View source for Furigana

{{Short description|Japanese style of ruby text}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Japanese writing}}
{{nihongo|'''Furigana'''|[[wikt:振り仮名|振り仮名]]||{{IPA|ja|ɸɯɾigaꜜna}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|ja|ɸɯɾigana|}}}} is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] reading aid consisting of smaller [[kana]] (syllabic characters) printed either above or next to [[kanji]] ([[Logogram|logographic]] characters) or other characters to indicate their [[pronunciation]]. It is one type of [[ruby character|ruby text]]. Furigana is also known as {{nihongo|'''yomigana'''|読み仮名}} and {{nihongo|'''rubi'''|[[wikt:ルビ|ルビ]]||{{IPA|ja|ɾɯꜜbi|}}}} in Japanese. In modern Japanese, it is usually used to gloss rare kanji, to clarify rare, nonstandard or ambiguous kanji readings, or in children's or learners' materials. Before the post-World War II [[Japanese script reform|script reforms]], it was more widespread.<ref name="Sampson1990">{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Sampson|title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVcdNRvwoDkC&pg=PA190|date=1990|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1756-4|page=190}}</ref>
Furigana is most often written in [[hiragana]], though in certain cases it may be written in [[katakana]], [[Romaji|Roman alphabet letters]] or in other, simpler kanji. In vertical text, ''[[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|tategaki]]'', the furigana is placed to the right of the line of text; in horizontal text, ''[[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|yokogaki]]'', it is placed above the line of text, as illustrated below.
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-3}}
{|
|-
| style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em | {{lang|ja|日}}|| style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em" |{{lang|ja|に}}
|-
| style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em | {{lang|ja|本}}|| style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em" |{{lang|ja|ほ<br>ん}}
|-
| style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em | {{lang|ja|語}}|| style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em" |{{lang|ja|ご}}
|}
{{col-3|align=center|valign=middle}}
or
{{col-3}}
{|
|-
| style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em; text-align:center" | {{lang|ja|に}}|| style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em; text-align:center" |{{lang|ja|ほん}}|| style="line-height:1em; font-size:0.8em; text-align:center" |{{lang|ja|ご}}
|-
| style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em" | {{lang|ja|日}}|| style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em" |{{lang|ja|本}}|| style="line-height:1em; font-size:2em" |{{lang|ja|語}}
|}
{{col-end}}
These examples spell the word ''nihongo'', which is made up of three kanji characters: {{lang|ja|日}} (''ni'', written in hiragana as {{lang|ja|に}}), {{lang|ja|本}} (''hon'', written in hiragana as {{lang|ja|ほん}}) and {{lang|ja|語}} (''go'', written in hiragana as {{lang|ja|ご}}).
==Appearance==
Furigana may be added by character, in which case the furigana character(s) that correspond to a kanji are centered over that kanji; or by word or phrase, in which case the entire furigana text is centered over several kanji characters, even if the kanji do not represent equal shares of the kana needed to write them. The latter method is more common, especially since some words in Japanese have unique pronunciations (''[[jukujikun]]'') that are not related to readings of any of the characters the word is written with.
Furigana fonts are generally sized so that two kana characters fit naturally over one kanji; when more kana are required, this is resolved either by adjusting the furigana by using a [[condensed font]] (narrowing the kana), or by adjusting the kanji by [[intercharacter spacing]] (adding spaces around the kanji). In case an isolated kanji character has a long reading—for example {{lang|ja|〜に携わる}} (where {{lang|ja|携}} reads {{lang|ja|たずさ}}, ''tazusa'')—the furigana may instead spill over into the space next to the neighboring kana characters, without condensing or changing spacing. Three-kana readings are not uncommon, particularly due to ''[[yōon]]'' with a long vowel, such as {{Nihongo||りょう|ryō}}; five kana are required for {{Nihongo||志、こころざし|kokorozashi}} and six for {{Nihongo||承る、うけたまわる|uketamawaru}}, the longest of any character in the [[Joyo kanji]]. Very long readings also occur for certain kanji or symbols which have a ''[[gairaigo]]'' (loan word) reading; the word "centimeter" is generally written as "cm" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space) and has the seven-kana reading {{lang|ja|センチメートル}} (''senchimētoru'') (it can also be written as the kanji {{lang|ja|糎}}, though this is very rare); another common example is "%" (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading {{lang|ja|パーセント}} (''pāsento''). These cause severe spacing problems due to length and these words being used as units (hence closely associated with the preceding figure).
