View source for FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan

{{Short description|British Arm officer and politician (1788–1855)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name          = The Lord Raglan
| honorific_suffix =
| image         = Raglan.jpg
| image_size    =
| caption       =
| birth_name    = FitzRoy James Henry Somerset
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1788|09|30|df=y}}
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1855|06|28|1788|09|30|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Badminton, Gloucestershire]], England
| death_place   = [[Sevastopol]], [[Crimea]], [[Russian Empire]]
| placeofburial = [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton]]
| nickname      =
| allegiance    = {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}
| branch        = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1804–1855
| rank          = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field marshal]]
| unit          =
| commands      = [[Master-General of the Ordnance]]<br />[[Crimean War|British troops in the Crimea]]
|battles_label     = Wars
| battles       =
{{tree list}}
* [[Napoleonic Wars]]
** [[Peninsular War]]
** [[Hundred Days]]
* [[Crimean War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = *[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
*[[Military Order of Max Joseph|Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph]]
*[[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] [[Army Gold Medal]]
*[[Waterloo Medal]]
*[[Order of the Medjidie|Order of the Medjidie, First Class]] ([[Ottoman Empire]])
| spouse        = {{marriage|Lady Emily Wellesley-Pole|6 August 1814}}
| relations     =
| laterwork     =
| signature     = Signatur Fitzroy Somerset, 1. Baron Raglan.PNG
}}
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|PC}} (30 September 1788 – 28 June 1855), known before 1852 as '''Lord FitzRoy Somerset''', was a [[British Army]] officer. When a junior officer, he served in the [[Peninsular War]] and the [[Waterloo campaign]], latterly as military secretary to the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]. He also took part in politics as [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Truro (Parliamentary borough)|Truro]], before becoming [[Master-General of the Ordnance]].
He became commander of the British troops sent to the [[Crimean War|Crimea]] in 1854: his primary objective was to defend [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], and he was also ordered to [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|besiege]] the [[Russia]]n port of [[Sevastopol]]. After an early success at the [[Battle of the Alma]], a failure to deliver orders with sufficient clarity caused the fateful [[Charge of the Light Brigade]] at the [[Battle of Balaclava]]. Despite further success at the [[Battle of Inkerman]], a poorly coordinated allied assault on Sevastopol in June 1855 was a complete failure. Raglan died later that month, after having [[dysentery]] and [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].
==Early life==
Born at [[Badminton House]] in [[Gloucestershire]] as the ninth and youngest son of [[Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort]] and his wife Elizabeth (daughter of Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]]),<ref name=heath267>Heathcote, p. 267</ref> Somerset was educated at [[Westminster School]] and was commissioned as a [[cornet (military rank)|cornet]] in the [[4th Queen's Own Hussars|4th Light Dragoons]] on 16 June 1804.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15710|page=726|date=12 June 1804}}</ref>
==Military career==
Promoted to [[lieutenant]] on 1 June 1805,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15811|page=718|date=28 May 1805}}</ref> Somerset accompanied [[Arthur Paget (diplomat)|Sir Arthur Paget]] on his visit to [[Selim III|Sultan Selim III]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], who had been aligning himself too closely with France, in 1807.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26007?docPos=1|title=FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan|year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/26007 |access-date=9 February 2014|last1=Lloyd |first1=E. M. |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Sweetman }}</ref> He became a [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the [[43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot|43rd Regiment of Foot]] on 5 May 1808 shortly before his appointment as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]] in July 1808.<ref name=heath267/> Somerset accompanied Wellesley's Army when it was sent to [[Portugal]] later that month.<ref name=heath267/> Somerset fought at the [[Second Battle of Porto]] in May 1809, the [[Battle of Talavera]] in July 1809 and the [[Battle of Bussaco]] (where he was wounded) in September 1810.<ref name=heath267/> He was appointed acting military secretary to Wellington in November 1810 and fought with him at the [[Battle of Pombal]] in March 1811, the [[Battle of Sabugal]] in April 1811 and the [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro]] in May 1811.<ref name=heath267/> Promoted to [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Major (rank)|major]] on 9 June 1811, he also took part in the [[Battle of El Bodón]] in September 1811.<ref name=heath267/> He specially distinguished himself at the [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|storming of Badajoz]] in March 1812 by being the first to mount the breach and by helping to secure the surrender of the French Governor and was duly promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] on 27 April 1812.<ref name=odnb/>
