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{{about|the 16th-century miner|the settler in Jamaica|George Nedham}}
'''George Nedham''' or '''Needham''' (died 1584) was an English entrepreneur and prospector associated with copper mining at [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] in [[Cumbria]].
== Career ==
[[File:Thornsett_Hey_Farm.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thornsett]] Hall, now Thornsett Hey Farm, was the 16th-century home of the Nedham family]]
[[File:Snowdrops at Needham Grange - geograph.org.uk - 1773416.jpg|thumb|right|Needham Grange, [[Hartington Middle Quarter]]]]
[[File:Caldbeck - geograph.org.uk - 6090565.jpg|thumb|right|Copper mining in 16th-century [[Cumbria]] was centered around [[Caldbeck]]]]
Nedham's family was from [[Snitterton]], [[Thornsett]], and [[Darley Dale]] in Derbyshire.<ref>George D. Ramsay, ''The Politics of a Tudor Merchant Adventurer'' (Manchester, 1979), p. 20.</ref> His father was Otwell Nedham and his mother Elizabeth, a daughter of Nicholas Cadman of Colly or [[Cowley, Derbyshire]].<ref>John Lodge, ''Peerage of Ireland'', 4 (Dublin, 1789), pp. 218–219.</ref><ref>Thomas Norris Ince, "Derbyshire Pedigrees: Needham of Thornsett and Snitterton", ''Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist'', 7 (London, 1867), p. 208.</ref> High Needham is a hamlet in the parish of [[Hartington Middle Quarter]].
In 1564, George Nedham, then primarily involved in the cloth trade, was associated with the merchant [[Lionel Duckett]] in a political movement to cease trading with Spanish-governed Antwerp.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/reportonpepysman00grea/page/22/mode/2up ''HMC Pepys Manuscripts at Magdalene College, Cambridge'' (London, 1911), pp. viii, xxi, 22–24, 180]</ref> He drafted "A Letter to the Earls of East Friesland" advocating trade at [[Emden]].<ref>G. D. Ramsay, ''The Politics of a Tudor Merchant Adventurer'' (Manchester, 1979), pp. 11–12, 20, 25–26.</ref><ref>George D. Ramsay, ''The City of London in International Politics at the Accession of Elizabeth Tudor'' (Manchester, 1975), p. 240.</ref> Nedham was fluent in several languages, and translated a treatise on mining written in German into Italian.<ref>William G. Collingwood, ''Elizabethan Keswick: Extracts from the original account books, 1564-1577, of the German miners, in the Archives of Augsburg'' (Kendal, 1912), p. 113.</ref>
The [[Society of Mines Royal|Company of Mines Royal]] was founded in May 1568. Nedham was one of the lesser shareholders and joined with a German miner Daniel Hochstetter or Hechstetter to mine copper in Cumbria at [[German mines at Caldbeck|Caldbeck]] and other sites.<ref>G. D. Ramsay, ''The Politics of a Tudor Merchant Adventurer'' (Manchester, 1979), p. 13.</ref><ref>George Grant Francis, ''The Smelting of Copper in the Swansea District of South Wales'' (London, 1881), p. 35.</ref><ref>F. J. Monkhouse, "Some Features of the historical geography of the German mining enterprise in Elizabethan Lakeland", ''Geography'', 28:4 (December 1943), pp. 107-113.</ref> In September 1568, Nedham discussed building a wharf at [[Workington]] with [[Henry Curwen (1528–1596)|Master Curwen]], a landowner who had recently hosted [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]. Nedham went to [[Buxton]], near his family home, and bought a large watchdog with a chain to guard the mining works.<ref>William G. Collingwood, ''Elizabethan Keswick: Extracts from the original account books, 1564-1577, of the German miners, in the Archives of Augsburg'' (Kendal, 1912), pp. 22–25, 29, as "Needham".</ref>