When it is necessary to distinguish between native Japanese ''[[Kanji#Kun'yomi (Japanese reading)|kun'yomi]]''  pronunciations and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]-derived ''[[Kanji#On'yomi (Chinese reading)|on'yomi]]'' pronunciations, for example in [[Japanese dictionary|kanji dictionaries]], the kun'yomi pronunciations are written in [[hiragana]], and the on'yomi pronunciations are written in [[katakana]]. However, this distinction is really only important in dictionaries and other reference works. In ordinary prose, the script chosen will usually be [[hiragana]]. The one general exception to this is ''modern'' Chinese place names, personal names, and (occasionally) food names—these will often be written with kanji, and katakana used for the furigana; in more casual writing these are simply written in katakana, as borrowed words. Occasionally this style is also used for loanwords from other languages (especially English). For example, the kanji {{lang|ja|一角獣}} (literally "one horn beast") might be glossed with katakana {{lang|ja|ユニコーン}}, ''yunikōn'', to show the pronunciation of the loanword "unicorn", which is unrelated to the normal reading of the kanji. Generally, though, such loanwords are just written in straight katakana.
The distinction between regular kana and the smaller character forms ([[yōon]] and [[sokuon]]), which are used in regular orthography to mark such things as [[gemination]] and [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]], is often not made in furigana: for example, the usual [[hiragana]] spelling of the word {{lang|ja|却下}} (''kyakka'') is {{lang|ja|きゃっか}}, but in furigana it might be written {{lang|ja|きやつか}}. This was especially common in old-fashioned [[printing press|movable type]] printing when smaller fonts were not available. Nowadays, with computer-based printing systems, this occurs less frequently.
==Alignment rules in word processing or typesetting==
{{Expand section|date=December 2018}}
Various [[Word processor|word processing]] or [[typesetting]] [[software]] programs, such as [[Microsoft Word]], [[Adobe InDesign]], [[Adobe InCopy]], etc. have features for adding [[Ruby character|ruby text]], especially Japanese furigana. Among formatting features are different rules for aligning the kana over or to the right of the base text, usually either when the base text string is longer than the furigana string or vice versa. Extra spaces may be needed depending on the size of the shorter string (either the ruby string or the base string) relatively to the longer one.
* [[Typographic alignment|Centered, left/top or right/bottom]]: No spaces are added in between the characters. The shorter string is aligned to the center (中付きルビ ''nakatsuki rubi''),<ref name=align>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/NOTE-jlreq-20120403/#ruby_and_emphasis_dots|title=Requirements for Japanese Text Layout|date=April 2012|website=www.w3.org|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114012224/http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/NOTE-jlreq-20120403/#ruby_and_emphasis_dots|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> the left/top (肩付きルビ ''katatsuki rubi'')<ref name=align /> or the right/bottom of the longer string.
* 1-2-1 ([[Japanese Industrial Standards|JIS]]): Spaces are added at the start of and the end of the shorter string, and in between its component characters, so that the spaces in between are twice as wide or tall as the spaces at the start and at the end. Space width or height is calculated based on the width or height of the square bounding box of a glyph (Japanese [[typeface]]s are generally [[Monospaced font|monospaced]]). The strings are still, in essence, aligned to the center of each other, rather than to the left/top or right/bottom.
* 0-1-0: Equal spaces are added, similarly to the 1-2-1 rule, in between the component characters of the shorter string, but not its start or end.
==Usage==
[[File:Higashifushimi.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Furigana indicates the pronunciation above the kanji for the names of three stations on the Seibu Railway, 東伏見 (Higashi-Fushimi Station), 武蔵関 ( Musashi-Seki Station) and 西武柳沢 (Seibu-Yagisawa Station). The sign also includes romaji below the kanji for each station.]]
Furigana are most commonly used in works for children, who may not have sufficiently advanced reading skills to recognize the kanji, but can understand the word when written phonetically in [[hiragana]]. Because children learn hiragana before [[katakana]], in books for very young children, there are hiragana－furigana next to the katakana characters. It is common to use furigana on all kanji characters in works for young children. This is called {{nihongo|''sōrubi''|[[wikt:総ルビ|総ルビ]]}} in Japanese.
