View source for Frýdlant

{{for|the town in the Moravian-Silesian Region|Frýdlant nad Ostravicí}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Frýdlant
| other_name              =
| settlement_type         = [[Obec|Town]]
<!-- images -->
| image_skyline           = Rathausturm - Kirche der Kreuzfindung - Schloss Friedland.jpg
| image_caption           = View of Frýdlant
| image_flag              =
| image_shield            = Frýdlant CoA CZ.svg
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{CZE}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of the Czech Republic|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Liberec Region|Liberec]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Districts of the Czech Republic|District]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Liberec District|Liberec]]
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| image_map               =
| map_caption             =
| pushpin_map             = Czech Republic
| pushpin_relief          = 1
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in the Czech Republic
| coordinates             = {{coord|50|55|17|N|15|4|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes   =
<!-- government type, leaders -->
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = Dan Ramzer
| leader_party            = {{polparty|Czech Republic|ODS}}
<!-- established -->
| established_title       = First mentioned
| established_date        = 1278
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes          =
| area_total_km2          = 31.61
<!-- elevation -->
| elevation_footnotes     =
| elevation_m             = 295
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of        = 2024-01-01
| population_footnotes    = <ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024|url=https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2024-05-17}}</ref>
| population_total        = 7388
| population_density_km2  = auto
<!-- time zone(s) -->
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +1
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
<!-- postal codes, area code -->
| postal_code_type        = Postal code
| postal_code             = 464 01
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               =
<!-- website, footnotes -->
| website                 = {{URL|https://www.mesto-frydlant.cz/}}
| footnotes               =
}}
'''Frýdlant''' ({{IPA|cs|ˈfriːdlant}}, also known as '''Frýdlant v Čechách'''; {{langx|de|Friedland in Böhmen}}) is a town in [[Liberec District]] in the [[Liberec Region]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It has about 7,400 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an [[Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#Monument zones|urban monument zone]].
==Administrative parts==
The villages of Albrechtice u Frýdlantu and Větrov are administrative parts of Frýdlant.
==Geography==
Frýdlant is located about {{convert|17|km|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Liberec]], in a salient region of Frýdlant Hook, close to the border with Poland. It lies mostly in the [[Frýdlant Hills]]. The southern part of the municipal territory extends into the [[Jizera Mountains]] and includes the highest point of Frýdlant, the hill Špičák at {{convert|724|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. The [[Smědá]] River flows through the town.
==History==
[[File:Frýdlant letecky.jpg|thumb|274px|Frýdlant Castle]]
===6th–16th centuries===
The area was settled by [[West Slavs|Slavic tribes]] from [[Lusatia]] from the 6th century onwards.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=https://www.mesto-frydlant.cz/cs/mesto/historie/|title=Historie|publisher=Město Frýdlant|access-date=26 May 2017|language=cs}}</ref>
In the 13th century, the local castle was held by the [[Ronovci]] family until the middle of the century, when Častolov of Ronov was forced to return the castle and other properties to King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II]].<ref name="LL">{{cite web |title=Frýdlant Manor|url=https://www.laznelibverda.cz/en/town-information/town-s-history/frydlant-manor.html|publisher=Obec Lázně Libverda|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
The first written mention of Frýdlant is from 1278, when Rulko of Birbstein,<ref name="LL"/> also called Rudolf of Bieberstein, purchased the castle and surrounding land from the king.<ref name=history/><ref name="craj">{{cite web |title=Frýdlant|url=https://www.cesky-raj.info/dr-en/2109-frydlant.html|publisher=Bohemian Paradise Association|access-date=2022-10-17}}</ref> Rulko held property in [[Czech Silesia|Silesia]] and Upper Lusatia and family members held court positions.<ref name="LL"/>
There were important trade routes through the area, including to Görlitz and to Lusatia.<ref name="LL"/> From Görlitz, the [[Via Regia]] provided routes to Russia, Spain, and throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oberlausitz.com/ferien/kulturell/via-regia/en/default.aspx|title=The Via Regia – The royal road|website=Ober Lausitz|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> Perhaps as early as 1304, and definitely by 1381, a moat and curtain walls were constructed to surround and protect the town; these were largely removed in 1774.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cesky-raj.info/dr-en/9052-the-frydlant-town-curtain-walls.html|title=The Frýdlant town curtain walls|website=Cesky raj, Bohemian Paradise Association|access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref>