Timber was used for construction and as a fuel for the smelting furnaces, some bought from Sir George and Catherine Radcliffe's woods at [[Borrowdale]]. A contract for the Borrowdale timber was signed by [[Thomas Thurland]] and [[Richard Dudley (miner)|Richard Dudley]] of [[Yanwath]] in 1569.<ref>William G. Collingwood, ''Elizabethan Keswick: Extracts from the original account books, 1564-1577, of the German miners, in the Archives of Augsburg'' (Kendal, 1912), p. 47.</ref> In 1567, Nedham had written to [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] describing Catherine Radcliffe as "marvellous unreasonable" and "many times so froward that nothing could be had at her hand", claiming that she inflated the prices of useful timber in the district.<ref>A. Hoechstetter-Müller, "Die 'Company of Mines Royal' und die Kupferbergwerke in Keswick, Cumberland, zur Zeit Joachim und Daniel Hoechstetters (1526–1580)", ''Aus Schwaben und Altbayern: Festschrift für Pankraz Fried'' (Thorbecke, 1991), p. 82 (citing TNA SP 12/42 f.172 & SP 12/43 f.35).</ref>
Coal was brought from the Workington district, but the plan for a wharf there was not realised. Nedham also had hopes for a deep-water haven at "Pillafowdre" or "Peel a Fouldre" ([[Piel Castle]]) on the Lancashire coast, and wrote to Cecil about this spot where [[Martin Schwartz (mercenary)|Martin Schwartz]] had landed with [[Lambert Simnel]]. Nedham heard that the Yorkist pretender's arrival in June 1487 had been presaged by the catch of a large and mysterious fish. Just such a fish was caught when Nedham went to Piel to buy wine from a French ship. However, during the Elizabethan period, Lakeland lead and copper was carried to [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]] on the east coast for export.<ref>F. J. Monkhouse, "Some Features of the historical geography of the German mining enterprise in Elizabethan Lakeland", ''Geography'', 28:4 (December 1943), pp. 111-113: TNA SP 12/42 f.172.</ref>
== Scottish gold ==
A Dutch prospector, [[Cornelius de Vos]] obtained a [[gold mining in Scotland|gold mining contract in Scotland]] with [[Regent Moray]].<ref>[[John Hill Burton]], ''Register of the Privy Council of Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 612-4.</ref> George Nedham reported that Cornelius de Vos corresponded with Daniel Hochstetter and Johannes Loner at Keswick in October 1568, and sent a Dutch miner Rennier to them with requests, asking for assays of ores and skilled workmen to be sent to Scotland. The miners of Keswick were reluctant to get involved, and Nedham wrote to Lionel Duckett for advice and to know if [[Elizabeth I]] was supportive, considering the political instability in Scotland. Nedham asked Duckett to keep the business secret and ask the courtier [[John Tamworth]] to get the Queen's opinion.<ref>Eric H. Ash, ''Power, Knowledge, and Expertise in Elizabethan England'' (Baltimore, 2004), p. 48: ''Calendar State Papers Domestic, 1547–1580'', p. 320 (TNA SP 12/48 f.28).</ref> Tamworth had been a diplomat in Scotland, and had recently delivered money to Regent Moray from Elizabeth's privy purse.<ref>Elizabeth Goldring and others, eds, ''John Nichols's The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I'', vol. 5 (Oxford, 2014), pp. 247-8, 250, 254: ''CSP. Foreign Elizabeth 1564-5'' (London, 1870), p. 460 no. 1494: Roger A. Mason & Martin S. Smith, ''A Dialogue on the Law of Kingship Among the Scots'' (Routledge, 2004), p. xxxi: Samuel Cowan, [https://archive.org/details/queenofscots01cowauoft/page/292/mode/2up ''Who wrote the Casket Letters'', vol. 1 (London, 1901), pp. 292-3]</ref>
== Hurtful humours ==
