View source for German Navy

{{Short description|Maritime warfare branch of Germany's military}}
{{about|the modern navy of Germany and post–World War II navy of West Germany|the World War I navy of Germany|Imperial German Navy|the interwar navy of the Weimar Republic |Reichsmarine|the World War II navy of Germany|Kriegsmarine|other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = German Navy
| native_name = ''Marine''
| image = Bundeswehr Logo Marine with lettering.svg
| website = {{URL|http://www.marine.de/|marine.de}}
| caption =
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1956|01|02}}
| dates =
| country = {{Flagcountry|GER}}
| type = [[Navy]]
| size = 15,531 personnel (August 2024)<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/ueber-die-bundeswehr/zahlen-daten-fakten/personalzahlen-bundeswehr|title=Wie gross ist die Bundeswehr? |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref><br />65 ships<br />[[Marineflieger|56 aircraft]]
| command_structure = {{Lang|de|[[Bundeswehr]]}}
| garrison = [[Rostock]] ([[Navy Command (Germany)|Navy Command]])
| garrison_label = Headquarters of the German Navy
| motto = ''Wir. Dienen. Deutschland''.<br />(We. Serve. Germany.)
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march = "{{Interlanguage link|Gruß an Kiel|de}}"
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{plainlist|
* [[Operation Sharp Guard]] (1993–96)
* [[Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa|Operation Enduring Freedom]]
* [[Combined Task Force 150]] (2002–present)
* [[Operation Active Endeavour]]
* [[UNIFIL|UNIFIL II]]
* [[European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation ATALANTA|Operation ATALANTA]]
}}
| anniversaries = 14 June
<!-- Commanders -->| commander1 = Vice Admiral [[Jan Christian Kaack]]
| commander1_label = [[Inspector of the Navy]]
| commander2 = Vice Admiral [[Rainer Brinkmann (admiral)|Rainer Brinkmann]]
| commander2_label = Deputy Inspector of the Navy
| commander3 = Rear Admiral {{ill|Frank Martin Lenski|de}}
| commander3_label = Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders = {{unbulleted list|[[Friedrich Ruge]]|[[Günter Luther]]}}
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol = [[File:Naval Ensign of Germany.svg|200px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Ensign
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}
{{German Navy}}
The '''German Navy''' ({{Langx|de|'''Deutsche Marine'''}}, {{IPA|de|ˈdɔʏtʃə maˈʁiːnə|pron|De-Deutsche Marine.ogg}}) is part of the unified {{Lang|de|[[Bundeswehr]]}} (Federal Defense), the German Armed Forces. The German Navy was originally known as the ''Bundesmarine'' (Federal Navy) from 1956 to 1995, when ''Deutsche Marine'' (German Navy) became the official name with respect to the 1990 incorporation of the East German ''[[Volksmarine]]'' (People's Navy). It is deeply integrated into the [[NATO]] alliance. Its primary mission is protection of Germany's territorial waters and maritime infrastructure as well as [[sea lines of communication]]. Apart from this, the German Navy participates in peacekeeping operations, and renders humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. It also participates in anti-piracy operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Marine |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/marine#Z7_B8LTL2922LF0A0IEENH55I1OU0 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.bundeswehr.de |language=de}}</ref>
==History==
{{Further|Naval history of World War II}}
The German Navy traces its roots back to the ''[[Reichsflotte]]'' (Imperial Fleet) of the [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutionary era of 1848–52]]. The ''Reichsflotte'' was the first German navy to sail under the [[Flag of Germany|black-red-gold]] flag. Founded on 14 June 1848 by the orders of the democratically elected [[Frankfurt Parliament]], the ''Reichsflotte''<nowiki/>'s brief existence ended with the failure of the revolution and it was disbanded on 2 April 1852; thus, the modern day navy celebrates its birthday on 14 June.
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F048237-0002, Kiel, Segelschiff "Gorch Fock", Matrose.jpg|thumb|200px|A sailor of the West German navy during the 1970s]]
Between May 1945 and 1956, the [[German Mine Sweeping Administration]] and its successor organizations, made up of former members of Nazi Germany's ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' (War Navy), became something of a transition stage for the navy, allowing the future ''Marine'' to draw on recently experienced personnel upon its formation. Also, from 1949 to 1952 the US Navy had maintained the [[Naval Historical Team]] in Bremerhaven. This group of former ''Kriegsmarine'' officers acting as historical and tactical consultants to the Americans, was significant in establishing a German element in the NATO senior naval staff. In 1956, with [[West Germany]]'s accession to NATO, the ''Bundesmarine'' (Federal Navy), as the navy was known colloquially, was formally established. In the same year the East German ''Volkspolizei See'' (literally People's Police Sea) became the ''Volksmarine'' (People's Navy). During the Cold War all of the German Navy's combat vessels were assigned to [[NATO]]'s [[Allied Forces Baltic Approaches]]'s naval command [[Allied Forces Baltic Approaches#Commander.2C Allied Naval Forces Baltic Approaches|NAVBALTAP]].