Numeric characters used for counting (e.g. {{lang|ja|二{{ruby-ja|本|ほん}}/２{{ruby-ja|本|ほん}}}} ''ni-hon'' "two long things"; {{lang|ja|２つめ}} ''futatsume'' "second"; {{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|第|だい}}二{{ruby-ja|巻|かん}}/{{ruby-ja|第|だい}}２{{ruby-ja|巻|かん}}}} ''dai-ni kan'' "book 2"; {{lang|ja|２ページ}} ''ni-pēji'' "page 2"; etc.) are usually not tagged with furigana. Exceptions include a few cases such as 一人/１人 ''hitori'' "one person" and 二人/２人 ''futari'' "two people", which may be tagged with separate kana for each character ({{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|一|ひと}}{{ruby-ja|人|り}}}}/{{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|１|ひと}}{{ruby-ja|人|り}}}}), or non-separated kana for the whole word ({{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|一人|ひとり}}}}/{{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|１人|ひとり}}}}), depending on the style of the publisher in question; or characters for numerals greater than 1,000 (千), such as 万 (10,000), 億 (100,000,000), etc. Numeric words in established compounds (e.g. {{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|一|いっ}}{{ruby-ja|歩|ぽ}}}} ''ippo'' "step"; {{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|一|ひと}}{{ruby-ja|目|め}}}} ''hitome'' "sight; attention"), however, are generally tagged with furigana.
Many [[Children's anime and manga|children's manga]], [[shōnen]] and [[shōjo manga]] use furigana (again however, rarely on [[Japanese numerals|numerals]]). Shōnen and shōjo manga tend to have furigana for all non-numeric characters, while some manga (such as early volumes of ''[[Doraemon]]'' and other manga published by [[Shogakukan]]), may also ignore furigana on elementary-grade kanji or easy words.{{Efn|For example, in the ''Doraemon'' short titled {{lang|ja|人間{{ruby-ja|切|せつ}}{{ruby-ja|断|だん}}{{ruby-ja|機|き}}}}, the word 人間 has no furigana.}} [[Seinen]] and [[josei manga]] ignores furigana most of the time, even on the names of the characters if they're common names, although some publishers may still routinely use furigana for the first mentions of important characters' names in a volume or chapter. There are also books with a phonetic guide (mainly in [[hiragana]] but sometimes in [[rōmaji]]) for Japanese learners, which may be bilingual or Japanese only. These are popular with foreigners wishing to master Japanese faster and enjoy reading Japanese short stories, novels or articles.
Due to the small type used for furigana, for maximum readability, some manga publishers may use regular kana instead of small kana. For example, はっしん ''hasshin'' may be spelled はつしん *''hatsushin'' instead.
Some websites and tools exist which provide a phonetic guide for Japanese web pages (in hiragana, rōmaji or [[Cyrillization of Japanese|kiriru-moji]]); these are popular with both Japanese children and foreign Japanese learners.
In works aimed at adult Japanese speakers, furigana may be used on a word written in uncommon kanji; in the mass media, they are generally used on words containing non-[[Jōyō kanji]].
Furigana commonly appear alongside kanji names and their romanizations on signs for railway stations, even if the pronunciation of the kanji is commonly known. Furigana also appear often on maps to show the pronunciation of unusual place names.
Before the war, youths might arguably have been almost illiterate if not for furigana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Defrancis|first=John|title=The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|page=216|date=1986}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=Not easily verifiable; No statistics to support.|date=July 2022}}
===Names===
[[Japanese name]]s are usually written in [[kanji]]. Because there are many possible readings for kanji names, including special name-only readings called [[nanori]], furigana are often used to give the readings of names. On Japanese official forms, where the name is to be written, there is always an adjacent column for the name to be written in furigana.
Furigana may also be used for foreign names written in kanji. Chinese and Korean names are the most common examples: Chinese names are usually pronounced with Japanese readings and the pronunciation written in hiragana, while Korean names are usually pronounced with Korean readings and the pronunciation written in katakana.
===Language learning===
Kanji and kanji compounds are often presented with furigana in Japanese-language textbooks for non-native speakers.
Furigana are also often used in foreign-language textbooks for Japanese learners to indicate pronunciation. The words are written in the original foreign script, such as [[hangul]] for [[Korean language|Korean]], and furigana is used to indicate the pronunciation. According to Ministry of Education guidelines, and the opinions of educators, the use of Japanese furigana should be avoided in English teaching due to the differences in pronunciation between English and Japanese. For instance, the word "birthdate" might be glossed in furigana as {{lang|ja|バースデイト}} (''bāsudeito''), which corresponds to an imperfect pronunciation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gifu-net.ed.jp/kyoka/eigo/CommunicativeEnglish/05-11cSpeaking.htm |title=Speaking/Pronunciation |author=Lena Ginsburg |date=July 2005 |publisher=Gifu Prefectural Board of Education |access-date=3 May 2012 |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629173921/http://www.gifu-net.ed.jp/kyoka/eigo/CommunicativeEnglish/05-11cSpeaking.htm |archive-date=29 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://genkienglish.net/katakana.htm |title=No Katakana!! |author=Richard Graham |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508074514/http://www.genkienglish.net/katakana.htm |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Other effects===
Furigana unrelated to the kanji they are assigned to are often used to convey certain effects, rather than to denote a phonetic guide, especially in manga, anime, video games, and tabletop games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japanesewithanime.com/2016/11/furigana-meaning.html|title=Furigana - What Is It?|work=Japanese with Anime|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828104040/http://www.japanesewithanime.com/2016/11/furigana-meaning.html|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
This usage is known as {{lang|ja|義訓}} ''gikun'' (see also [[Kanji#Special readings]]). The specific effects vary.
