| issue-link           = #Family and children
| issue-pipe           =
| full name            = {{Plainlist}}
* {{Langx|it|Ferdinando Salvatore Maria Giuseppe Giovan Battista Francesco Luigi Gonzaga Raffaello Ranieri Gennaro}}
* {{Langx|de|Ferdinand Salvator Maria Joseph Johann Baptist Franz Ludwig Gonzaga Raphael Rainerius Gennarius}}
{{Endplainlist}}
| house                = [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburg-Lorraine]]
| father               = [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| mother               = [[Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies]]
| birth_date        = 10 June 1835
| birth_place       = [[Florence]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1908|01|17|1835|6|10|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[Salzburg]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| burial_place =
| religion             = [[Roman Catholicism]]
}}
'''Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany''' ({{langx|it|Ferdinando IV, Granduca di Toscana}};<ref>Full name: {{langx|it|Ferdinando Salvatore Maria Giuseppe Giovan Battista Francesco Luigi Gonzaga Raffaello Ranieri Gennaro}}, {{langx|de|Ferdinand Salvator Maria Joseph Johann Baptist Franz Ludwig Gonzaga Raphael Rainerius Gennarius}}</ref> 10 June 1835 &ndash; 17 January 1908) was the last [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Grand Duke of Tuscany]] from 1859 to 1860.
==Biography==
Born at [[Florence]], he was the son of [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] and [[Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies]].
His first wife died in February 1859. Sometime later, he and his family were forced to flee [[Florence]] on 27 April 1859, with the outbreak of a revolution inspired by the outbreak of the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] as part of the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]]. The family took refuge in Austria.  After the end of the war, Leopold II abdicated on 21 July and Ferdinand succeeded him as [[List of rulers of Tuscany|Grand Duke]]. Ferdinand proved unable to return to Florence to claim his throne, and an elected Tuscan National Assembly formally deposed him only a month later, on 16 August, with Tuscany being merged into the [[United Provinces of Central Italy]]. Ferdinand still hoped to recover his throne, as both [[Second French Empire|France]] and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] had promised to recognize his rights to it in the [[Armistice of Villafranca]]. However, neither power was willing to take any steps to bring about his restoration; [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]] would annex Tuscany on 22 March 1860, and with Austria recognizing the new [[Kingdom of Italy]] after the [[Third Italian War of Independence|Third War of Independence]] in 1866, Ferdinand's hopes to reclaim the throne were ended.
Subsequently Ferdinand and his family returned to Austria. While Ferdinand was allowed to keep the grand ducal title as a courtesy and retain his status as [[fons honorum|grand master of all Tuscan orders of chivalry]] for his lifetime, his descendants could only bear the title of "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria"; the right to bear the title "Prince/ss of Tuscany" became restricted solely to family members born before 1866. In 1870 Ferdinand relinquished all dynastic rights to the defunct Grand Duchy for himself and his future heirs in favour of his second cousin, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]], effectively ending the House of Habsburg-Tuscany's status as a sovereign cadet branch.<ref>Bernd Braun: ''Das Ende der Regionalmonarchien in Italien. Abdankungen im Zuge des Risorgimento''. In: Susan Richter, Dirk Dirbach (Hrsg.): Thronverzicht. Die Abdankung in Monarchien vom Mittelalter bis in die Neuzeit. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2010, pp. 251-266</ref><ref> Andrea Borella (a cura di): Annuario della Nobiltà italiana, XXXIII edizione, 2015-2020, parte I, Teglio, marzo 2021, ISBN 978-88-942861-0-6</ref>