With the accession of [[East Germany]] to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 the ''[[Volksmarine]]'' along with the whole [[National People's Army]] became part of the ''Bundeswehr''. Since 1995 the name ''German Navy'' is used in international context, while the official name since 1956 remains ''Marine'' without any additions. As of August 2024, the strength of the navy is 15,531 men and women.<ref name="bundeswehr"/>
A number of naval forces have operated in different periods. See
* ''[[Preußische Marine]]'' (Prussian Navy), 1701–1867
* ''[[Reichsflotte]]'' (Fleet of the Realm), 1848–52
* [[North German Federal Navy]], 1867–71
* [[Imperial German Navy]] (''Kaiserliche Marine''), 1871–1919
* ''[[Reichsmarine]]'', 1919–35
* ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'', 1935–45
* [[German Mine Sweeping Administration]], 1945–48
* ''[[Volksmarine]]'', the navy of [[East Germany]] (GDR) 1956–90
* ''Marine'', 1956–present (''Bundesmarine'', colloquially)
==Current operations==
German warships permanently participate in all four NATO Maritime Groups. The German Navy is also engaged in operations against international [[terrorism]] such as [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] and NATO [[Operation Active Endeavour]].
Presently the largest operation the German Navy is participating in is [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]] off the coast of [[Lebanon]]. The German contribution to this operation is two frigates, four [[Fast Attack Craft|fast attack craft]], and two auxiliary vessels. The naval component of UNIFIL has been under German command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLNzKODzIMBMmB2d5mIfqRcNGglFR9X4_83FR9b_0A_YLciHJHR0VFAIngHDk!/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfMjNfUjFR?yw_contentURL%3D%2F01DB070000000001%2FW27G6EFV180INFODE%2Fcontent.jsp|title=Bilanz und Ausblick|access-date=18 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101153744/http://www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLNzKODzIMBMmB2d5mIfqRcNGglFR9X4_83FR9b_0A_YLciHJHR0VFAIngHDk!/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfMjNfUjFR?yw_contentURL=%2F01DB070000000001%2FW27G6EFV180INFODE%2Fcontent.jsp|archive-date=1 January 2009}}</ref>
The navy operates a number of development and testing installations as part of an inter-service and international network. Among these is the [[Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters]] (COE CSW), an affiliated centre of [[Allied Command Transformation]]. The COE CSW was established in April 2007 and officially accredited by NATO on 26 May 2009.<ref>Deutsche Marine – press release: Neues Nato-Expertenzentrum an der Kieler Förde nimmt Fahrt auf; Faermann, 2009</ref> It is co-located with the staff of the German Flotilla 1 in [[Kiel]] whose Commander is double-hatted as Director, COE CSW.
==Equipment==
===Ships and submarines===
{{see also|List of active German Navy ships}}
[[File:BADEN-WURTTEMBERG 00257 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|A ''[[Baden-Württemberg-class frigate|Baden-Württemberg-]]''[[Baden-Württemberg-class frigate|class frigate]] in [[Wilhelmshaven]] in April 2017]]
In total, there are about [[List of active German Navy ships|65 commissioned ships]] in the German Navy, including; 11 [[frigates]], 5 [[corvettes]], 2 [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]], 10 [[minehunter]]s, 6 [[submarines]], 11 replenishment ships and 20 miscellaneous [[auxiliary ship|auxiliary vessels]]. The displacement of the navy is 220,000 [[tonne]]s.
