View source for Fraser Street Bridge (1894)

{{Infobox bridge
| name                = Fraser St. Bridge
| native_name         =
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| image               = File:Fraser Street (Avenue) Bridge, approach (1918).png
| image_upright       =
| alt                 =
| caption             = Northward onto approach from Lulu Island, 1918
| coordinates         = {{Coord|49|11|53|N|123|05|28|W|display=inline,title|name=Fraser St. Bridge}}
| os_grid_reference   =
| carries= Vehicular traffic, pedestrians
| crosses= [[Fraser River]] north arm
| locale= [[Sunset, Vancouver|Sunset]]-[[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]
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| design              = [[Truss bridges]]
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| open                =
| inaugurated         = 1894
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}}
The '''Fraser St. Bridge''' (1894–1974), also known as the Fraser Ave. Bridge, North Arm Bridge, No. 5 Rd. Bridge, or Twigg Island Bridge,{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=34}} was a crossing over the north arm of the [[Fraser River]] in [[Greater Vancouver|Metro Vancouver]].
==History==
===Local government burden===
Laid in 1875, North Arm Rd. (now Fraser St.) connected the Fraser River farming area to the False Creek Trail (now Kingsway).<ref name=FrSt>{{Cite web | url=https://fraserstreetstories.ca/history-of-fraser-street |title =Fraser Street history |website=www.fraserstreetstories.ca}}</ref> Opened in 1894, the low-level two-lane bridge linked North Arm Road with No. 5 Rd., [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]. Just north of the structure's midway point, ramps provided access to Twigg Island (now the western part of [[Mitchell Island]]). The south channel comprised the fixed link, and the north one included the swing span,{{sfn|Dawe|1996|pp=34–35}} measuring {{convert|55|ft|m}}, that lengthened to {{convert|70|ft|m}} in the 1905 rebuild.<ref name=20Jul02>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19020720uvic/19020720#page/n3/mode/1up/search/north+arm |title =The Daily Colonist, 20 Jul 1902 |website=www.archive.org|year =1902 }}</ref> During the [[History of flooding in Canada#1894 Fraser River flood|1894 Fraser flood]], floating debris destroyed more than half the southern section,{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=35}} causing $2,000 damage.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist18940605uvic/18940605#mode/1up/search/north+arm |title =The Daily Colonist, 5 Jun 1894 |website=www.archive.org|year =1894 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist18940608uvic/18940608#mode/1up/search/north+arm |title =The Daily Colonist, 8 Jun 1894 |website=www.archive.org|year =1894 }}</ref> The province made a $1,000 contribution the following year toward similar repairs.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=35}}
Weight limits placed in 1896 restricted traffic to one loaded wagon at a time. The speed limit for automobiles was {{convert|3|mph|km/h|abbr=on|1}}. In 1911, 11 people were charged with trotting their horses across the structure.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|pp=35–36}} At this time, driving a horse across many bridges at faster than walking pace was an offence.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist53511uvic#page/n6/mode/1up/search/horses+bridge+charged |title =The Daily Colonist, 3 Jun 1911 |website=www.archive.org|year =1911 }}; <br /> {{cite web |url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist53559uvic#page/n5/mode/1up/search/horse+bridge+charged |title=The Daily Colonist, 29 Jul 1911 |website=www.archive.org |year=1911 }}</ref> In those early years, the bridge tender slotted an iron bar into a capstan, and slowly walked around it 25 times to open or close the span. Shifts were 12 hours long. During high winds, even with assistance from motorists, the process could double the usual 15 minutes. From 1948, an electric motor performed this function.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=41}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paulse.com/fraserstreethistoryproject/?cat=56 |title =Fraser Street history |website=Pause.com |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203220900/http://paulse.com/fraserstreethistoryproject/?cat=56 }}</ref>
North Arm Rd. became Fraser St in 1910, according to Elizbeth Walker, through a bylaw of South Vancouver municipality.<ref name=" FrSt" /> However, the name Fraser Ave. Bridge continued in use by much of the public for decades, and was used officially until 1968.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0365666#p169z-4r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=C170 |title =Highways Annual Report 1967–68 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> The bridge appears to have been a joint responsibility of the municipalities of South Vancouver and Richmond. The part of South Vancouver west of Cambie St. (formerly Bridge St.), but cutting west at 59th Ave. (formerly Essex St.) and south beside Ash St.,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://searcharchives.vancouver.ca/uploads/r/null/4/e/3/4e30a8d655dc12dc0fa477f88b619b47c935eacc7b07040135ba28a20da1de06/f16ee6da-6542-41ba-820e-706f79fdcd3e-MAP655.jpg |title =Image: Point Grey map, c.1911 |publisher=Williams & Murdoff |website=www.vancouver.ca }}</ref> formed the separate municipality of Point Grey in 1908. The eastern part, lacking a strong revenue base, faced financial collapse, which included an inability to pay its share of upkeep costs for the bridge.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=35}} However, when a 1916 [[ice floe]] destroyed {{convert|160|ft|m}} of the bridge, South Vancouver did pay half the $1,128 repairs.<ref name=COF79>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/richmondchildoff0000ross/page/91 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/richmondchildoff0000ross/page/91 91–93] |last=Ross |first=Leslie J. |title=Child of the Fraser |publisher=Richmond '79 Centennial Society |year=1979 |isbn=0-9690031-0-2 |via=www.richmond.ca }}</ref>