Ferdinand died in [[Salzburg]] in 1908, after spending the rest of his life in exile. Upon his death, his descendants were barred from using their Tuscan titles by Imperial decree.<ref>''[https://www.de-medici.com/comunita-granducale-medicea/fons-honorum/prerogative-dinastiche-della-casa-granducale-di-lorena-dopo-la-perdita-del-granducato-di-toscana Prerogative dinastiche della casa granducale di lorena dopo la perdita del granducato di toscana]'' (in Italian). Retrieved 8 October 2020.</ref><ref>Rivista Araldica, anno 1913, volume 11, pagina 381, Roma, Collegio Araldico: " Da informazione ufficiale assunta a Vienna togliamo quanto segue «A Sua Altezza I. R. il defunto Granduca Ferdinando IV di Toscana era stato permesso dall'Impero austro-ungarico e dagli Stati dell'Impero germanico, di conferire i tre Ordini toscani, inerenti alla Sovranità, che anche spodestato, rimase all'Augusto principe fino alla sua morte. Il titolo di Principe di Toscana fu solo autorizzato ai membri della famiglia granducale nati prima del 1866. Dopo la morte del Granduca (1908) tutti gli augusti figli del defunto dovettero solennemente rinunciare ad ogni qualsiasi diritto di cui personalmente ed eccezionalmente godeva il padre. Quindi il Gran Magistero dell'Ordine di S. Stefano per volontà di S. M. l'Imperatore e Re è terminato col defunto granduca, né più sarebbe accettato dagli augusti principi lorenesi" (in Italian)</ref>
== Family and children ==
He married twice and had issue:
From his first marriage in [[Dresden]] on 24 November 1856 to Princess [[Princess Anna of Saxony (1836–1859)|Anna of Saxony]], ([[Dresden]], 4 January 1836 – [[Naples]], 10 February 1859), daughter of King [[John I of Saxony]], was born:
* Archduchess [[Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria (1858–1883)| Maria Antonietta]] (Florence, 10 January 1858 – [[Cannes]], 13 April 1883). She became Princess-Abbess of the [[Theresian Institution of Noble Ladies|Theresian Convent]] in the [[Hradčany|Hradschin]] in [[Prague]]. Unmarried and without Issue.
From his second marriage in [[Frohsdorf]] on 11 January 1868 to Princess Alice "Alix" of Bourbon-Parma ([[Parma]], 27 December 1849 – [[Schwertberg]], 16 January 1935), daughter of Duke [[Charles III, Duke of Parma|Charles III of Parma]]:
*Archduke [[Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria|Leopold Ferdinand]] (1868–1935). He renounced his titles on 29 December 1902 and took the name Leopold Wölfling. He married three times, without issue.
*Archduchess [[Archduchess Louise of Austria|Louise]] (1870–1947). Married first King [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony]] and after divorcing him married second [[Enrico Toselli]] and had issue by both marriages.
*Archduke [[Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria|Josef Ferdinand]] (1872–1942). He married, firstly, Rosa Kaltenbrunner and, after divorcing her married, secondly Gertrud Tomanek, by whom he had issue. Both marriages were [[morganatic marriage|morganatic]].
*[[Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria]] (1874–1948). Married [[Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], and had issue.
*Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand (1878–1969). A major general in the Austrian army, morganatically married Maria Karoline Ludescher, and had issue.
*Archduchess Anna Maria (1879–1961). She married Johannes, Prince of [[Hohenlohe-Bartenstein]]; their granddaughter married Hans Veit, Count of [[:de:Toerring|Toerring-Jettenbach]], son of [[Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark]].
