View source for Genome Project-Write

{{short description|Research project to synthesise the human genome}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Cost per Genome.png|thumb|Since the [[Human Genome Project]] first sequenced the [[human genome]] from 1987 to 2004 at a cost of US$3 billion, costs have fallen precipitously, outpacing even [[Moore's law]], and were ≈US$1,000 in 2015. More widely available genome sequencing has led to more data on variants of uncertain significance.]]
The '''Genome Project - Write''' (also known as '''GP-Write''') is a large-scale collaborative research project (an extension of [[Genome Project]]s, aimed at reading genomes since 1984) that focuses on the development of technologies for the [[Artificial gene synthesis|synthesis]] and testing of genomes of many different species of microbes, plants, and animals, including the [[human genome]] in a sub-project known as '''Human Genome Project-Write''' ('''HGP-Write''').<ref name="NYT-20160602">{{cite news |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |title=Scientists Announce HGP-Write, Project to Synthesize the Human Genome |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/science/human-genome-project-write-synthetic-dna.html |date=2 June 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20160602">{{cite journal |author=Boeke, JD, Church G, Hessel A, Kelley NJ, Arkin A, Cai Y, Carlson R, Chakravarti A, Cornish VW, Holt L, Isaacs FJ, Kuiken T, Lajoie M, Lessor T, Lunshof J, Maurano MT, Mitchell LA, Rine J, Rosser S, Sanjana NE, Silver PA, Valle D, Wang H, Way JC, Yang L  | title=The Genome Project–Write |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaf6850 |date=2 June 2016 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.aaf6850 |accessdate=2 June 2016 |display-authors=etal |volume=353 | issue=6295 |pages=126–127 |pmid=27256881|bibcode=2016Sci...353..126B | s2cid=206649424 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20160602">{{cite news |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |title=Plan to Synthesize Human Genome Triggers a Mixed Response |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/plan-to-synthesize-human-genome-triggers-a-mixed-response/ |date=2 June 2016 |work=[[Scientific American]] |accessdate=2 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="MIT-20160602">{{cite news |last=Regalado |first=Antonio |title=Plan to Fabricate a Genome Raises Questions on Designer Humans |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601610/plan-to-fabricate-a-genome-raises-questions-on-designer-humans/ |date=2 June 2016 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |accessdate=2 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="TS-20160602">{{cite news |last=Akst |first=Jef |title="Human Genome Project-Write" Unveiled |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/46237/title/-Human-Genome-Project-Write--Unveiled/ |date=2 June 2016 |work=[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]] |accessdate=2 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="TIME-20160612">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4356581/synthetic-human-genome/|title=The Brave New World of the Synthetic Human Genome|last1=Opal|first1=Puneet|last2=Kini|first2=Ameet|date=3 June 2016|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> Formally announced on 2 June 2016, the project leverages two decades of work on [[synthetic biology]] and [[artificial gene synthesis]].
The newly created GP-Write project will be managed by the Center of Excellence for Engineering Biology,<ref>{{cite web | title= Center of Excellence for Engineering Biology | url=http://engineeringbiologycenter.org/  | accessdate= 2 March 2017}}</ref> an American nonprofit organization. Researchers expect that the ability to artificially synthesize large portions of many genomes will result in many scientific and medical advances.<ref name="NYT-20160602" /><ref name="SCI-20160602" /><ref name="SA-20160602" /><ref name="MIT-20160602" /><ref name="TS-20160602" /><ref name="TIME-20160612" />
==Science & development==
In May 2021, GP-write and [[Twist Bioscience]] launched a new [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] platform for whole genome design. The GP-write CAD will automate workflows to enable collaborative efforts critical for scale-up from designing [[plasmid|plasmids]] to [[megabases]] across entire genomes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.genengnews.com/news/cad-platform-developed-by-gp-write-and-twist-to-launch-large-genome-projects/|date=May 12, 2021|title=CAD Platform Developed by GP-Write and Twist to Launch Large Genome Projects|work=Genetic Engineering & Technology News}}</ref>
== Microbial Genome Projects - Write ==
Technologies for constructing and testing [[yeast artificial chromosomes]] (YACs), synthetic yeast genomes (Sc2.0),<ref>{{cite web | title=Synthetic yeast genomes (Sc2.0) | accessdate= 2 March 2017 | url= http://syntheticyeast.org/}}</ref> and virus/phage-resistant bacterial genomes have industrial, agricultural, and medical applications.<ref name="SCI-20160602" />
== Human Genome Project-Write ==
A complete haploid copy of the human genome consists of at least three billion [[DNA]] [[nucleotide]] [[base pair]]s, which have been described in the [[Human Genome Project - Read]] program (95% completed as of 2004). Among the many goals of GP-Write are the making of cell lines resistant to all viruses and synthesis assembly lines to test [[variants of unknown significance]] that arise in research and diagnostic sequencing of human genomes (which has been exponentially improving in cost, quality, and interpretation).<ref name="SCI-20160602" />
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[BRAIN Initiative]]
*[[ENCODE]]
*[[EuroPhysiome]]
*[[Genome Compiler]]
*[[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee]]
*[[Human Cytome Project]]
*[[Human Microbiome Project]]
*[[Human Proteome Project]]
*[[Human Protein Atlas]]
*[[Human Variome Project]]
*[[List of biological databases]]
*[[Personal Genome Project]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=McElheny, Victor K. |title=Drawing the Map of Life: Inside the Human Genome Project|url=https://archive.org/details/drawingmapoflife0000mcel |url-access=registration |date=2010|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|isbn=978-0-465-03260-0}} 361 pages. Examines the intellectual origins, history, and motivations of the project to map the human genome; draws on interviews with key figures.
*{{cite book| author = Church, G, Regis E | date= 2014| title= Regenesis | publisher= [[Basic Books]] | isbn= 978-0465075706}}
*{{cite book| author = Josefine Liljeruhm, Erik Gullberg, Anthony C Forster | date=2014 | title=Synthetic Biology. A Lab Manual | isbn=978-9814579544 | publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company}}
*[http://engineeringbiologycenter.org/gp-write-consortium/ Genome Project-Write:] official information page of the consortium
{{wikibooks|Genes, Technology and Policy}}
*[http://www.genome.gov National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)]. NHGRI led the National Institutes of Health's contribution to the International Human Genome Project. This project, which had as its primary goal the sequencing of the three billion base pairs that make up human genome, was 95% complete in April 2004.
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[[Category:Human Genome Project scientists]]
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