In two letters to [[Francis Walsingham]], Nedham described the work of [[Joachim Gans]] at Keswick, who from 1581 smelted copper with Daniel Hochstetter.<ref>Carole Levin, ''The Reign and Life of Queen Elizabeth I: Politics, Culture, and Society'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), pp. 198–199: George Grant Francis, ''The Smelting of Copper in the Swansea District of South Wales'' (London, 1881), pp. 25–35.</ref> Gans carried out analysis of nine "hurtful humours" or "corrupt humours", materials in the ore which made producing pure copper difficult. Gans, according to Nedham, was able to mitigate the problem and the humours were "by art made friends" to increase the yield. The nine hurtful humours were identified as; sulphur, arsenic, antimony, vitriol, "calcator", alum, iron, black stone, and white stone. Nedham recommended that Joachim Gans join the new copper works at [[Neath]]. Gans, who was Jewish, was from Prague and later settled in Blackfriars, London.<ref>Israel Abrahams,
"Joachim Gaunse: A Mining Incident in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth", ''Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England'', 4 (1899-1901), pp. 83-101.</ref>
== London Custom House quay ==
Nedham married Clare Jasper of Antwerp.<ref>John Lodge, ''Peerage of Ireland'', 4 (Dublin, 1789), p. 219.</ref> He and his son Arthur Nedham were appointed farmers of the London Custom House quay in 1577.<ref>G. D. Ramsay, ''The Politics of a Tudor Merchant Adventurer'' (Manchester, 1979), p. 19.</ref> He seems to have petitioned Cecil and the [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester|Earl of Leicester]] for a position to "farm the new cranes and wharves" in London after his advocacy of Emden trade alienated Antwerp merchants. His wife's friends advised him against returning to Antwerp.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/reportonpepysman00grea/page/180/mode/2up ''HMC Pepys Manuscripts at Magdalene College, Cambridge'' (London, 1911), p. 180]</ref>
The Custom House was near the [[Tower of London]] and the Wool Quay, later known as [[Sugar Quay]]. By a statute of 1565, the wool trade was supposed only to use the Custom House quay, and Nedham successfully defended the privilege.<ref>G. D. Ramsay, ''The Politics of a Tudor Merchant Adventurer'' (Manchester, 1979), p. 19.</ref> Nedham improved the site on the tidal [[River Thames]] by removing accumulated sand so that lighters had longer hours of access to the quay, which, according to his petition, incurred the jealousy of other wharfingers.<ref>''HMC Calendar of the Marquess of Salisisbury'', 2 (London, 1888), p. 520 no. 1207.</ref>
== Francis Nedham's report ==
Around 1602, his son, Francis Nedham, wrote a report on copper mining at Keswick and [[Coniston, Cumbria|Coniston]] with [[George Bowes (prospector)|George Bowes]].<ref>Richard Smith, Samuel Murphy, Warren Allison, [https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-2055-1/dissemination/pdf/Article_Level_Pdf/tcwaas/003/2001/vol1/tcwaas_003_2001_vol1_0011.pdf 'The lost German mines at Caldbeck', ''Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archeological Society'' (2001), pp. 89-104]: George Hammersley, ''Daniel Hechstetter the younger, Memorabilia and letters, 1600-1639 Copper Works and life in Cumbria'' (Stuttgart, 1988).</ref><ref>W. G. Collingwood, "The Keswick and Coniston Mines in 1600", ''Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmoreland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society'', 28 (1928), pp. 1-32. {{doi|10.5284/1063321}}</ref> The manuscript is held by the [[Bodleian Library]].<ref>[https://archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repositories/2/archival_objects/175843 Bowes & Nedham, "Report on the Mines Royal at Keswick (and Coniston), written in the last quarter of the 17th century", Bodleian MS. Lister 17]</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nedham, George}}
[[Category:16th-century English people]]
[[Category:British prospectors]]
[[Category:Copper mines in England]]
[[Category:People from Darley Dale]]