[[File:FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, later 1st Baron Raglan (1788-1855), by William Henry Haines (1812-1884).jpg|thumb|left|upright|FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, by William Haines]]
Somerset went on to fight with Wellington at the [[Battle of Salamanca]] in July 1812, the [[Siege of Burgos]] in September 1812 and the [[Battle of Vitoria]] in June 1813 as well as the [[Siege of San Sebastián]] in July 1813, the [[Battle of the Pyrenees]] in July 1813 and the [[Battle of Nivelle]] in November 1813.<ref name=heath267/> They also fought together at the [[Battle of the Nive]] in December 1813, the [[Battle of Orthez]] in February 1814 and the [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] in April 1814.<ref name=heath267/> Following Wellington's appointment as [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France|British Ambassador]] during the short period of [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] restoration, Somerset assumed a role as his secretary at the Embassy on 5 July 1814.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16914|page=1371|date= 5 July 1814}}</ref> Somerset transferred to the [[Grenadier Guards|1st Guards]] on 25 July 1814 and was appointed a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on 2 January 1815.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16972|page=20|date=4 January 1815}}</ref>
Somerset also saw action during the [[Hundred Days]]: he served on Wellington's staff at the [[Battle of Quatre Bras]] on 16 June 1815 and at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] two days later where he had to have his right arm [[amputation|amputated]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17028|page=1216|date=22 June 1815}}</ref> (and then demanded his arm back so he could retrieve the ring that his wife had given him).<ref name=heath268>Heathcote, p. 268</ref> Faced with the difficulties in dressing following the amputation, he invented the so-called [[Raglan sleeve]], sewn from the collar rather than the shoulder.<ref>{{cite web| title= Cardigan | url= http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-car5.htm | publisher= [[World Wide Words]] | first= Michael|last= Quinion| author-link= Michael Quinion| access-date= 2013-01-13| quote=  Another item whose name appeared at the time was the raglan, a type of overcoat named after Lord Raglan, a British general in the Crimea. The garment was unusual in that the sleeves continued in one piece up to the neck, producing a larger, looser armhole that suited the one-armed general.}}</ref>
Promoted to [[colonel]] and appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] to the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]] on 28 August 1815,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17057|page=1787|date=2 September 1815}}</ref> he was appointed a Knight of the [[Bavaria]]n [[Military Order of Max Joseph]] on 3 October 1815.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17067|page=2025|date=3 October 1815}}</ref> He remained with the [[Army of Occupation (France)|Army of Occupation in France]] until May 1816 when he returned to the post of secretary at the British Embassy in [[Paris]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17137|page=931|date=18 May 1816}}</ref>
Somerset was elected [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Truro (UK Parliament constituency)|Truro]] in 1818<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17384|page=1377|date=1 August 1818}}</ref> and became Wellington's secretary in the latter's new capacity as [[Master-General of the Ordnance]] in 1819.<ref name=heath268/> Somerset lost his seat at the [[1820 United Kingdom general election|general election]] in 1820 but, having been promoted to [[major-general]] on 27 May 1825,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18141|page=926|date=28 May 1825}}</ref> regained his seat in Parliament in 1826.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18269|page=1787|date=18 July 1826}}</ref> Following Wellington's appointment as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces]] in January 1827 Somerset became [[Military Secretary (United Kingdom)|Military Secretary]] in August 1827.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18391|page=1827|date=28 August 1827}}</ref> He stood down from Parliament in 1829 and was promoted to [[lieutenant-general]] on 28 June 1838.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19631|page=1489|date=3 July 1838}}</ref> Advanced to [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 24 September 1852, he became Master-General of the Ordnance on 30 September 1852<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21363|page=2591|date=1 October 1852}}</ref> and was raised to the [[peerage]] as '''Baron Raglan''' of [[Raglan, Monmouthshire|Raglan]] in the County of [[Monmouthshire]] on 11 October 1852.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21366|page=2663|date=12 October 1852}}</ref>
==Crimean War==
[[File:Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan by William Salter.jpg|thumb|left|upright|FitzRoy Somerset by [[William Salter (artist)|William Salter]], 1838–1840]]