Ships of the German Navy include:
* 4 [[Baden-Württemberg-class frigate|''Baden-Württemberg''-class frigates F125]]
* 3 [[Sachsen-class frigate|''Sachsen''-class frigates F124]]
* 4 [[Brandenburg-class frigate|''Brandenburg''-class frigates F123]]
* 5 [[Braunschweig-class corvette|''K130 Braunschweig'' class corvettes]] (5 additional units in production, planned commissioning from 2025)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/euronaval-2022/2022/10/germanys-k130-batch-2-corvette-program-2-years-behind-schedule/ | title=Germany's K130 Batch 2 Corvette Program 2 Years Behind Schedule | date=17 October 2022 }}</ref>
* 6 [[Type 212 submarine]]s
In addition, the German Navy and the [[Royal Danish Navy]] are in cooperation in the "Ark Project". This agreement made the Ark Project responsible for the strategic sealift of German armed forces where the full-time charter of three [[Roll-on/roll-off|roll-on-roll-off]] cargo and troop ships are ready for deployments. In addition, these ships are also kept available for the use of the other European NATO countries. The three vessels have a combined displacement of 60,000 tonnes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/eng/International/ARK/Ships/Pages/default.aspx|title=The ships chartered for the ARK Project|access-date=27 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608040417/http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/eng/International/ARK/Ships/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/eng/International/ARK/Pages/default.aspx|title=The ARK project|access-date=27 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128160746/http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/ENG/INTERNATIONAL/ARK/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>
Including these ships, the total ships' displacement available to the ''Deutsche Marine'' is 280,000 tonnes.
Procurement of [[joint support ship]]s (either two JSS800 for an amphibious group of 800 soldiers, or three smaller JSS400), was planned during the 1995–2010 period but the programme appears now to have been abandoned, not having been mentioned in two recent defence reviews. The larger ships would have been tasked for strategic troop transport and amphibious operations, and were to displace 27,000 to 30,000 tons for 800 soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geopowers.com/Konzepte/Bw_2010__/Marine2025_.pdf |title=Inspekteur der Marine : Zielvorstellung Marine 2025+ |website=Geopowers.com |access-date=2016-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601101807/http://www.geopowers.com/Konzepte/Bw_2010__/Marine2025_.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Aircraft===
{{see also|Marineflieger}}
The [[Naval aviation|naval air arm]] of the German Navy is called the ''Marinefliegerkommando''. The ''Marinefliegerkommando'' operates 56 aircraft, in May 2021 it was announced that the German Navy intended to replace the P-3C aircraft with Boeing P-8 Poseidon MPA aircraft through a FMS agreement from 2025 onwards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/germany-backs-14-bln-euro-purchase-boeing-maritime-patrol-aircraft-source-2021-06-23/|title=Germany backs 1.4 bln euro purchase of Boeing maritime patrol aircraft – source|last=Seidenstuecker|first=Hans|work=Reuters|access-date=2021-06-25}}</ref>
== Structure ==
[[File:Westland WG-13 Super Lynx Mk88a (code 83+25) of the German Navy at RIAT Fairford 17July2017 arp.jpg|thumb|[[Westland Lynx|Westland WG-13 Super Lynx Mk88a]] of the German Navy]]
[[File:German Navy P8 Pistol.jpg|thumb|A German Navy boarding team member assigned to the frigate ''Augsburg'' (F213) provides security with a [[Heckler & Koch P8|P8]] pistol for the remainder of his team as they board a local cargo hold by fast rope to conduct a search of the vessel.]][[File:MSM-hauptgebaeude.jpg|thumb|[[Mürwik Naval School]]]]
The German Navy is commanded by the [[Inspector of the Navy]] (''Inspekteur der Marine'') supported by the Navy Command (''Marinekommando'') in [[Rostock]].
