View source for Gamaliel

{{Short description|First century leading authority on Jewish law in the Sanhedrin}}
{{About|Gamaliel the Elder|other individuals and uses|Gamaliel (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Rabban Gamliel.jpg|thumb|R. Gamaliel depicted in a medieval miniature.]]
'''Gamaliel the Elder''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|i|əl|,_|-|ˈ|m|ɑː|-|,_|ˌ|ɡ|æ|m|ə|ˈ|l|iː|əl}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones |first= Daniel |author2=Gimson, A.C. |title= Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary |publisher= J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd |location= London |year= 1977 |page= 207}}</ref> also spelled '''Gamliel'''; {{langx|he|רַבַּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הַזָּקֵן}} ''Rabban Gamlīʾēl hazZāqēn''; {{langx|grc-x-koine|Γαμαλιὴλ ὁ Πρεσβύτερος}} ''Gamaliēl ho Presbýteros''), or '''Rabban Gamaliel I''', was a leading authority in the [[Sanhedrin]] in the early first century CE. He was the son of [[Simeon ben Hillel]] and grandson of the great Jewish teacher [[Hillel the Elder]]. He fathered [[Simeon ben Gamliel]], who was named for Gamaliel's father,<ref name=JE>{{cite web| first1= Solomon |last1= Schechter |first2= Wilhelm |last2= Bacher | website=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]| url= http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=G&artid=51 |title= Gamliel I}}</ref> and a daughter, who married a priest named Simon ben Nathanael.<ref>''[[Avodah Zarah]]'' 3:10</ref>
{{Eras of the Halakha}}
In the Christian tradition, Gamaliel is recognized as a [[Pharisees|Pharisaic]] doctor{{Explain|date=November 2024|reason=Judaism does not really have an equivalent concept for the Catholic "Doctor of the Church," so it would be helpful for an expert to add helpful context.}} of [[Halakha|Jewish Law]].<ref name="CathEncy">{{cite web| title= Gamaliel |website= Catholic Encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06374b.htm}}</ref> Gamaliel was named as a member of the Sanhedrin in the [[Acts 5|fifth chapter]] of [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] and the teacher of [[Paul the Apostle]] in {{bibleverse|Acts|22:3|9}}.<ref>{{cite book| first1= Andreas J. |last1= Köstenberger |first2= L. Scott |last2= Kellum |first3= Charles |last3= Quarles |title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament |page= 389 |publisher= B & H Publishing Group |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-8054-4365-3}}</ref> Gamaliel [[Gamaliel's principle|encouraged his fellow Pharisees to show leniency]] to the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles of Jesus]] in {{Bibleverse|Acts|5:34|9}}.<ref>Raymond E. Brown, ''A Once-and-Coming Spirit at Pentecost'', page 35 (Liturgical Press, 1994). {{ISBN|0-8146-2154-6}}</ref>
== In Jewish tradition ==
[[File:Gamliel.jpg|thumb|{{center| Rabban Gamaliel<br/>(רבן גמליﭏ)}}]]
In the [[Talmud]], Gamaliel is described as bearing the titles [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]] [[Hebrew language|(Hebrew:]] נָשִׂיא ''Nāśīʾ'' "prince") and ''Rabban'' ("our master") as the president of the Great Sanhedrin in Jerusalem; it is not doubted that he held a senior position in the highest court in Jerusalem.<ref name=JE/>
Gamaliel holds a reputation in the [[Mishnah]] for being one of the greatest teachers in all the annals of Judaism: "Since Rabban Gamaliel the Elder died, there has been no more reverence for the law, and purity and piety died out at the same time".<ref>[[Sotah]] 9:15</ref>
Gamaliel's authority on questions of religious law is suggested by two Mishnaic anecdotes in which "the king and queen" ask for his advice about rituals.<ref>[[Pesahim]] 88:2</ref> The identity of the king and queen in question is not given, but is generally thought to either be [[Herod Agrippa]] and his wife [[Cypros (wife of Herod Agrippa)|Cypros]] the [[Nabataeans|Nabataean]], or [[Herod Agrippa II]] and his sister [[Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)|Berenice]].<ref name=JE /><ref>Adolph Buechler, ''Das Synhedrion in Jerusalem'', p.129. Vienna, 1902.</ref>
As [[rabbinic literature]] always contrasts the school of [[Hillel the Elder]] to that of [[Shammai]] and only presents the collective opinions of each of these opposing schools of thought without mentioning the individual nuances and views of the rabbis within them, these texts do not portray Gamaliel as being knowledgeable about the Jewish scriptures, nor do they describe him as a teacher.<ref name=JE /> For this reason, Gamaliel is not listed as part of the chain of individuals who perpetuated the Mishnaic tradition.<ref>''[[Pirkei Abot]]'' 1–2</ref> Instead, the chain is listed as passing directly from Hillel to [[Yohanan ben Zakkai]].