Raglan became commander of the British troops sent to the [[Crimea]] with the temporary rank of full [[general]] on 21 February 1854<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21524|page=515|date=21 February 1854}}</ref> and was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 20 June 1854.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21564|page=1931|date=22 June 1854}}</ref> While Raglan's primary objective was to defend [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] he was ordered by the [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]], who was at the time [[Secretary of State for War]], to [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|besiege]] the [[Russia]]n port of [[Sevastopol]] "unless it could not be undertaken with a reasonable prospect of success".<ref>Hibbert, p. 56</ref> An Anglo-French force under the joint command of Somerset and General [[Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud|Jacques St. Arnaud]] defeated General [[Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov|Alexander Menshikov]]'s Russian army at the [[Battle of the Alma]] in September 1854.<ref name=heath268/>
During the campaign Raglan had the abstracted habit of referring to the Russian enemies as "the French". While this eccentricity is often cited as evidence of his unsuitability for high command, he did in fact speak fluent French and relations between the two allies in the field were good.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert and Isabelle|last=Tombs|page=358|title=That Sweet Enemy. The French and the British From the Sun King to the Present|year=2006|publisher=Random House |isbn=0-434-00867-2}}</ref>
At the [[Battle of Balaclava]] in October 1854, Raglan issued an order to the [[George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan|Earl of Lucan]], his cavalry commander, who in turn ordered the [[James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan|Earl of Cardigan]], a subordinate commander who happened to be Lucan's brother-in-law and who detested him, to lead the fateful [[Charge of the Light Brigade]] leading to some 278 British casualties.<ref>Calthorpe, p. 132</ref> Despite an indecisive result at Balaclava the British and French allied army gained a victory at the [[Battle of Inkerman]] in November 1854 and Raglan was promoted to the rank of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 5 November 1854.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21630|page=3593|date=21 November 1854}}</ref> He was also awarded the Ottoman Empire [[Order of the Medjidie]], 1st Class on 15 May 1855.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21714|page=1915|date=18 May 1855}}</ref>
Raglan was blamed by the press and the government for the sufferings of the British soldiers in the terrible Crimean winter during the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|Siege of Sevastopol]] owing to shortages of food and clothing<ref>Martin, p. 181</ref> although this, in part, was the fault of the home authorities who failed to provide adequate logistical support.<ref name=odnb/> A piecemeal allied assault on Sevastopol on 18 June 1855 was a complete failure.<ref name=odnb/> The anxieties of the siege began to seriously undermine Raglan's health and he died unexpectedly on 28 June 1855, while suffering with [[dysentery]] and [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].<ref name=odnb/> His body was embalmed, his heart buried in the garden of his headquarters in Sevastopol,<ref name="LN 1869">{{cite news|last1=Jackson|first1=Mason|title=The Crimea revisited |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/HN3100078846/ILN?u=wes_ttda&sid=bookmark-ILN&xid=59d976ee |access-date=8 August 2024 |issue=1539, Volume: 54 |publisher=The Illustrated London News |date=1869-05-22 |pages=3-8 |quote="There is a stone in the garden with an inscription, which reads as follows:- To the Memory of Field Marshal Lord Raglan, G.C.B., Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in the Crimea, died June 28, 1855. This inscription does not state the real purpose for which the stone was erected. It is known that Lord Raglan's body was embalmed before it was sent to England, and this marks the spot where his heart was buried."}}</ref> and his body brought home and interred at [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton]].<ref name=heath268/>
[[File:Blue plaque FitzRoy Somerset, Baron Raglan.jpg|right|thumb|Blue plaque at Stanhope Gate, London]]
Raglan had also served as honorary colonel of the [[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment of Foot]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18747|page=2420|date=19 November 1830}}</ref> and then as honorary colonel of the [[Royal Horse Guards|Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues)]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21551|page=1442|date=9 May 1854}}</ref> [[Cefntilla Court]], [[Llandenny]] was built as a lasting memorial to Somerset in 1858: an inscription over the porch there reads:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5b3fa2e2-6194-11e3-916e-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5b3fa2e2-6194-11e3-916e-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How a family feud threatened the legacy of a Crimean War leader|newspaper=Financial Times|date=27 December 2013|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref>
