View source for Foreign Service officer

{{Short description|Member of the United States Foreign Service}}
[[File:Secretary Pompeo delivers remarks and administers the Oath of Office to the 195th Foreign Service Generalist Class (44553342524) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] swears in the 195th Foreign Service Generalist Class in October 2018]]
A '''Foreign Service officer''' ('''FSO''') is a [[Commission (document)|commissioned]] member of the [[United States Foreign Service]]. FSOs formulate and implement the [[foreign policy of the United States]]. They spend most of their careers overseas as members of U.S. [[embassies]], [[consulates]], and other [[diplomatic missions]], though some receive assignments to serve at [[U.S. Military Combatant Commands|combatant commands]], [[United States Congress|Congress]], and educational institutions such as the various [[United States service academies#Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and other DOD Graduate Institutions|U.S. service academies]].
As of 2021, there were over 8,000 FSOs.<ref name="numbers">{{cite web |title=GTM Fact Sheet |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/GTM_Factsheet_0921.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
==Career tracks==
FSOs of the State Department are split among five career tracks, called "cones": consular officers, economic officers, management officers, political officers, and public diplomacy officers.<ref name=usfso>{{cite web
|url=http://www.careers.state.gov/officer/index.html |publisher=U.S. Department of State |title=Careers representing America – Foreign Service Officer |access-date=2010-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FSO Career Tracks |url=https://careers.state.gov/career-paths/foreign-service/officer/fso-career-tracks/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
* Consular Officers are charged primarily with working with American citizens overseas on such activities as adoptions and issues in the country where stationed. In case of a disaster, these officers would be charged with evacuating Americans from the country.
* Economic Officers work with foreign economic agencies to facilitate economic issues as well as foreign policy dealing with technology and sciences.
* Management Officers are responsible for the internal affairs of an embassy or consulate; they deal with the personnel and budgets of the embassy, contracts and services. They negotiate administrative issues with the host nation.
* Political Officers interact with foreign governments on policy issues and negotiating policy.
* Public Diplomacy Officers inform the citizens of their respective countries on the actions of the embassy, including meeting with the press and giving educational events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Career Tracks for Foreign Service Officers |url=http://careers.state.gov/work/foreign-service/officer/career-tracks |access-date=2015-02-21 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=2015-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221032412/http://careers.state.gov/work/foreign-service/officer/career-tracks |url-status=dead }}</ref>
FSOs of the U.S. [[Agency for International Development]] (USAID), [[United States Commercial Service|Commercial Service]], [[Foreign Agricultural Service]], and [[U.S. Agency for Global Media|Agency for Global Media]] are selected through processes specific to the hiring agency. They follow career tracks separate from those of State Department FSOs. For example, within USAID, there are multiple technical "backstops", including:
* Agriculture
* Contracting
* Crisis stabilization and governance
* Economic growth
* Education
* Engineering
* Environment
* Executive
* Financial management
* Legal
* Population, health and nutrition
* Private enterprise
* Program/project development
Many leadership roles at U.S. embassies are typically filled from the ranks of career FSOs, who receive extensive training for these roles, including learning languages and cultures of numerous countries. In the early twenty-first century, about two-thirds of U.S. [[ambassador]]s have been career Foreign Service members primarily drawn from the Department of State. Ambassadors have been selected from other foreign affairs agencies from time to time.
Almost all of the remaining third are political appointees, considered patronage appointments by changing administrations. A handful of State Department [[Senior Executive Service]] personnel have received ambassadorships. FSOs also help fill critical management and foreign policy positions at the headquarters of foreign affairs agencies in [[Washington, D.C.]]
==Hiring process==
Applicants for [[United States Department of State|State Department]] FSO jobs go through a highly competitive written exam, oral assessment, and security investigation process before they are eligible to be hired. Of the more than 100,000 applicants for State Department FSO positions between 2001 and 2006, only 2,100 became Foreign Service officers.<ref name="C. Gillespie, 2008">H. Kopp and C. Gillespie, ''Career Diplomacy: Life and Work in the U.S. Foreign Service'', 2008.</ref> Once candidates have completed the application process, received a [[Classified information#Top_Secret_(TS)|top secret]] security clearance, been medically cleared for worldwide deployment, and passed a final suitability review, they receive a score and are placed on a hiring register for their career tracks.
New candidates are appointed from the top of the register (highest score), and candidates who are not appointed within 18 months will be removed from the register. Candidates may decline one offer; declining a second will strike their names from the register. Some candidates go on "do-not-call" status until they are ready to receive offers, but the 18-month timer still continues to run. It is common for a candidate with a low score to simply expire from the register, thus making the process even more competitive. In the end, fewer than 2% of initial applicants to the State Department Foreign Service will matriculate as Foreign Service officers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
In extremely rare cases when no Foreign Service officers are available, non-career civil servants can be appointed by the Secretary for entry into the Foreign Service, providing they meet rigorous standards expected of career members. These limited appointees are not officially members of Foreign Service and must leave anytime a career officer becomes available for their positions. This is a legal requirement negotiated with the [[American Foreign Service Association]].
Applicants for the [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)]] FSO jobs follow a somewhat different process. Because USAID has a strong technical focus in many of its overseas positions, FSOs are generally recruited for specific backstops. Most successful candidates will have an advanced degree (often a masters) and pertinent job experience related to their backstop and will undergo an interview and testing process tailored to that backstop, but otherwise it is similar to that for [[United States Department of State|State Department]] applicants.<ref name="USAID Careers">[https://web.archive.org/web/20061106204236/http://www.usaid.gov/careers/guidelinesforjop.html "USAID Careers". May 17, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2011.]  </ref>
==See also==
* [[United States Foreign Service]]
* [[Indian Foreign Service]]
* [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|His Majesty's Diplomatic Service]]
* [[United States Department of State]]
* [[Foreign Service Specialist]]
* [[American Foreign Service Association]]
* [[Foreign Agricultural Service]]
* [[United States Agency for International Development]]
* [[United States Commercial Service]]
* [[Cookie pusher]]
* [[Clientitis]]
* [[Lucile Atcherson Curtis]], the first woman in what became the [[U.S. Foreign Service]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://careers.state.gov/ State Department Official Career Site]
* [https://www.state.gov/ State Department Official Website]
[[Category:United States Department of State]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Diplomacy|United States Foreign Service]]
[[Category:International relations]]