===Formations===
* [[Navy Command (Germany)|Navy Command]] (''{{ill|Marinekommando|de|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Rostock]]
**''[[Einsatzflottille 1]]'' (HQ [[Kiel]])
***1st Corvette Squadron (''1. Korvettengeschwader''), [[Warnemünde]]
***[[1st Ubootgeschwader|1st Submarine Squadron]] (''{{ill|1. Ubootgeschwader|de|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Eckernförde]]
***Submarine Training Centre (''Ausbildungszentrum Unterseeboote''), Eckernförde
***3rd Minesweeping Squadron (''3. Minensuchgeschwader''), Kiel
***[[Sea Battalion (Germany)|Sea Battalion]], Eckernförde
***[[Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine]], Eckernförde
***Naval Base Command Kiel (''Marinestützpunktkommando Kiel'')
***Naval Base Command Eckernförde
***Naval Base Command Warnemünde
**''[[Einsatzflottille 2]]'', [[Wilhelmshaven]]
***HQ 2nd Flotilla
***2nd Frigate Squadron (''2. Fregattengeschwader''), Wilhelmshaven
***4th Frigate Squadron (''4. Fregattengeschwader''), Wilhelmshaven
***Auxiliary Squadron (''Trossgeschwader''), Wilhelmshaven
***Naval Base Command Wilhelmshaven
**[[Marineflieger|Naval Aviation Command]] (''{{ill|Marinefliegerkommando|de|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Nordholz Naval Airbase|Nordholz]]
***Naval Air Wing 3 (''Marinefliegergeschwader 3''), Nordholz
***Naval Air Wing 5 (''Marinefliegergeschwader 5''), Nordholz
**[[Naval Support Command]] (''{{ill|Marineunterstützungskommando|de|Marineunterstützungskommando (2012)|vertical-align=sup}} – MUKdo'')
**[[Naval Medical Institute]] (''{{ill|Schiffahrtsmedizinisches Institut|de|Schifffahrtmedizinisches Institut der Marine|vertical-align=sup}}''), Kiel
**[[Mürwik Naval School|Naval Academy]] (''{{ill|Marineschule Mürwik|de|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Flensburg]]
**[[Naval Petty Officer School]] (''{{ill|Marineunteroffiziersschule|de|Marineunteroffizierschule|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Plön]]
**[[Naval Engineering School (Germany)|Naval Engineering School]] (''{{ill|Marinetechnikschule|de|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Parow, Germany|Parow]], near [[Stralsund]]
**[[Naval Operations School]] (''{{ill|Marineoperationsschule|de|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Bremerhaven]]
**[[Naval Damage Control Training Centre]] (''{{ill|Ausbildungszentrum für Schiffssicherung|de|Einsatzausbildungszentrum Schadensabwehr Marine#cite note-11|vertical-align=sup}}''), [[Neustadt in Holstein]]
==Ranks==
{{main|Rank insignia of the German Bundeswehr}}
===Officers===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OF/Germany}}
|}
===Petty officers and enlisted seamen===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OR/Germany}}
|}
==Radio and communication stations==
* [[VLF transmitter DHO38|DHO38]]
* DHJ58
* DHJ59
==Future developments==
* Three Type 424 Electronic reconnaissance ships ordered in July 2023 to replace the Type 423 ''[[Oste-class fleet service ship|Oste]]''. It will be delivered from 2029 to 2031. The cost of this project is €3.26 billion, and the financing comes from the regular defence budget.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=Chinook-Helikopter, Flottendienstboote, luftlandefähige Fahrzeuge für die Truppe |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/aktuelles/chinooks-flottendienstboote-und-luftlandefahrzeuge-5646766 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
* The German government has announced the selection in January 2020 and contracting in June 2020 of [[Damen Group]] as the main contractor, together with partners [[Blohm+Voss]] and [[Thales Group|Thales]], for supplying four Multi-Purpose Combat Ship [[F126 frigate]]s to the German Navy with an additional Order for 2 ships in 2024. The ships will be built at Blohm + Voss shipyard in Hamburg and at other shipyard locations of the North German Lürssen Group.<ref>[https://www.damen.com/en/news/2020/01/damen_and_blohm_voss_selected_for_construction_german_mks180_frigates damen.com] – ''DAMEN AND BLOHM + VOSS SELECTED FOR CONSTRUCTION GERMAN MKS180 FRIGATES'' (14 January 2020).</ref>
* Two further-developed [[Type 212]] submarines with significant advancements (Common Design) will be designed & procured with Norway in the next decade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/press-detail-page/ceremony-for-the-major-submarine-contracts-between-norway-and-germany-119547|title=Ceremony for the major submarine contracts between Norway and Germany|last=Press releases|newspaper=thyssenkrupp|access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref> The contract was signed in July 2021,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fma.no/aktuelt-og-media/2020/norge-og-tyskland-signerer-avtaler-for-nye-ubater-og-missiler|title=Norway and Germany sign agreements for submarine and missile acquisition|newspaper=Norwegian Defence Materiel Agency|access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref> where according to the official statement the "NDMA and its German counterparts in the Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr (BAAINBw) will acquire six new submarines – four Norwegian (in June 2024 increased to six) and two German – as well as [[Naval Strike Missile]]s for use on both German and Norwegian naval vessels." According to [[ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems]] the delivery of the two boats for the German Navy is scheduled for 2032 and 2034.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/07/tkms-to-build-six-type-212cd-submarines-for-german-and-norwegian-navies/|title=NTKMS To Build Six Type 212CD Submarines For German And Norwegian Navies|newspaper=navalnews.com (TKMS press release)|access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref>
* Five additional [[Braunschweig class corvette]]s are ordered and will be delivered 2020–2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/fuenf-neue-korvetten-fuer-die-bundeswehr-14481903.html|title=Koalition will Boote kaufen: Bundeswehr soll fünf neue Korvetten bekommen|date=2016-10-14|newspaper=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|issn=0174-4909|access-date=2016-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015163243/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/fuenf-neue-korvetten-fuer-die-bundeswehr-14481903.html|archive-date=15 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[NH90 NFH]] 'Sea Tiger' Helicopters ordered to replace [[Westland Lynx|Lynx]] in ASW/AsuW role, originally ordered by the German Army as NH90 TTH variant with deliveries planned from 2025 onwards. Up to 31 could be ordered.