[[File:Fraser Street (Avenue) Bridge, open span (1918).png|thumb|left|300px| Fraser Avenue Bridge, open span position, 1918]]
On a clear moonlit November evening that year, a [[Share taxi#United States|jitney]] operating as a bus from the [[Ladner Ferry]], was driving at an excessive speed of 10–15&nbsp;mph. Failing to observe the red light showing for some time, it crashed through the light iron gates, travelled a further {{convert|20|ft|m}}, and plunged into the river. Two men and a little girl were rescued. The nine who perished, included driver George Smith, and Annie Evans and her older daughter, whose family brought the legal action. Smith was familiar with the bridge's fixed red and green light warning configuration that rotated with the swing span to control both river and roadway traffic. The gate, formerly positioned {{convert|10|ft|m|0}} from the brink, had saved a truck during a prior incident. Although the province built the bridge, Richmond paid half the $40,000 construction cost, and subsequently operated and maintained the crossing. A jury found the two municipalities and the driver equally liable. However, the trial judge gave judgment against Richmond alone, awarding $5,000 to the bereaved family. The [[British Columbia Court of Appeal|Court of Appeal]], equally divided as to Richmond's negligence, dismissed the action.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist58y289uvic#mode/1up/search/ladner+bus |page=1 |title =The Daily Colonist, 12 Nov 1916 |website=www.archive.org|year=1916 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bcreports/026.pdf#page=91 | pages=60–73 |title =Court of Appeal, Evans…vs…South Vancouver…and…Richmond |website=www.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> The [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]], which met in August 1919, upheld the earlier verdicts.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|pp=36–37}}
In 1917, the municipalities asked the province to take over the bridge, Richmond having spent $20,000 on maintenance. Being on the direct route to the ferry, Delta residents equally benefitted. During the latter part of that year, the longer southern section was open, but the damaged northern part was closed to vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist59y74uvic#page/n6/mode/1up/search/north+arm |title =The Daily Colonist, 7 Mar 1917 |website=www.archive.org|year =1917 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist59y271uvic#page/n17/mode/1up/search/fraser+ave  |title =The Daily Colonist, 21 Oct 1917 |website=www.archive.org|year =1917 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist59y284uvic#page/n20/mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 4 Nov 1917 |website=www.archive.org|year =1917 }}</ref>
In 1918, a new [[Howe truss]] span was installed.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist60y155uvic#page/n5/mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 6 Jun 1918 |website=www.archive.org|year =1918 }}</ref> That year, the province ousted the whole South Vancouver council, appointing Francis Joseph Gillespie, as commissioner, to reorganize the municipal finances.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=35}} In December 1919, when Gillespie wanted the municipality to assume equal liability for the Evans' case, residents were angry.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist61y300uvic#page/n4/mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 3 Dec 1919 |website=www.archive.org|year =1919 }}</ref>
According to one account, tragedy again struck in 1921, when nine jitney passengers also plunged to their deaths at an open span. The two municipalities equally contributed to the $30,000 damages award. Tug/barge/log boom collisions, periods of closure, repairs, and ongoing maintenance disproportionately burdened Richmond, because appeals for provincial aid yielded limited results.<ref name=" COF79" />{{sfn|Dawe|1996|pp=37–38}}
===Provincial government headache===
[[File:Fraser Street (Avenue) Bridge (1919).png|thumb|right|300px| Fraser Avenue Bridge, closed span position, 1919]]
In 1929, the province finally agreed to assume responsibility for the bridge and No. 5 Rd.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=39}} That year, South Vancouver and Point Grey amalgamated with Vancouver.<ref name=" FrSt" /> After the 1931 rebuild, the bridge was described as a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} wide asphaltic-concrete roadway with a sidewalk, {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=on}} Howe truss span, and pile-trestle approaches.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist229uvic_0#mode/1up/search/fraser+ave |title =The Daily Colonist, 2 Feb 1929 |website=www.archive.org|year =1929 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist330uvic_13#mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 18 Mar 1930 |website=www.archive.org|year =1930 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0300610#p152z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |pages=G8 & G130 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1930–31 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0305081#p138z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=M13 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1931–32 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca }}</ref>
