View source for Genistoids

{{Short description|Clade of legumes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|56|0|[[Late Paleocene]] - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Fabales|url=https://mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/fabalesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}}
| image = Genista_hirsuta_Habitus_DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Genista hirsuta]]''
| taxon = Genistoids
| authority = Wojciechowski ''et al.'' 2004<ref name="Wojciechowski2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M, Sanderson MJ | year = 2004 | title = A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid ''matK'' gene resolves many well-supported subclades within the family | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 91 | pages = 1846–1862 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846 | pmid = 21652332 | issue=11| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Wojciechowski1">{{cite journal | author = Wojciechowski MF | year = 2013 | title = Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature | journal = [[South African Journal of Botany|S Afr J Bot]] | volume = 89 | pages = 85–93 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="Cardoso2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M | year = 2012 | title = Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 99 | issue = 12 | pages = 1991–2013 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1200380 | pmid = 23221500 }}</ref><ref name="Cardoso1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, ((Van Wyk B-E)), Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M | year = 2013 | title = Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes | journal = [[South African Journal of Botany|S Afr J Bot]] | volume = 89 | pages = 58–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10566/3193 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision = * [[Brongniartieae]]
* [[Camoensieae]]
* Core Genistoids <small>Crisp ''et al.'' 2000</small><ref name="Crisp">{{cite book | vauthors = Crisp MD, Gilmore S, ((Van Wyk B-E)) | year = 2000 | chapter = Molecular phylogeny of the genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes | veditors = Herendeen PS, Bruneau A | title = Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9 | chapter-url = http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52 | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | pages = 249–276 | isbn = 978-1842460177 }}</ref>
** [[Crotalarieae]]
** [[Genisteae]]
** [[Podalyrieae]]
** [[Sophoreae]]
* [[Leptolobieae]]
* [[Ormosieae]]
* Genera and species ''incertae sedis''
** ''[[Clathrotropis macrocarpa]]'' <small>Ducke</small>
** ''[[Haplormosia]]'' <small>Harms</small><ref name="Haplormosia">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cardoso D, Harris DJ, Wieringa JJ, ((São-Mateus WMB)), Batalha-Filho H, Torke BM, Prenner G, de Queiroz LP | year = 2017 | title = A molecular-dated phylogeny and biogeography of the monotypic legume genus ''Haplormosia'', a missing African branch of the otherwise American-Australian Brongniartieae clade | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 107 | pages =  431–442 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.012| pmid = 27965083 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017MolPE.107..431C }}</ref>
** ''[[Oberholzeria]]'' <small>Swanepoel ''et al.'' 2015</small><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Swanepoel W, le Roux MM, Wojciechowski MF, van Wyk AE | title = ''Oberholzeria'' (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = e0122080 | pmc = 4376691 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0122080 | pmid = 25816251 | year = 2015 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1022080S | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** ''[[Orphanodendron]]'' <small>Barneby & J.W.Grimes</small><ref name="Orphanodendron">{{cite journal | vauthors = Castellanos C, Lewis GP, Banks H, Steeves R, Bruneau A | year = 2016 | title = A settled sub-family for the orphan tree: The phylogenetic position of the endemic Colombian genus ''Orphanodendron'' in the Leguminosae | journal = Brittonia | volume = 69 | pages = 1–9  | doi = 10.1007/s12228-016-9451-3| s2cid = 43040112 }}</ref>
** ''[[Pericopsis]]'' <small>Thwaites</small>
** ''[[Sakoanala]]'' <small>R. Vig.</small><!-- This tentatively belongs to Sophoreae. -->
| synonyms = * Genistoids <small>''sensu lato''</small>
* Genistoid alliance <small>''sensu'' Polhill 1981</small><ref>{{cite book | author = Polhill RM | year = 1981 | chapter = Papilionoideae | veditors = Polhill RM, Raven PH | title = Advances in Legume Systematics, Parts 1 and 2 | chapter-url = http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=318 | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | pages = 191–208 | isbn = 9780855212247 | access-date = 2014-07-03 | archive-date = 2013-07-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723234652/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=318 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
}}