It may be used to visually reinforce complex ideas without having to use long expressions. For example, the word {{wikt-lang|ja|悪夢}} ''akumu'' "nightmare" may be annotated with {{lang|ja|[[wikt:真実|しんじつ]]}} ''shinjitsu'' "truth" (i.e. {{ruby-ja|悪夢|しんじつ}}) rather than its true reading, to convey the meaning of "nightmarish truth".<ref>{{cite book|last=Aoyama|first=Gosho|author-link=Gosho Aoyama|date=15 March 2007|title=Magic Kaito|script-chapter=ja:ダーク・ナイトの巻【後編】|trans-chapter=Dark Knight [Last Chapter]|volume=4|title-link=Magic Kaito|quote={{lang|ja|いや…{{ruby-ja|彼|かれ}}は{{ruby-ja|盗|ぬす}}んで{{ruby-ja|行|い}}きましたよ…この{{ruby-ja|子|こ}}のために…{{ruby-ja|悪夢|しんじつ}}をね…}}}}</ref>
Some authors may even use furigana that means the opposite of what the base text does to reinforce the complicated relationship between characters. For example, {{wikt-lang|ja|親友}} ''shin'yū'' "close friend" may be annotated with {{wikt-lang|ja|ライバル}} ''raibaru'' "rival", to mean "a rival who is also friend".<ref>{{cite book|last=Sorachi|first=Hideaki|author-link=Hideaki Sorachi|date=9 February 2008|title=Gintama|script-chapter=ja:第百九十三訓 『プリズンブレイク シーズン２』ってアレ もうプリズンをブレイクしてるからプリズンブレイクじゃなくね？|trans-chapter=Lesson 193: "Prison Break Season 2"? They've Already Broken Out of Prison, Why Is It Still Called "Prison Break"?|volume=22|title-link=Gintama|quote={{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|私|わたし}}の{{ruby-ja|親友|ライバル}}}}}}</ref>
Another use is to indicate the meanings of ambiguous or foreign words. For example, the word {{wikt-lang|ja|ここ}} (''koko'', "here") may be annotated with a more specific description like {{wikt-lang|ja|病院}} ''byōin'' "hospital" (i.e. {{ruby-ja|病院|ここ}}) to mean "here (at this hospital)". Or in a work of science fiction, an astronaut may use the word {{wikt-lang|ja|ふるさと}} ''furusato'' "my hometown", when referring to planet Earth; to clarify that for the reader, {{lang|ja|ふるさと}} may be written over the word {{wikt-lang|ja|地球}} ''chikyū'' "Earth". A similar technique is used in Japanese subtitles on foreign films to associate the written Japanese with the sounds actually being spoken by the actors, or in a translation of a work of fiction to preserve the original sound of a proper name in furigana while indicating its meaning with kanji. For example, "Firebolt" in the [[Harry Potter]] series is written {{ruby-ja|炎の雷|ファイアボルト}}, composed of the kanji {{wikt-lang|ja|炎の雷}} ''honō no ikazuchi'' "flame thunderbolt" and the furigana {{lang|ja|ファイアボルト}} ''faiaboruto''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Chapter Titles in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian (Chapter 11: The Firebolt) |url=http://www.cjvlang.com/Hpotter/book3/bk3ch11.html |website=cvlang.com |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
Some manga combine the rendition of a foreign word (especially an obscure one) in furigana as the intended reading of a term, with more familiar kanji as the meaning. For example, {{wikt-lang|ja|駅}} ''eki'' "station" may be annotated with {{lang|ja|ステーション}} ''sutēshon'' (the [[Transcription into Japanese|rendition]] of the English "station") to convey a foreign, exotic feel;<ref>{{cite book|last=Amano|first=Kozue|author-link=Kozue Amano|date=27 April 2002|title=Aqua|script-chapter=ja:Navigation06 始めてのお客様 |trans-chapter=Navigation 06: A First-Time Customer|volume=2|title-link=Aria (manga)|quote={{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|浮|う}}き{{ruby-ja|島|じま}}への{{ruby-ja|空|くう}}{{ruby-ja|中|ちゅう}}ロープウェイ{{ruby-ja|駅|ステーション}}まで{{ruby-ja|頼|たの}}む}}}}</ref>
