View source for German Parliamentary Committee investigation of the NSA spying scandal

{{Short description|Investigation by the German parliamentary committee}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2021}}
{{Expand German|NSA-Untersuchungsausschuss|date=June 2015}}
The '''German Parliamentary Committee investigation of the NSA spying scandal''' (official title: ''1. Untersuchungsausschuss „NSA“'') was started on March 20, 2014, by the [[German Parliament]] in order to investigate the extent and background of foreign secret services spying in Germany in the light of the [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)]].
The Committee is also in search of strategies on how to protect telecommunication with technical means.<ref>http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/18/008/1800843.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>[[Deutscher Bundestag]]: [http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse18/ua/1untersuchungsausschuss 1. Untersuchungsausschuss („NSA“)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100548/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse18/ua/1untersuchungsausschuss |date=2014-10-07 }}</ref>
== Members ==
The committee is formed by eight members of the German Parliament.<ref>[http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse18/ua/1untersuchungsausschuss/mitglieder/262992 Mitglieder des NSA-Untersuchungsausschusses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005051852/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse18/ua/1untersuchungsausschuss/mitglieder/262992 |date=2014-10-05 }}, bundestag.de, accessed July 7, 2014</ref> The parliamentarian of the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union (CDU)]] [[Clemens Binninger]] was head of the committee but stepped down after six days. In a statement, Binninger clarified that the other committee members had insisted on inviting Edward Snowden to testify; Binninger objected to this and resigned in protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2014/50515028_kw15_binninger/216908|title=Deutscher Bundestag - NSA-Untersuchungsausschuss: Binninger tritt vom Ausschussvorsitz zurück|author=Karl Otto Sattler|date=9 April 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2014-04/nsa-untersuchungsausschuss-binninger-ruecktritt NSA-Ausschussvorsitzender geht im Streit], Zeit.de, April 14, 2014</ref> [[Patrick Sensburg]] (CDU) succeeded him.
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="width:405px;border-style: solid; border-width: 2px;border-color:#b5e61d;"
! colspan= "3"  style="background-color:#b5e61d;"| Members of the Committee
|- style="background-color:#FFDEAD"
! Position
! Name
! Party
|-
| Chairman
| [[Patrick Sensburg]]
| CDU
|-
| Deputy Chairman
| [[Hans-Ulrich Krüger]]
| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|-
| Member
| [[Christian Flisek]]
| SPD
|-
| Member
| [[Roderich Kiesewetter]]
| CDU
|-
| Member
| [[Andrea Lindholz]]
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
|-
| Member
| [[Konstantin von Notz]]
| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|The Greens]]
|-
| Member
| [[Martina Renner]]
| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
|-
| Member
| [[Tankred Schipanski]]
| CDU
|}
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="width:260px; border-style: solid; border-width: 2px;border-color:#ffc90e;"
! colspan= "3"  style="background-color:#ffc90e;"| Deputy Members
|- style="background-color:#FFDEAD"
! Name
! Party
|-
| [[Marian Wendt]] || CDU
|-
| [[Susanne Mittag]] || SPD
|-
| [[Burkhard Lischka]] || SPD
|-
| [[Stephan Mayer]] || CSU
|-
| [[Tim Ostermann]] || CDU
|-
| [[Hans-Christian Ströbele]] || The Greens
|-
| [[André Hahn (politician)|André Hahn]] || The Left
|-
| [[Nina Warken]] || CDU
|}
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="width:250px;border-style: dotted; border-width: 2px;border-color:#bcbcbc;"
! colspan= "3" style="background-color:#bcbcbc;"| Former Members
|- style="background-color:#FFDEAD"
! Name
! Party
|-
| [[Clemens Binninger]] || CDU
|}
|}
{{clear}}
== Witnesses ==
=== Discussion about the witness Snowden ===
On May 8, 2014, the committee unanimously decided to let US whistleblower [[Edward Snowden]] testify as a witness.<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2014-05/sensburg-schlaegt-snowden-befragung-in-schweizer-botschaft-vor NSA-Ausschusschef will Snowden in Schweizer Botschaft befragen], zeit.de, May 11, 2014</ref>