Chung Chuck, a Delta potato farmer, who disputed the authority of the marketing board, disregarded the respective regulations.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist929uvic_28#page/n10/mode/1up/search/chung+chuck |title =The Daily Colonist, 29 Jul 1929 |website=www.archive.org|year =1929 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist1029uvic_9#page/n11/mode/1up/search/chung+chuck |title =The Daily Colonist, 11 Oct 1929 |website=www.archive.org|year =1929 }}</ref> In 1937, he knifed Earl A McKay, a board inspector, during a skirmish at the bridge. The instigating party unclear, both they, and some non-Chinese involved in the incident, faced assault charges.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19370302#mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 2 Mar 1937 |website=www.archive.org|year =1937 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19370304#page/n1/mode/1up/search/bridge+mckay |title =The Daily Colonist, 4 Mar 1937 |website=www.archive.org|year =1937 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19370323#page/n2/mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 23 Mar 1937 |website=www.archive.org|year =1937 }}</ref>
In official classification, the north section was bridge No. 6 and the south one No. 8.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0307532#p86z-5r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=X81 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1937–38 onward |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> A guard patrolled the crossing at the start of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0314091#p0z-5r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=P80 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1939–40 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca }}</ref> In 1941–42, the No. 8 deck was replaced and asphalted.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist0441uvic_19#page/n8/mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 24 Apr 1941 |website=www.archive.org|year =1941 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0314281#p0z-5r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=T42 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1941–42 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> The next year, a new cabin was built for the bridge tenders.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0319035#p20z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=O17 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1942–43 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> In 1944–45, impact damage from a barge required rebuilding the No. 6 downstream pier.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0320810#p22z-5r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |pages=O18 & O73 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1944–45 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> Two years later, the No. 6 deck was replaced.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0339918#p0z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |pages=P17 & P75 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1946–47 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref>
During 1949–51, extensive maintenance occurred.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0342772#p0z-5r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=Q105 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1949–50 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0343150#p107z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=N109 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1950–51 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> In 1951–52, new steel open-grid type decking was installed on the swing span, and protection [[Dolphin (structure)|dolphin]]s for the trestle approaches.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0348086#p36z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=P38 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1951–52 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> In 1954–55, the No. 6 deck approaches were replaced and a non-skid seal coat applied to both bridge decks.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0348914#p54z-2r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=K41 |title =Public Works Annual Report 1954–55 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> In 1955, after sustaining severe damage from a barge collision, a fractured Howe truss and the sidewalk were replaced, and the sway bracing renewed, during the three-and-a-half-week closure.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0349122#p116z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=N29 |title =Highways Annual Report 1955–56 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> To avoid tolls on [[Oak Street Bridge]] (opened in 1957), most traffic initially used the Fraser Street Bridge, causing massive congestion.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=39}} During 1958–60, the No. 8 was redecked and resurfaced.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0356108#p55z-5r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=G58 |title =Highways Annual Report 1958–59 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0355809#p105z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=F106 |title =Highways Annual Report 1959–60 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref>