The Birbsteins (Biebersteins) supported [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|King Sigmund]] during the [[Hussite Wars]] (1419–1434). Frýdlant was taken by the Hussites in 1428.<ref name="LL"/> Between 1428 and 1433, the town was raided several times.<ref name=history/> Frydlant castle and town, also called Frýdlant Manor, went to Emperor [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] when Christopher, the last of the line of the Birbsteins, died in 1551.<ref name="LL"/> The castle went into the Redern family when Bedřich bought it in 1558. Since the ruler set the religion for an area at that time, Bedřich made Protestant churches and closed the Catholic church in [[Hejnice (Liberec District)|Hejnice]] that had been the destination for religious pilgrimages. Several new villages were established and the production of linen cloth resulted in an economic boom during the initial years of the Redern family.<ref name="LL"/> Marco Spazzio di Lancio, an Italian architect hired by the family, expanded the castle in the 16th century.<ref name="Eyewitness p. 186"/>
===17th–19th centuries===
[[:de:Christoph von Redern|Christoph von Redern]] was considered a traitor when he opposed Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] and supported [[Frederick V of the Palatinate|Frederick V]] after the [[Battle of White Mountain]] in 1620. All of his property was then taken from him.<ref name="LL"/> Frýdlant then went to [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]], who became [[Duchy of Friedland|Duke of Frýdlant]] and lived at [[Jičín]].<ref name="craj"/><ref name="Eyewitness p. 186"/> Wallenstein returned Catholicism to the area and held the lands until 1634, when he was assassinated. Frýdlant then went to [[Matthias Gallas|Matthias Gallas, Count of Campo, Duke of Lucera]] as a reward for his fight against Wallenstein in 1636 by Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]].<ref name="LL"/>
At the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]], the castle was possessed by the Swedes. They constructed fortified barbicans and strengthened the defensive walls.<ref name="Eyewitness p. 186"/> In 1639, Christoph von Redern returned to Frýdlant after a period of exile. One year later, the Swedes left [[Bohemia]] entirely. Due to the loss of religious freedom and Protestants being forced to adopt the Catholic religion, many exiles did not return to the area.<ref>{{cite book|title=Between Lipany and White Mountain: Essays in Late Medieval and Early Modern Bohemian History in Modern Czech Scholarship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFQMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA323|date=18 July 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27758-8|pages=323–324}}</ref> The area continued to suffer through 1642.<ref name="LL"/>
The estates remained with [[Matthias Gallas]] and the Gallas family until 1757. When Count Philip Joseph von Gallas (1703–1757) died without children, the estate went to Christian Philip von Clam (1748–1805), his nephew, under the stipulation that going forward the family would assume the Gallas coat-of-arms and that his family name would be changed to Clam-Gallas.<ref name="LL"/>
In 1800<ref name="Cesky raj"/> or 1801,<ref name="Humphreys">{{cite book|first1=Rob|last1=Humphreys|first2=Susie|last2=Lunt|title=Czech and Slovak Republics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpEc8ltyqnUC&pg=PA280|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-904-5|page=280}}</ref> the Clam-Gallas family opened the castle to the public as a museum. [[Napoleon]] and his troops were in the town in 1813, to the detriment of the citizens of the town. A textile industry developed in the town in the 19th century.<ref name=history/> In 1899, the Plague Column was constructed in the memory of the victims of five plague epidemics. The town also survived several significant fires.<ref name=history/>
In 1875, a railway line from [[Liberec]] via Frýdlant to Zawidów was put into operation. Lines to [[Mirsk]] and the [[Frýdlant–Heřmanice Railway]] to [[Zittau]] followed soon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Úplná aktualizace ÚAP SO ORP Frýdlant – Textová část|url=https://mesto-frydlant.cz/filemanager/files/278890.pdf|publisher=Město Frýdlant|pages=117–119|language=cs|date=December 2016|access-date=2023-03-17}}</ref>
===20th century===
Until 1918, the town was part of [[Austria-Hungary]], head of a district with the same name, one of the 94 ''[[Districts of Austria|Bezirkshauptmannschaften]]'' in Bohemia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilhelm Klein|title=Die postalischen Abstempelungen und andere Entwertungsarten auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890|year=1967|publisher=Geitner; Auslieferung: Wien, Briefmarken-Kolbe}}{{page needed|date=May 2017}}</ref> It remained with the Clam-Gallas family until the last descendant Clotilda, who died in 1982, having moved to Vienna in April 1945.<ref name="LL"/>
Following the 1938 [[Munich Agreement]], the town was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] and incorporated into [[Reichsgau Sudetenland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/sudeten.html|title=Reichsgau Sudetenland|website=verwaltungsgeschichte.de|language=de|access-date=2017-05-25}}</ref> After [[World War II]], it fell back to [[Czechoslovakia]] and renamed Frýdlant. The German-speaking population was [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled]] according to the [[Beneš decrees]] and replaced by [[Czechs|Czech]] settlers.