Nevertheless, the Mishnah mentions Gamaliel's authorship of a few laws about community welfare and conjugal rights. He argued that the law should protect women during divorce and that, for the purpose of remarriage, a single witness was sufficient evidence for the death of a husband.<ref>''[[Yevamot]]'' 16:7</ref>
Various pieces of classical rabbinic literature additionally mention that Gamaliel sent out three [[epistle]]s, designed as notifications of new religious rulings, and which portray Gamaliel as the head of the Jewish body for religious law.<ref>[[Tosefta]] ''[[Sanhedrin (Talmud)|Sanhedrin]]'' 2:6; ''Sanhedrin'' 11b; [[Jerusalem Talmud]] ''Sanhedrin'' 18d; Jerusalem Talmud ''[[Ma'aser Sheni]]'' 56c</ref> Two of these three were sent, respectively, to the inhabitants of [[Galilee]] and "the Darom" (southern Judea), and were on the subject of the [[first tithe]]. The third epistle was sent to the [[Jewish diaspora|Jews of the diaspora]] and argued for the introduction of an [[intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalary month]].
[[Image:Pluméliau (56) Chapelle Saint-Nicodème Retable de la Descente de Croix 20.JPG|thumb|Statue of Gamaliel in the Chapelle Saint-Nicodème de Pluméliau.]]
Since the Hillelian school of thought is presented collectively, very few other teachings are clearly identifiable as Gamaliel's. There is only a cryptic dictum comparing his students to classes of fish:
: A [[kosher animals|ritually impure fish]]: one who has memorized everything by study, but has no understanding, and is the son of poor parents
: A ritually pure fish: one who has learnt and understood everything, and is the son of rich parents
: A fish from the [[Jordan River]]: one who has learnt everything, but doesn't know how to respond
: A fish from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]: one who has learnt everything, and knows how to respond
In some manuscripts of [[Dunash ibn Tamim]]'s tenth-century Hebrew commentary on the ''[[Sefer Yetzirah]]'', the author identifies Gamaliel with the physician [[Galen]]. He claims to have seen an Arabic medical work translated from Hebrew entitled ''The Book of Gamaliel the Prince (Nasi), called Galenos among the Greeks''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gero |first1=Stephen |title=Galen on the Christians: A Reappraisal of the Arabic Evidence |journal=Orientalia Christiana Periodica |date=1990 |volume=56 |issue=2 |page=393}}</ref> However, since Galen lived in the second century and Gamaliel died during the mid-first century, this is unlikely.
===Quotes===
In the [[''Pirkei Avot'']], Gamaliel is credited as saying:
{{blockquote|Make a teacher for yourself and remove yourself from doubt; and do not give excess tithes by estimating.<ref>{{cite book |title=Six Orders of the Mishnah (Pirḳe Avot 1:16)}}</ref><ref>The Living Talmud - The Wisdom of the Fathers, ed. Judah Goldin, New American Library of World Literature: New York 1957, p. 72</ref>}}
== In other places ==
[[Image:Gamaliel erscheint dem Lucianus im Traum.jpg|thumb|Gamaliel appearing to the priest Lucianus in a dream. 15th century painting.]]