* 18 [[NH90 MRH]] 'Sealion' Helicopters are unarmed and replaced the 21 [[Westland Sea King#Germany|''Sea King'' helicopters]] of Naval Air Wing 5 in SAR and ship-based Transport Role (VertRep) with deliveries from 2019 till 2023.
* The [[Saab Skeldar]] has been ordered as a testbed for a future maritime UAV for the Braunschweig class corvette.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bundeswehr-journal.de/2018/hubschrauberdrohne-skeldar-v-200-fuer-deutsche-marine/ |title=Hubschrauberdrohne Skeldar V-200 für deutsche Marine – |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930115712/http://www.bundeswehr-journal.de/2018/hubschrauberdrohne-skeldar-v-200-fuer-deutsche-marine/ |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Integration of the German Navy Marines ([[Seebataillon]]) in the [[Netherlands Marine Corps]] and use of the Amphibious ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy such as the joint support ship [[HNLMS Karel Doorman (A833)]] as of 2016.
* In June 2020 it was announced that German Navy and [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] will cooperate and plan the [[Future Air Defender|future replacement]] of both the [[Sachsen-class frigate|''Sachsen''-class frigate]] and [[De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate|''De Zeven Provinciën''-class frigate]] from 2030 onwards.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vavasseur|first=Xavier|date=2020-12-18|title=Germany and the Netherlands Joining Forces for F-124 / LCF Frigate Replacement|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/12/germany-and-the-netherlands-joining-forces-for-f-124-lcf-frigate-replacement/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Naval News|language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of ship classes of the Bundesmarine and Deutsche Marine|List of ship classes of the ''Bundesmarine'' and ''Deutsche Marine'']]
* [[List of ships of the German navies]]
* [[List of admirals of the German Navy]]
* [[German commando frogmen]]
* ''[[Marineamt]]''
* ''[[Marine-Regatta-Verein]]''
* [[U-boat]]
* ''[[Volksmarine]]''
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading ==
* Jan Wiedemann: COE CSW celebrates fifth anniversary; in: NAVAL FORCES III/2014 p.&nbsp;90 f.
* Hans-Joachim Stricker: Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters COE CSW – Das COE als Ausdruck unserer besonderen nationalen Fähigkeiten im Bündnis; in: Marineforum 6-2007 p.&nbsp;3 f.
* Fritz-Rudolf Weber: Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters – Think Tank für die NATO; in: Marineforum 1/2-2010 p.&nbsp;11 ff.
* Hans Georg Buss, Stefan Riewesell: Maritime C-IED and Harbour Protection: A Joint Effort; in: The Transformer Fall 2013 Vol 9 Issue 2 p.&nbsp;18
* Rahn, Werner. "German Navies from 1848 to 2016: Their Development and Courses from Confrontation to Cooperation." ''Naval War College Review'' 70.4 (2017). [http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/Autumn2017Review_Rahn.pdf online]
* Peifer, Douglas (2002). ''The Three German Navies:  Dissolution, Transition, and New Beginning.'' Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8130-2553-2}}
* Peifer, Douglas (2011).·"Establishing the Bundesmarine". In ''Rearming Germany,'' ed. James S. Corum. Boston; Leiden: Brill, 2011. {{ISBN|978-90-04-20320-4}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Deutsche Marine}}
* {{Official website|http://www.marine.de/ }}
* [http://www.marine.de/portal/poc/marine?uri=ci%3Abw.mar.multimedia.downloads.broschueren.flotte The German Navy – Facts and Figures, 12th Edition, February 2013]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081227051007/http://www.bundeswehr.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/C1256EF40036B05B/N264JEZ8237MMISDE/BMVg_93_A5+Brosch_INTERNET_neu.pdf?yw_repository=youatweb Uniforms]
{{Military of Germany}}
{{German Navies}}
{{Navies in Europe}}
{{Allied Maritime Command}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:German Navy| ]]
[[Category:Bundeswehr]]
[[Category:Navies by country]]