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{{Short description|Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet}}
'''Garshuni''' or '''Karshuni''' ([[Syriac alphabet]]: {{lang|syr|ܓܪܫܘܢܝ}}, [[Arabic alphabet]]: {{lang|ar|كرشوني}}) are [[Arabic]] writings using the Syriac alphabet. The word "Garshuni", derived from the word "grasha" which literally translates as "pulling", was used by [[George Kiraz]] to coin the term "[[garshunography]]", denoting the writing of one language in the script of another.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kiraz|first=George|title=Turras Mamlla: A Grammar of the Syriac Language|year=2012|publisher=Gorgias Press|location=Piscataway, NJ|isbn=978-1-4632-0183-8|pages=volume 1, 291 ff}}</ref>
==History==
Garshuni originated in the seventh century,{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} when Arabic was becoming the dominant spoken language in the [[Fertile Crescent]], but the Arabic alphabet was not yet fully developed. There is evidence that writing Arabic in Garshuni influenced the style of modern Arabic script.
After this initial period, Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christian]] communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the [[Levant]] and [[Mesopotamia]], who commonly use the Sertâ script.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Garshuni|encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|year= 2011|publisher=Gorgias Press}}</ref>
==Characteristics==
The [[Syriac alphabet]] has three principal varieties:
* Estrangelâ (the Classical Syriac script),
* Madnhâyâ (the Eastern Syriac script, often called "Assyrian" or "[[Church of the East|Nestorian]]"),
* Sertâ (the Western Syriac script, often called "[[Jacob Baradaeus|Jacobite]]" or "[[Maronites|Maronite]]").
The Syriac alphabet is extended by use of [[diacritic]]s to write Arabic Garshuni.
[[File:Garshuni-in-Serto.gif|thumb|center|600px|Garshuni script of the sertâ variety used for a story in {{langx|ar|وَقَدْ فَاتَ ٱلْيَوْمُ بَعْدَ ٱلْيَوْمِ، وٱلْأُسْبُوعُ بًعْدَ ٱلْأُسْبُوعِ، وَلَمْ يَرْجِعْ ٱلْأَمِيرُ ٱلْأَكْبَرُ كَذَلِكَ، وَمَكَثَتِ ٱلْأَمِيرَة ٱلْمِسْكِيَنةُ مًضْطَرِبَةً مَشْغُولَةَ ٱلْبَالِ عَلَى أخَوَيْهَا. وَكُلَّمَا ٱسْتَيْقَظَتْ…}}]]
==Similarities==
Occasionally, other languages such as [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], the [[Kurdish languages]] and [[Suriyani Malayalam|Malayalam]] have been written in the Syriac alphabet, and these are sometimes also referred to as "Garshunis". With several additional characters, the Malayalam version is better known as [[Karsoni]] and had been in use till early 20th century among the [[Kerala|Keralite]] Syriac Christian clergymen and followers.
For the analogous Jewish practice of writing Arabic in Hebrew letters, see [[Judeo-Arabic languages]].
Today, [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] use the word 'garshuni' when referring to a spoken language written using something other than its corresponding script, i.e. spoken Assyrian written using Latin script.
==See also==
*[[Syriac language]]
*[[Arabic]]
*[[Karsoni]]
*''[[The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran]]''
*{{annotated link|Judeo-Arabic}}
*{{annotated link|Aljamiado}}
== Bibliography ==
*Briquel-Chatonnet, F., “De l'intérêt de l'étude du garshouni et des manuscrits écrits selon ce système” in: L’Orient chrétien dans l’empire musulman: Hommage au professeur [[Gérard Troupeau]] (Studia arabica III). Versailles: Editions de Paris, 2005, pp.&nbsp;463–475.
*Briquel-Chatonnet, F.; Desreumaux, A.; Binggeli, A., “Un cas très ancien de garshouni? Quelques réflexions sur le manuscrit BL Add. 14644” in: P. G. Borbone, A. Mengozzi, M. Tosco (éds.), Loquentes linguis. Studi linguistici e orientali in onore di Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006, pp.&nbsp;141–147.
*Mengozzi, A., [https://unito.academia.edu/AlessandroMengozzi/Papers/240346/The_History_of_Garshuni_as_a_Writing_System_Evidence_from_the_Rabbula_Codex “The History of Garshuni as a Writing System: Evidence from the Rabbula Codex”] in: F. M. Fales & G. F. Grassi (eds), CAMSEMUD 2007. Proceedings of the 13th Italian Meeting of Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, held in Udine, May 21–24, 2007, Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria, 2010, pp.&nbsp;297–304.
*Mingana, A., “Garshūni or Karshūni?” in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1928) 891–893.
*Morozov, D.A., “Garshuni: Syriac script in Christian Arabic texts” (in Russian: “Karshuni: Sirijskaja pisjmennostj v arabo-hristianskih tekstah”) in: 5-je chtenija pamiati N. F. Kaptereva: Rossija i pravoslavnyj Vostok (Moscow, 30-31 Oct. 2007). Moscow, 2007, pp.&nbsp;70–72.
*Ram, H., Qiṣṣat Mar Eliĭa (Die Legende vom Hl. Elias). Als Beitrag zur Kenntnis der arabischen Vulgar-Dialekte Mesopotamiens nach der Handschrift Kod. Sachau 15 der Konigl. Bibliothek zu Berlin herausgegeben, ubersetzt und mit einer Schriftlehre versehen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Leipzig, 1906.
*Seleznyov, Nikolai N., “Un clerc syro-occidental d’Arfad et le métropolitain de Jérusalem, de l’Église de l’Orient: Le livre “De l’unanimité de la foi” et sa recension en garshuni" (in Russian: “Zapadnosirijskij knizhnik iz Afrada i ijerusalimskij mitropolit Cerkvi Vostoka: “Kniga obschnosti very” i jejo rukopisnaja redakcija na karshuni") in: [https://archive.org/details/Symbol_58 Symbol 58: Syriaca et Arabica]. Paris-Moscow, 2010, pp.&nbsp;34–87 (text in Garshuni: pp.&nbsp;45–72).
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://cpart.byu.edu/files/brown_rec/Roll%202%20Item%208%20Ms%2044%20Reduced%20TIFFS.pdf Commentary on Pentateuch(Torah) / Manuscript on Garshuni]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4097 "The Unique Explanation of the Secrets'] is a manuscript in Garshuni, dating back to 1740
* {{Cite web
| publisher = [[World Digital Library]]
| last = Dib
| first = Yūsuf
| title = The Festive Maronite
| date = 1888
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4087/#languages=syr
}}
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/search/?q=Garshuni&qla=en Garshuni works at the World Digital Library]
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7083 Syriac–Garshuni glossary]
{{Syriac Christianity}}
{{Arabic language}}
[[Category:Syriac alphabet]]
[[Category:Syriac Christianity]]
[[Category:Arabic language]]