{{blockquote|This house with 238 acres of land was purchased by 1623 of the friends, admirers and comrades in arms of the late Field Marshal Lord Raglan GCB and presented by them to his son and his heirs for ever in a lasting memorial of affectionate regard and respect.}}
A [[blue plaque]] was erected outside Raglan's house at Stanhope Gate in London in 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/162|title=Lord Fitzroy Somerset Raglan, 1st Baron lived here|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref>
==Family==
[[File:Portrait of Emily Harriet Wellesley-Pole (Lady Raglan).jpg|thumb|[[Emily, Lady Raglan|Emily Harriet Wellesley-Pole, Lady FitzRoy Somerset]] by [[Thomas Lawrence]]. ]]
On 6 August 1814 Somerset married Lady Emily Harriet Wellesley-Pole (daughter of [[William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington]], and niece of the Duke of Wellington). They had three sons, and two daughters:<ref>Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.</ref>
* Charlotte Caroline Elizabeth Somerset (16 May 1815 - 1906)
* Arthur William FitzRoy Somerset (6 May 1816 – 21 December 1845)
* [[Richard Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan|Richard Henry Fitzroy Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan]] (24 May 1817 – 3 May 1884)
* Frederick John Fitzroy Somerset (8 Mar 1821 - 26 Nov 1824)
* Katherine Anne Emily Cecilia Somerset (31 Aug 1824 - 1915)
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= '''FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan'''
|2= [[Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort]]
|3= Elizabeth Boscawen
|4= [[Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort]]
|5= [[Elizabeth Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort|Elizabeth Berkeley]]
|6= [[Edward Boscawen|Admiral Edward Boscawen]]
|7= Frances Evelyn Glanville
|8= [[Henry Somerset, 2nd Duke of Beaufort]]
|9= Rachel Noel
|10= John Symes Berkeley
|11= Elizabeth Norborne
|12= [[Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth]]
|13= Charlotte Godfrey
|14= William Evelyn Glanville, High Sheriff of Kent
|15= Frances Glanville
}}
==Cultural depictions==
Raglan was portrayed by [[John Gielgud]] in the film ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'' (1968).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062790/combined|publisher=IMDb|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> Lord Raglan is a character in [[George MacDonald Fraser]]'s novel ''[[Flashman at the Charge]]'', in which he is described as a kindly, but ineffectual man, and completely unsuited for his command.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fraser|first=George MacDonald|author-link=George MacDonald Fraser|title=Flashman at the Charge: From the Flashman Papers, 1854-55|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2006|isbn= 978-0007217182}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Raglan sleeve]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book| last = Calthorpe| first = Somerset John Gough| title = Letters from Headquarters: Or, The Realities of the War in the Crimea, by an Officer on the Staff| publisher = John Murray| year = 1857| location = London| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=okUQAAAAYAAJ&q=Letters+from+Headquarters+calthorpe&pg=PA159}}
*{{cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher= Leo Cooper|location=Barnsley|year= 1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Hibbert|first= Christopher|title=[[The Destruction of Lord Raglan]]|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|year=1999|isbn=978-1840222098}}
*{{cite book|last=Martin|first= Theodore |title=The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, Volume III|url=https://archive.org/stream/martinsconsort03theorich/martinsconsort03theorich_djvu.txt|publisher= Smith Elder & Co, London |year=1877}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Raglan, Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
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{{s-ttl|title  = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Truro (Parliamentary borough)|Truro]]|years  = 1818–1820|with   = [[William Edward Tomline]]}}
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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|The Viscount Hardinge]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Master-General of the Ordnance]]|years=1852–1855}}
{{s-non|reason=Office abolished}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Baron Raglan]]
| years = 1852–1855
}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Richard Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan|Richard Somerset]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raglan, Fitzroy Somerset, 1st Baron}}
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[[Category:Younger sons of dukes]]
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[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Truro|Somerset, Fitzroy]]
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[[Category:English amputees]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1818–1820|Somerset, Fitzroy]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1826–1830|Somerset, Fitzroy]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Army Gold Cross]]
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[[Category:Knights of the Military Order of Max Joseph]]
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