This is sometimes done conversely, for example, by annotating an exotic term like {{wikt-lang|ja|ベーゼ}} ''bēze'' "kiss" with a more common synonym like {{wikt-lang|ja|キッス}} ''kissu''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Takahashi|first=Rumiko|author-link=Rumiko Takahashi|date=15 August 1991|title=Ranma ½|script-chapter=ja:ＰＡＲＴ.９ 怪奇！お上品館 |trans-chapter=Part 9: Horror! Folks of Class|volume=16|title-link=Ranma ½|quote={{lang|ja|{{ruby-ja|ベーゼ|キッス}}にびっくりなさるとは、なんて{{ruby-ja|純|じゅん}}{{ruby-ja|情|じょう}}なマドモアゼル…}}}}</ref>
Some writers use furigana to represent slang pronunciations, particularly those that would be difficult to understand without the kanji to provide their meaning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schreiber |first=Mark |date=2013-07-14 |title=Furigana: read the fine print, decode the hidden meanings |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/07/14/language/furigana-read-the-fine-print-decode-the-hidden-meanings-2/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> Others use it simply to shrink kana spellings that are too long, thanks to the small type of furigana.  For example, {{wikt-lang|ja|インターポール}} ''intāpōru'' "[[Interpol]]" may be shortened to {{ruby-ja|ICPO|インターポール}}.
In [[karaoke]] it is common for furigana to be placed on the song lyrics. The song lyrics are often written in kanji pronounced quite differently from the furigana. The furigana version is used for pronunciation.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
==Other Japanese reading aids==
===Okurigana===
{{Main|Okurigana}}
Okurigana are kana that appear inline at normal size following kanji stems, typically to complete and to inflect adjectives and verbs. In this use they may also help to disambiguate kanji with multiple readings; for example, {{lang|ja|上がる}} ({{lang|ja|あがる}}, ''agaru'') vs. {{lang|ja|上る}} ({{lang|ja|のぼる}}, ''noboru''). Unlike furigana, the use of okurigana is a mandatory part of the written language.
===Kunten===
In the written style known as ''[[kanbun]]'', which is the Japanese approximation of [[Classical Chinese]], small marks called ''[[kunten]]'' are sometimes added as reading aids. Unlike furigana, which indicate pronunciation, ''kunten'' indicate Japanese grammatical structures absent from the ''kanbun'', and also show how words should be reordered to fit Japanese sentence structure.
===Furikanji===
Furigana are sometimes also used to indicate meaning, rather than pronunciation. Over the foreign text, smaller-sized Japanese words, in kana or kanji, corresponding to the ''meaning'' of the foreign words, effectively translate it in place. While rare now, some late 19th–early 20th century authors used kanji as furigana for [[loanword]]s written in katakana. This usage is called {{nihongo|''furikanji''|振り漢字}} in Japanese, since ''furigana'' implies the use of ''[[kana]]''. For example, {{lang|ja|[[wikt:リリック|{{ruby-ja|リリック|歌詞}}]]}} ''ririkku'' "lyric" may be tagged with {{lang|ja|[[wikt:歌詞|歌詞]]}} ''kashi'' "lyrics" for clarification rather than for phonetic guidance.<ref>{{cite book|author=TAGRO|date=23 July 2008|title=Hen Semi|chapter=#06|volume=1|title-link=Hen Semi}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Okurigana]]
*[[Ruby character]]
*[[Zhuyin]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* ''Mangajin's Basic Japanese Through Comics [Part I]'' New York: Weatherhill, 1998: 48–49
* J Paul Warnick, Review of ''Nihon o Hanasoo'' in ''The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese'', Vol. 32, No. 2 (Oct., 1998), pp.&nbsp;80–83.
{{refend}}
==External links==
* [https://kanjikana.com/en/tools/furigana Furigana Generator]: Tool that automatically adds hiragana above kanji characters in a given Japanese text.
{{Japanese language}}
[[Category:Japanese writing system terms]]
[[Category:Kana]]
[[Category:Ruby characters]]
[[Category:Japanese writing system]]
[[Category:East Asian typography]]