The [[Acts of the Apostles]] introduces Gamaliel as a [[Pharisee]] and celebrated doctor of the [[613 Mitzvot|Mosaic Law]] in {{Bibleverse|Acts|5:34–40|9|Acts 5:34–40}}. In the larger context (vs.{{bibleverse|Acts|5:17–42|9|17–42}}), [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and the other [[Twelve Apostles|apostles]] are described as being prosecuted before the Sanhedrin for continuing to preach the [[gospel]] despite the Jewish authorities having previously prohibited it. The passage describes Gamaliel as presenting an argument against executing the apostles, reminding them about the previous revolts of [[Theudas]] and [[Judas of Galilee]], which had collapsed quickly after the deaths of those individuals. Gamaliel's advice was accepted after his concluding argument:
{{blockquote|And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought: But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God.||{{bibleverse|Acts|5:38–39|9|Acts 5:38–39}}}}
The Book of Acts later goes on to describe [[Paul the Apostle]] recounting that though "born in Tarsus", he was brought up in Jerusalem "at the feet of Gamaliel, ''[and]'' taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers" ({{bibleverse|Acts|22:3|9}}). No details are given about which teachings Paul adopted from Gamaliel, as it is assumed that as a Pharisee, Paul was already recognized in the community at that time as a devout Jew. Also, how much Gamaliel influenced aspects of Christianity is unmentioned. However, there is no other record of Gamaliel ever having taught in public,<ref name=JE /> but the Talmud does describe Gamaliel as teaching a student who displayed "impudence in learning", which a few scholars identify as a possible reference to Paul.<ref>[[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]] 30b</ref> {{Citation needed|reason=what scholars|date=February 2019}} The relationship of [[Paul the Apostle and Judaism]] continues to be the subject of scholarly debate. [[Helmut Koester]], Professor of Divinity and Ecclesiastical History at [[Harvard University]], questions if Paul studied under Gamaliel at all, arguing that there is a marked contrast in the tolerance that Gamaliel is said to have expressed toward Christianity with the [[Persecution of early Christians by the Jews|"murderous rage" against Christians]] that Paul is described as having before his conversion ({{bibleverse|Acts|8:1–3|9|Acts 8:1–3}}).{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} However, [[Richard Bauckham]], a scholar at [[Ridley Hall]] at [[Cambridge]], argues that Paul was indeed connected to Gamaliel. <ref>{{cite journal |last= Bauckham |first= Richard |author-link= Richard Bauckham |title= Gamaliel and Paul |journal= The Brill Reference Library of Judaism, Volume: 49 |year= 2016 |pages= 85–106 |doi= 10.1163/9789004310339_006 |isbn= 978-90-04-31032-2 }}</ref>
===Alleged Gospel of Gamaliel===
The "Gospel of Gamaliel" is a hypothetical book speculated to exist by some scholars, perhaps a part of [[Pilate apocrypha]]. While no ancient sources directly refer to such a gospel, [[Paulin Ladeuze]] and [[Carl Anton Baumstark]] first proposed that such a book existed in 1906. Scholars who believe such a book once existed have reconstructed it from a homily, the "Lament of Mary" (''Laha Maryam'') by a bishop named Cyriacus. They believe ''Laha Maryam'' extensively quotes the Gospel of Gamaliel; the Lament includes a section that leads with "I, Gamaliel", which caused speculation that these sections were actually quoting an existing gospel. Other scholars believe such inference that the author was "plagiarizing" a lost gospel is unwarranted, and these sections are simply written by Cyriacus from the perspective of Gamaliel.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suciu |first1=Alin |date=2012 |title=A British Library Fragment from a Homily on the Lament of Mary and the So-Called Gospel of Gamaliel |journal=Aethiopica |volume=15 |pages=53&ndash;71 |doi=10.15460/aethiopica.15.1.659 |issn=2194-4024 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Reasonably complete manuscripts of ''Laha Maryam'' exist in both [[Ge'ez]] and [[Garshuni]] versions. Regardless of whether ''Laha Maryam'' is quoting a lost gospel, Gamaliel does feature in it. He witnesses a miracle of healing in raising a dead man at [[empty tomb|Jesus's tomb]]; Jesus's abandoned grave cloths have miraculous powers.  Gamaliel also talks with [[Pontius Pilate]], who is portrayed highly positively as a Christian himself.<ref>Günter Stemberger, ''Jews and Christians in The Holy Land: Palestine in The Fourth Century'', pages 110–111 (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2000. {{ISBN|0-567-08699-2}}); citing M.-A. van den Oudenrijn, ''Gamaliel: Athiopische Texte zur Pilatusliteratur'' (Freiburg, 1959).</ref>
