View source for Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque

{{Short description|Spanish duke, namesake of Albuquerque (city), USA}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{More footnotes|date=June 2017}}
{{family name hatnote|Fernández de la Cueva|Fernández de la Cueva|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix= [[The Most Excellent]]
| name=The Duke of Alburquerque
| honorific-suffix=
| image=Francisco Fernández de la Cueva y de la Cueva.png
| order=34th [[List of Viceroys of New Spain|Viceroy of New Spain]]
| term_start=27 November 1702
| term_end=13 November 1710
| monarch=[[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]]
| primeminister=
| predecessor=[[Juan Ortega y Montañés|Juan Ortega]]
| successor=[[Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares|The Duke of Linares]]
| birth_date=17 November 1666
| birth_place=[[Genoa]], Italy
| death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1724|06|28|1666|11|17}}
| death_place=[[Madrid]], Spain
| spouse=
| children=
| profession=
| signature=Francisco Fernández de la Cueva y de la Cueva, signature.svg
}}
'''Francisco V Fernández de la Cueva y Fernández de la Cueva''', ([[Genoa]], Italy, 17 November 1666 – [[Madrid]], Spain, 28 June 1724) was the 10th [[Duke of Alburquerque]], a [[Grandee of Spain]], a Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] from 1707, and [[Viceroy of New Spain]] from 27 November 1702 to 14 January 1711. He was viceroy during the [[War of Spanish Succession]] and his tenure as Viceroy of New Spain is commemorated in the namesake of [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]].
He was the nephew of [[Francisco IV Fernández de la Cueva]] – Colonna, (* [[Barcelona]], 1618/1619 – † [[Madrid]] (Palacio Real) 27 March 1676), 8th Duque de Alburquerque and many other lesser titles, also a [[Viceroy of New Spain]], (1653–1660), and [[Viceroy of Sicily]], (1667–1670), and the son of the 9th Duke of Alburquerque, and many other lesser titles, the [[Cadet (genealogy)|cadet]] brother of the 8th Duke, and inheritor of the titles, [[Melchor Fernández de la Cueva]] (* Madrid, 2 March 1625 – † Madrid 12 October 1686).
His father, Melchor, the 9th Duke, had married in 1665 his niece Ana Rosolea Fernández de la Cueva, the 3rd Marchioness of [[Cadreita]], Navarre, daughter of the 8th Duke of Alburquerque [[Francisco IV Fernández de la Cueva]] and Juana Francisca Díez de Aux y Armendáriz, herself daughter of [[Lope Díez de Armendáriz]], [[Viceroy of Mexico]] (1635–1640).
This Spanish – Equatorian, Francisco Fernández de La Cueva y Fernandez de la Cueva, 10th Duke, was thus family connected through paternal and maternal links with 2 former [[Viceroys of New Spain]], [[Viceroys of México]], his uncle Francisco IV, the 8th Duke of Alburquerque and Lope Díez de Armendáriz.
He was captain general of the [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Kingdom of Granada]] and captain general of the coast of [[Andalusia]].
==His administration==
The French had received a concession of ten years for their establishment, in [[Veracruz]], of a French trading post dealing in black slaves. Upon his arrival in Veracruz he enforced Spanish law, and allowed their stay, until their concession was over. After which point, the French trading post was to stop operating within the slave trade, as it was illegal to openly operate such facilities within Spanish territory.<ref name="Af-SpCo">{{cite journal | title=Africans in the Spanish Colonies | journal=Historical Archaeology | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=84–103 | jstor=25616520 | last1=Landers | first1=Jane | year=1997 | doi=10.1007/BF03377258 | s2cid=164546943 }}</ref>
He arrived in [[Chapultepec]] in November, 1702 and made his formal entry into [[Mexico City]] on 8 December 1702. He was a fervent supporter of the Bourbon monarchy and of King [[Philip V of Spain]], and he worked in New Spain to suppress any kind of discontent that could result in support for the [[Habsburgs|Habsburg]] party.
This viceroy's administration was known for its luxury and magnificence. On 6 January 1703 the palace guards in the viceregal palace appeared in uniforms of the French mode for the first time, three-cornered hats and all. This attracted much attention, and fashions at the court and beyond quickly followed along the same lines. This was a fashion of luxury, starkly contrasted with the poverty of the majority of the people.
==Marriage==
He married in [[Madrid]], 6 February 1684, 18-year-old Juana de la Cerda y de Aragón-Moncada (* [[Puerto de Santa María]], 27 March 1664 – † [[Madrid]] 28 June 1724), a daughter of [[Juan Francisco II Tomás Lorenzo de la Cerda]] 8th Duke of [[Medinaceli]], 8 Duke of [[Alcalá de los Gazules]], a Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], and many other lesser titles.
Their first son, inheritor of the titles, was named [[Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 11th Duke of Alburquerque|Francisco VI Fernández de la Cueva]] (* [[Madrid]] 28 September 1692 – † [[Hortaleza]], 23. June 1757), 11th Duke of Alburquerque and many other lesser titles, who married in 1734 Agustina de Silva, deceased 10 years later, a daughter of [[Juan de Dios de Silva y Mendoza]], (1672–1737), 10th [[Duque del Infantado]], and María Teresa, a daughter of Francisco Domingo Gutiérrez de los Ríos, from Cordoba and Ambassador in France.