A 1963 election campaign promise included a replacement bridge.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19670201#page/n15/mode/1up/search/fraser+street |title =The Daily Colonist, 1 Feb 1967 |website=www.archive.org|year =1967 }}</ref> That year, police investigated written and telephone threats made to tug boat operators by irate motorists delayed by the frequent span openings.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19631213#page/n17/mode/1up/search/fraser+avenue |title =The Daily Colonist, 13 Dec 1963 |website=www.archive.org|year =1963 }}</ref> The next year, the No. 8 was redecked and paved.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0364026#p82z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=C151 |title =Highways Annual Report 1964–65 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> In 1965, the swing span mechanism underwent extensive repairs,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0364190#p149z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=C77 |title =Highways Annual Report 1965–66 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> and a $10m replacement bridge was affirmed.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19650618#page/n10/mode/1up/search/fraser+street |title =The Daily Colonist, 18 Jun 1965 |website=www.archive.org|year =1965 }}</ref> The following year, an empty barge took out the No. 8 centre span. A truck driver, and seven children standing on the bridge, plunged into the Fraser. The driver escaped by smashing a window of his submerged truck. All were rescued. The collision cut a gas pipeline and phone cable. A single-lane [[Bailey bridge]] was floated into position within 26 hours,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19660624#page/n12/mode/1up/search/fraser+street |title =The Daily Colonist, 24 Jun 1966 |website=www.archive.org|year =1966 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0364478#p10z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=C11 |title =Highways Annual Report 1966–67 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> but a permanent centre span was not floated into position until nine months later.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19670328#page/n9/mode/1up/search/fraser+street |title =The Daily Colonist, 28 Mar 1967 |website=www.archive.org|year =1967 }}</ref>
During the planning and construction stages, the [[Knight Street Bridge]] (opened in 1974) was known as the '''Fraser St. Bridge replacement'''. Construction began in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19690720#page/n5/mode/1up/search/fraser+street |title =The Daily Colonist, 20 Jul 1969 |website=www.archive.org|year =1969 }}</ref> The following year, fire destroyed the fixed-span No. 8., closing the bridge for almost four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19700623#page/n9/mode/1up/search/fraser+street |title =The Daily Colonist, 23 Jun 1970 |website=www.archive.org|year =1970 }}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=http://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19700719#page/n24/mode/1up/search/street+bridge+fraser |title =The Daily Colonist, 19 Jul 1970 |website=www.archive.org|year =1970 }}</ref> Labour alone for the reconstruction totalled $115,000.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0373858#p169z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=C11 |title =Highways Annual Report 1970–71 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref> Two weeks after the Knight St. Bridge opened, the Fraser St. one closed to vehicles.{{sfn|Dawe|1996|p=35}} Over the next three years, demolition cost about $230,000. The steel truss became part of a bridge located elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0377971#p187z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |pages=B48 & B188 |title =Highways Annual Report 1974–75 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0377902#p57z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=B167 |title =Highways and Public Works Annual Report 1975–76 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0377967#p97z-3r0f:%22fraser%20avenue%22 |page=B281 |title =Highways and Public Works Annual Report 1976–77 |website=www.open.library.ubc.ca}}</ref>
Some images.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://search.nbca.unbc.ca/uploads/r/northern-bc-archives-special-collections/6/2/b/62b7d40f223f33455350e9caa3f772828368b53c645a9fa864e1ba8297a7de66/2013_6_36_1_01_057.jpg |title =Fraser St Bridge swing span |website=www.unbc.ca}}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=https://search.nbca.unbc.ca/uploads/r/northern-bc-archives-special-collections/c/6/d/c6dc81e5a7913e95720eabf64651e86d0fa8d90d79774b01cb2ecac3fc1d8461/2013_6_36_1_01_060.jpg |title =Fraser St Bridge swing span |website=www.unbc.ca}}; <br /> {{Cite web | url=https://search.nbca.unbc.ca/uploads/r/northern-bc-archives-special-collections/3/5/4/354a7f5828c3237db34f4896bb4dc83aaf0208eb01a91031d02956d401f6dfc5/2013_6_36_1_01_059.jpg |title =Fraser St Bridge southern main span |website=www.unbc.ca}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of crossings of the Fraser River]]
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*{{cite book |last=Dawe |first=Alan |title=Richmond and its Bridges |year=1996 |publisher=City of Richmond Archives |isbn=0-9690031-2-9 }}
{{Crossings navbox
| structure       = [[List of crossings of the Fraser River|Crossings]]
| place           = [[Fraser River]]
| bridge          = Fraser Street Bridge
| bridge signs    =
| upstream        = [[Knight Street Bridge]]
| upstream signs  =
| downstream      = [[North Arm Bridge|North Arm Canada Line Bridge]]
| downstream signs =
}}
[[Category:Bridges in Greater Vancouver]]
[[Category:Transport in Richmond, British Columbia]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Fraser River]]
[[Category:Road bridges in British Columbia]]