The '''Genistoids''' are one of the major [[Adaptive radiation|radiations]] in the plant [[family (biology)|family]] [[Fabaceae]]. Members of this [[clade|phylogenetic clade]] are primarily found in the [[Southern hemisphere]].<ref name="Wojciechowski2" /><ref name="Cardoso2" /><ref name="Cardoso1" /> Some genera are [[pollination|pollinated]] by birds.<ref name="Cardoso2" /> The genistoid clade is consistently resolved as [[monophyly|monophyletic]] in [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic analyses]].<ref name="Wojciechowski2" /><ref name="Cardoso2" /><ref name="Cardoso1" /><ref name="LPWG">{{cite journal | author = LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] | year = 2013 | title = Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–248 | doi=10.12705/622.8| hdl = 10566/3455 | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/78167/1/Taxon_2013_217-248.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Lavin2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lavin M, Herendeen PS, Wojciechowski MF | year = 2005 | title = Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary | journal = [[Systematic Biology|Syst Biol]] | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 575–94 | doi = 10.1080/10635150590947131 | pmid = 16085576 | s2cid = 39186425 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="McMahon">{{cite journal |vauthors=McMahon MM, Sanderson MJ | year = 2006 | title = Phylogenetic supermatrix analysis of GenBank sequences from 2228 papilionoid legumes | journal = [[Systematic Biology|Syst Biol]] | volume = 99 | issue = 12 | pages = 1991–2013  | doi = 10.1080/10635150600999150 | pmid = 17060202 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Pennington3">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennington RT, Lavin M, Ireland H, Klitgaard B, Preston J, Hu JM | year = 2001 | title = Phylogenetic relationships of basal papilionoid legumes based upon sequences of the chloroplast ''trnL'' intron | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537 | journal = [[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 818–836 | doi = 10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537 | doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Doyle2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Ballenger JA, Dickson EE, Kajita T, Ohashi H | year = 1997 | title = A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene ''rbcL'' in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 84 | issue = 4 | pages = 541–554 | pmid = 21708606 | doi=10.2307/2446030| jstor = 2446030 }}</ref> It is estimated to have arisen 56.4 ± 0.2 million years ago (in the [[Paleocene]]).<ref name="Lavin2" /> A node-based definition for the genistoids is: "the [[Most recent common ancestor|MRCA]] of ''[[Poecilanthe parviflora]]'' and ''[[Lupinus argenteus]]''."<ref name="Wojciechowski2" /> One morphological [[synapomorphy]] has been tentatively identified: production of [[quinolizidine]] alkaloids.<ref name="Wojciechowski2" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kinghorn AD, Hussain RA, Robbins EF, Balandrin MF, Stirton CH, Evans SV | year = 1988 | title = Alkaloid distribution in seeds of ''Ormosia'', ''Pericopsis'' and ''Haplormosia'' | journal = [[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 439–444 | doi = 10.1016/0031-9422(88)83116-9 | bibcode = 1988PChem..27..439K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Van Wyk B-E. | year = 2003 | title = The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the Genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes | journal = [[Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|Biochem Syst Ecol]] | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 875–884 | doi = 10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8 | bibcode = 2003BioSE..31..875V }}</ref><ref name="Wink">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wink M, Mohamed GI | year = 2003 | title = Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae: mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ''rbcL'' gene | journal = [[Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|Biochem Syst Ecol]] | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 897–917 | doi = 10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1 | bibcode = 2003BioSE..31..897W }}</ref> Some genera also accumulate [[pyrrolizidine]].<ref name="Cardoso2" /><ref name="Cardoso1" /> A new genus, to be segregated from ''[[Clathrotropis]]'', has also been proposed to occupy an undetermined position within the genistoid clade.<ref name="Cardoso2" /><ref name="Cardoso1" />
==Core Genistoids==
The core genistoids, also known as the genistoids ''sensu stricto'', comprise most of the tribes of the genistoids ''sensu lato'', and are found mainly in [[Africa]] and [[Eurasia]].<ref name="Cardoso1" /> This subclade is also consistently resolved as monophyletic.<ref name="Wojciechowski2" /><ref name="Cardoso2" /><ref name="Cardoso1" /><ref name="Crisp" /><ref name="LPWG" /><ref name="Lavin2" /><ref name="McMahon" /> A node-based definition for the core genistoids is: "the [[Most recent common ancestor|MRCA]] of ''[[Bolusanthus speciosus]]'' and ''[[Spartium junceum]]''."<ref name="Wojciechowski2" />
==Systematics==
Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Haplormosia"/><ref name="Orphanodendron"/><ref name="Cardoso1"/>
{{Clade| style=line-height:75%;
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dermatophyllum]]'' ([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
|label2=Genistoids
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ormosieae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Clathrotropis macrocarpa]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Camoensieae]]
|2=''[[Pericopsis]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Leptolobieae]]
|2=''[[Orphanodendron]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Haplormosia]]''
|2=[[Brongniartieae]]
}}
}}
|label2=Core Genistoids
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sophoreae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Podalyrieae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Oberholzeria]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Crotalarieae]]
|2=[[Genisteae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18343763}}
[[Category:Faboideae]]
[[Category:Plant unranked clades]]