*Archduchess Margareta Maria (1881–1965)
*Archduchess Germana Maria (1884–1955)
*Archduke Robert Ferdinand (1885–1895)
*Archduchess Agnes Maria (1891–1945)
== Honours ==
Ferdinand received the following awards:<ref name = "HofUndStaat">''[http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1908&page=27&size=45 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie]'' (1908), Genealogy p. 5</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Tuscany|habsburg}} [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]:
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Joseph]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5fOnwLsZxsC&pg=PA271|year=1840|publisher=Stamperia Granducale|page=271}}</ref>
** Grand Master of the Order of Saint Joseph, ''21 July 1859''
** Grand Master of the [[Order of Saint Stephen]], ''21 July 1859''
** Grand Master of the Order of Civil and Military Merit, ''21 July 1859''
* {{flag|Austrian Empire}}:
** Knight of the [[Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece#Austrian_(Habsburg)_order|Order of the Golden Fleece]], ''1852''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights5.htm |title=Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece |last= Boettger|first=T. F.|website=La Confrérie Amicale|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''1891''<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flagge_Großherzogtum_Baden_(1891–1918).svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]:
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1886''<ref name="baden">''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878737 p. 63], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878751 77]</ref>
** Knight of the [[Order of Berthold the First]], ''1886''<ref name="baden" />
* {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: Knight of the [[Order of Saint Hubert]], ''1856''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nTedipoxoGcC/page/n37  Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern]'' (1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 7</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (civil), ''24 September 1856''<ref>{{Citation |title=Almanach Royal Officiel |page=47 |date=1857 |chapter=Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold |chapter-url=https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1857_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1857_R%20208#page/23 |language=french |via=Archives de Bruxelles}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, ''19 December 1856''<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1880 |title=Ruolo generale del sov. mil. ordine di S. Giovanni de Gerulasemme ovvero di Malta |url=https://archive.org/details/ruologeneralede01maltgoog/page/n139/mode/2up |location=Roma |publisher=Tipografia Poliglotta della S. Congregazione di Propaganda Fide |page=124}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]: Knight of the [[Order of the Black Eagle]], ''26 January 1861''<ref>{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=14&skin=2021 6]|lang=German|chapter=Schwarzer Adler-orden|location=Berlin|year=1886}}</ref>
* {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Falcon]], ''12 January 1864''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'' (1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00285410/Staatshandbuch_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_1869_0022.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jpvolume_00095968 12]</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Rue Crown]], ''1856''<ref>{{cite book|title=Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4|year=1866|publisher=Heinrich|page=4}}</ref>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Order of the Crown]], ''1882''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg'' (1896), "Königliche Orden" [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63/mode/2up p. 28]</ref>
== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = 1. '''Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany'''
| 2 = 2. [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| 3 = 3. [[Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies]]
| 4 = 4. [[Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| 5 = 5. [[Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily]]
| 6 = 6. [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]]
| 7 = 7. [[María Isabella of Spain|Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain]]
| 8 = 8. [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| 9 = 9. [[Maria Luisa of Spain|Infanta Maria Louise of Spain]]
| 10 = 10. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
| 11 = 11. [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]]
| 12 = 12. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] (= 10)
| 13 = 13. [[Maria Carolina of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]] (= 11)
| 14 = 14. [[Charles IV of Spain]]
| 15 = 15. [[Maria Luisa of Parma|Infanta Maria Luisa of Parma]]
}}
==See also==
*[[Risorgimento]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.william1.co.uk/han14.htm#han14l1 Genealogy of Ferdinand IV]
*[http://www.granducato.org/ Grand Ducal House of Tuscany]
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[House of Habsburg|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]|10 June|1835|17 January|1908|[[Duchy of Lorraine|House of Lorraine]]}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Leopold II]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| years = 1859–1860
}}
{{s-non|loss
| reason = Tuscan National Assembly deposes [[House of Habsburg|House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-new|loss
| reason = State annexed
}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]|years=1860–1908}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Archduke Josef Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Grand Dukes of Tuscany}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}
{{Tuscan princes}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferdinand Iv, Grand Duke Of Tuscany}}
[[Category:1835 births|Ferdinand IV of Tuscany]]
[[Category:1908 deaths|Ferdinand IV of Tuscany]]
[[Category:19th-century grand dukes of Tuscany]]
[[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
[[Category:Austrian princes]]
[[Category:Nobility from Florence]]
[[Category:Italian exiles]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Saint Joseph]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of Saint Joseph]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
[[Category:Burials at the Imperial Crypt]]
[[Category:Exiled royalty]]