==Military affairs==
During his tenure as viceroy, Alburquerque significantly expanded New Spain's [[coast guard]] to counter [[piracy]] in the region. During the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], he directed the [[military of New Spain]] to prevent [[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] inroads into the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]]. After [[St. Augustine, Florida]] was [[Siege of St. Augustine (1702)|besieged]] by English forces under the command of [[James Moore Sr.]], Alburquerque sent military reinforcements and supplies to the settlement, which forced Moore to lift the siege. Alburquerque also confiscated the property owned by English and Dutch subjects in New Spain, using the proceeds from selling them to fund the Spanish war effort. He also devoted military resources to protect [[Spanish missions in Mexico]], including missions in [[Baja California]].{{fact|date=May 2024}}
During the conflict, Alburquerque also devoted significant efforts to raising money within New Spain for the war effort as well. He demanded that New Spain's clergy turn over one tenth of their tithes to the colonial government, which [[Juan Ortega y Montañés]] strongly objected to. When Alburquerque's term in office was extended, in gratitude he remitted two million ''[[peso]]s'' to the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish Crown]]. To raise it, he resorted to illegal methods such as selling government offices. Alburquerque's remittances to the Crown were so large that the colonial government found itself unable to pay the salaries of many [[law enforcement]] officers and other government employees, and they were laid off. As a result, much of New Spain's streets and highways became infested with [[Brigandage|brigands]].{{fact|date=May 2024}}
==Crime and rebellion==
In 1701 the Tribunal de la {{not a typo|Acordada}} (literally, ''Court of Agreement'') was founded. It received this name as the result of a proposal agreed to by the [[Audiencia Real|Audiencia]]. It was an organization of volunteers intended to capture and quickly try bandits. From its creation to the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, the {{not a typo|Acordada}} delivered 57,500 verdicts to 62,850 accused. Of those, 35,058 were freed, 888 were hanged, 1,729 were whipped; 19,410 were sentenced to prison for one or two years and 263 to labor on public works; 777 were banished to camps in the north, and the remainder were sent on to regular judges. Three hundred forty died in hospitals and 1,280 in prison.
In 1704 the viceroy suppressed a rebellion of the [[Pima people|Pima]] Indians in [[Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain|Nueva Vizcaya]], using bloody methods. The Indians were terrorized and submitted, but in the long run this was a bad result for the Spanish. The Indians became distrustful and resisted evangelization and integration into the society of the viceroyalty.
==Reputation==
The Duke of Alburquerque was the namesake of the [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Villa de Alburquerque]], in [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]] (now [[New Mexico]]), which was founded under his administration on 23 April 1706.<ref name=simmons>{{cite book | last1=Simmons | first1=Marc | title=Hispanic Albuquerque, 1706-1846 | date=2003 | publisher=UNM Press | location=Albuquerque | isbn=9780826331601 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En4WFnjfg2AC| language=en | page=66 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Julyan | first1=Robert Hixson | title=The Place Names of New Mexico | date=1996 | publisher=UNM Press | location=Albuquerque | isbn=9780826316899 | pages=9–10 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3fMJnT1gx0C| language=en }}</ref> On 12 October 1709 San Francisco de Cuéllar (now the city of [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua]]) was founded. Also in 1709 the Church of Santa María de Guadalupe was established.
In spite of his faults, Fernández de la Cueva had a reputation as an affable, moderate and capable governor who maintained tranquility and security in the viceroyalty. He turned over the government around January 1711 to his successor, [[Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares]]. Afterwards, he returned to Spain during 1711, dying in [[Madrid]] in June 1724, aged 57.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=García Purón |first=Manuel |title=México y sus gobernantes |volume=1 |year=1984 |publisher=Joaquín Porrua |location=Mexico City |language=es }}
*{{Cite book |last=Orozco Linares |first=Fernando |title=Gobernantes de México |year=1985 |publisher=Panorama Editorial |location=Mexico City |language=es |isbn=968-38-0260-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gobernantesdemex0000oroz }}
*{{Cite book |last=Orozco Linares |first=Fernando |title=Fechas Históricas de México |year=1988 |publisher=Panorama Editorial |location=Mexico City |language=es |isbn=968-38-0046-7 }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://grandesp.org.uk/historia/titulos/titintro.htm |title=Grandes de España |access-date=15 October 2008 |last=Hobbs |first=Nicolas |year=2007 |language=es }}
* Rosenmüller, Christoph. Patrons, Partisans, and Palace Intrigues: The Court Society of Colonial Mexico, 1702–1710.Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2008.
*{{in lang|es}} "Acordada, La," ''Enciclopedia de México'', v. 1. Mexico City, 1988.
*{{in lang|es}} "Fernández de La Cueva Enríquez, Francisco," ''Enciclopedia de México'', v. 5. Mexico City, 1988.
{{refend}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-gov}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Juan Ortega y Montañés|Juan Ortega]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Viceroys of New Spain|Viceroy of New Spain]]|years=1702–1711}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares|The Duke of Linares]]}}
{{S-reg|es}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Melchor Fernández de La Cueva, 9th Duke of Alburquerque|Melchor<br>Fernández de La Cueva]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Alburquerque]]|years=1686–1724}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Francisco Fernández de La Cueva, 11th Duke of Alburquerque|Francisco<br>Fernández de La Cueva]]}}
{{S-end}}
<ref>{{Cite book|title = Hispanic Albuquerque: 1706-1846|last = Simmons|first = Marc|publisher = University of New Mexico Press|year = 2003|isbn = 0-8263-3160-2|location = Albuquerque|pages = 45}}</ref>{{Viceroys of New Spain}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez De La Cueva, Francisco}}
[[Category:1666 births]]
[[Category:1724 deaths]]
[[Category:Counts of Ledesma]]
[[Category:Counts of Huelma]]
[[Category:Dukes of Alburquerque|110]]
[[Category:Grandees of Spain]]
[[Category:Knights of Santiago]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Cuellar]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Cadreita]]
[[Category:Spanish generals]]
[[Category:Viceroys of New Spain]]