In 2016, Georg Mederer and Erich Stenz, German treasure hunters, claimed that trucks delivered items from the amber chamber of [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia to the castle in the late period of the war. They state that the items previously owned by [[Peter the Great]] were stolen by the Nazis and stored in the castle cellars with contemporaneously constructed brick walls. The men further state that they have been unable to search for the stolen items due to the Czech government and the Czech National Heritage Institute.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris|last=Johnstone|title=German Treasure Hunters Claim Russian Treasure Hidden in Czech Castle|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/news/german-treasure-hunters-claim-russian-treasure-hidden-in-czech-castle|publisher=[[Czech Radio]]|date=2016-11-02|access-date=2017-05-25}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|align=none|cols=3
|1869|6367
|1880|6698
|1890|7154
|1900|8519
|1910|9337
|1921|8193
|1930|8199
|1950|5584
|1961|6153
|1970|6097
|1980|7063
|1991|7647
|2001|7514
|2011|7495
|2021|7255
|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011|url=https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/historicky-lexikon-obci-1869-az-2015|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|language=cs|date=2015-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population Census 2021: Population by sex|url=https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK|work=Public Database|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2021-03-27}}</ref>}}
==Transport==
Frýdlant is located on two railway lines of local importance, heading from Liberec to [[Černousy]] and to [[Nové Město pod Smrkem]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Detail stanice Frýdlant v Čechách|url=https://www.cd.cz/stanice/frydlant-v-cechach/5454652|publisher=[[České dráhy]]|language=cs|access-date=2023-06-30}}</ref>
==Sights==
===Frýdlant Castle===
The castle complex consists of the Gothic castle with a high tower and a [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] castle. There are exhibits, such as of Albrecht von Wallenstein, the [[Thirty Years' War]], and an armoury of 1,000 weapons used for military and hunting. The castle includes the Chapel of Saint Anne, the Knights' Hall, rooms for the count and countess, and a working kitchen.<ref name="Cesky raj">{{cite web |title=Frýdlant Castle and Chateau|url=https://www.cesky-raj.info/dr-en/1047-frydlant-castle-and-chateau.html|publisher=Bohemian Paradise Association|access-date=2022-10-17}}</ref>
===Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross===
[[File:Frýdlant, Vrchlického, kostel Nalezení svatého Kříže.jpg|thumb|Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross]]
The Church of the Holy Cross was built in the mid-16th century by Italian architects,<ref name="Eyewitness p. 186"/> which has a mixture of architectural styles due to construction over the years. A Renaissance style chapel for the Redern family tomb was built in 1566.<ref name=history/> A mausoleum was built for the Redern family in 1610.<ref name="Eyewitness p. 186"/>
===Town hall and museum===
[[File:Frýdlant, radnice 03.jpg|thumb|160px|Town hall on T. G. Masaryka Square]]
In 1893, a new town hall was erected in the centre of the town on T. G. Masaryka Square according to plans by the architect [[Franz Neumann (architect)|Franz Neumann]]. Inside the town hall is a bust of Albrecht von Wallenstein, created by a sculptor from nearby [[Raspenava]]. The building has stained glass windows and the exterior has statues of Self-Sacrifice and Justice. Nowadays, the Frýdlant Town Museum is located on the second floor with archaeological and historical exhibits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neo-Renaissance style Town Hall, Frýdlant|url=https://www.cesky-raj.info/dr-en/898-neo-renaissance-style-town-hall-frydlant.html|publisher=Bohemian Paradise Association|access-date=2022-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Frýdlant City Museum|url=https://www.cesky-raj.info/dr-en/1163-frydlant-city-museum.html|publisher=Bohemian Paradise Association|access-date=2022-10-17}}</ref>
===Town fortifications===
Several fragments of the town walls have been preserved, including torsos of three prismatic towers. The walls are almost circular in outline, built of local [[basalt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Frýdlantské městské hradby|url=https://www.mesto-frydlant.cz/dr-cs/9052-frydlantske-mestske-hradby.html|publisher=Město Frýdlant|language=cs|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
The town's castle is believed to be the source of inspiration for ''[[The Castle (novel)|The Castle]]'' (1926) by [[Franz Kafka]].<ref name="Humphreys"/><ref name="Eyewitness p. 186">{{cite book |author=DK Publishing|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Czech and Slovak Republics: Czech and Slovak Republics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTV-3hbiYOsC&pg=PA186|date=2 May 2011|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-7566-8375-7|page=186}}</ref>
==Notable people==
*[[Alexander Bittner]] (1850–1902), paleontologist and geologist
*[[Josef Blösche]] (1912–1969), ''SS'' soldier
*[[Otto Adolf Wenzel Kade|Otto Kade]] (1927–1980), German translation scholar
*[[Jan Budař]] (born 1977), actor, director and musician
*[[Iva Mocová]] (born 1980), footballer
*[[Jan Rajnoch]] (born 1981), footballer
*[[Tomáš Plíhal]] (born 1983), ice hockey player
*[[Karolína Bednářová]] (born 1986), volleyball player
*[[Ladislav Šmíd]] (born 1986), ice hockey player
*[[Antonín Hájek]] (1987–2022), ski jumper
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic}}
Frýdlant is [[Sister city|twinned]] mainly with other towns sharing the historic German name ''Friedland'':<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerská města|url=https://www.mesto-frydlant.cz/cs/mesto/partnerska-mesta-1/|publisher=Město Frýdlant|language=cs|access-date=2023-03-17}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|Friedland]], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedland, Lower Saxony|Friedland]], Lower Saxony, Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedland, Brandenburg|Friedland]], Brandenburg, Germany
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Frýdlant nad Ostravicí]], Czech Republic
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Gmina Korfantów|Korfantów]], Poland
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Gmina Mieroszów|Mieroszów]], Poland
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Pravdinsk]], Russia
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Gmina Siekierczyn|Siekierczyn]], Poland
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Frýdlant}}
*{{official website|https://www.mesto-frydlant.cz/}}
{{Liberec District}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frydlant}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Populated places in Liberec District]]