===Veneration===
[[File:Stephengamalielnicodemus.jpg|thumb|''Saint Stephen Mourned by Saints Gamaliel and Nicodemus'', follower of Carlo Saraceni, c. 1615, [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]]]
Ecclesiastical tradition claims that Gamaliel had embraced the [[Christianity|Christian faith]], and his tolerant attitude toward [[early Christianity|early Christians]] is explained by this. According to [[Photios I of Constantinople]], he was baptised by [[Saint Peter]] and [[John the Apostle]], together with his son [[Abibon]] (Abibo, [[Saint Abibas|Abibas]], Abibus) and [[Nicodemus]].<ref>Paton James Gloag, ''A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Acts of the Apostles'', Volume 1, page 191, citing Photius, ''Cod. 171'' (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1870).</ref> The [[Clementine Literature]] suggested that he maintained secrecy about the conversion and continued to be a member of the Sanhedrin to assist his fellow Christians covertly.<ref>''[[Clementine literature|Recognitions of Clement]]'' 1:65–66</ref> Some scholars consider the traditions to be spurious,<ref>Geoffrey W. Bromiley (editor), ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Volume Two, E–J'', page 394 (Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1915; Fully Revised edition, 1982). {{ISBN|0-8028-3782-4}}</ref> and the passage in which Gamaliel is mentioned does not state that he became a Christian either implicitly or explicitly.
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] venerates Gamaliel as a saint, and he is commemorated on August 2,<ref>[https://www.orthodox.net/menaion/menaion.html Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar] (referenced Aug 14, 2020)</ref><ref>[https://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/Shokel/170630_Gamaliel.html Saint Gamaliel] (referenced August 14, 2020)</ref> the date when [[sacred tradition|tradition]] holds that his [[relic]]s were found, along with those of [[Saint Stephen|Stephen]] the [[Protomartyr]], [[Abibon]] (Gamaliel's son), and [[Nicodemus]]. The traditional liturgical calendar of the [[Catholic Church]] celebrates the same feast day of the finding of the relics on August 3. It is said that in the fifth century, his body had been discovered and taken to [[Piazza dei Miracoli#Duomo|Pisa Cathedral]] by a miracle.<ref>"Gamaliel the Elder", ''Catholic Encyclopedia''</ref>
Gamaliel is referred to in the 15th-century [[Catalan language|Catalan]] document, ''[[Acts of Llàtzer]]''.<ref>''Diccionari de la Literatura Catalana'' (2008)</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]
* [[Gamaliel Foundation]]
* [[Gamaliel's principle]]
* [[Beit Jimal]]
* [[Split of Christianity and Judaism]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=51&letter=G&search=gamaliel The Jewish Encyclopedia on Gamaliel I]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Gamaliel|display=Gamaliel s.v. Gamaliel I.|volume=11|page=434}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060519083636/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/sanhedrin.htm Perspectives on Transformational Leadership in the Sanhedrin of Ancient Judaism]
{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Simeon ben Hillel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]]|years = c. 30–50}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Shimon ben Gamliel]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Mishnah tree}}
{{Tannaim}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:52 deaths]]
[[Category:Mishnah rabbis]]
[[Category:1st-century rabbis]]
[[Category:People in Acts of the Apostles]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox saints]]
[[Category:Pirkei Avot rabbis]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Sanhedrin]]
[[Category:Pharisees]]