On September 23, 2014, the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green Party]] and [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] filed a constitutional complaint against the Christian Democratic Union, the Social Democrats and the NSA Parliamentary Committee because of the Christian Democrats' and the Social Democrats' refusal to let the witness Edward Snowden testify in Berlin. The accused proposed a video conference from Moscow which Snowden had refused.<ref>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/abhoer-affaere-opposition-klagt-wegen-snowden-vernehmung-in-krlsruhe-13175658.html ''Grüne und Linke klagen gegen NSA-Untersuchungsauss'', September 26, 2014]. Website FAZ, accessed September 26, 2014</ref>
On September 28, 2014, the Green Party and The Left filed a constitutional complaint against German chancellor Merkel. According to them, she refuses to comply with her duty according to Chapter 44 of the German constitution to ensure a real investigation; especially by refusing to ensure the legal requirements to allow the witness Edward Snowden to testify.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/nsa-spaehaffaere-opposition-verklagt-merkel-wegen-snowden-a-994029.html|title=NSA Sphaffre: Opposition verklagt Merkel wegen Snowden - SPIEGEL ONLINE|author=((SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany))|date=28 September 2014|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}}</ref>
=== Testimony of Binney and Drake ===
On July 3, 2014, the former Technical Director of the NSA,  [[William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)|William Binney]], who had become a whistleblower after the [[9/11|terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001]], testified to the committee. He said that the NSA has a totalitarian approach that has previously only been known from dictatorships and that there is no longer such a thing as privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.nsa-untersuchungsausschuss-9-11-hat-alles-veraendert.aeedf44b-6825-4583-a740-0c20c0bd723a.html|title=NSA-Untersuchungsausschuss: 9/11 hat alles verändert - Politik - Stuttgarter Zeitung|location=Stuttgart, Germany|date=3 July 2014|work=[[Stuttgarter Zeitung]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/william-binney-als-zeuge-im-nsa-untersuchungsausschuss-a-979062.html Untersuchungsausschuss im Bundestag: US-Informant vergleicht NSA mit einer Diktatur], Der Spiegel, July 3, 2014</ref> Former NSA employee [[Thomas Andrews Drake]] described the close cooperation between the NSA and the German foreign intelligence service [[Bundesnachrichtendienst|BND]].<ref>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/thomas-drake-im-nsa-untersuchungsausschuss-13027055.html Bundesnachrichtendienst „ein Wurmfortsatz der NSA“], FAZ July 4, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ex-nsa-mitarbeiter-drake-bnd-unterstuetzte-drohnenkrieg-der-usa-a-979130.html|title=Ex-NSA-Mitarbeiter Drake: BND untersttzte Drohnenkrieg der USA|author=((SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany))|date=4 July 2014|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}}</ref>
=== Failed testimony of Greenwald ===
The US journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]] was asked to testify in September, 2014. On August 1, 2014, he wrote in a letter that he was willing to support the Parliament's investigation on the espionage in Germany by the NSA. By their refusal to let the crucial witness Edward Snowden testify, German politicians had however shown that it is more important to them not to annoy the US than to really investigate and he was not willing to take part in a "ritual" that "shall seem like an investigation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/glenn-greenwald-sagt-zeugenvernehmung-vor-nsa-ausschuss-ab-a-984030.html|title=Glenn Greenwald sagt Zeugenvernehmung vor NSA-Ausschuss ab|author=((SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany))|date=1 August 2014|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://netzpolitik.org/2014/glenn-greenwald-sagt-untersuchungsausschuss-ab-ritual-das-die-illusion-einer-untersuchung-erwecken-soll|title=Glenn Greenwald sagt Untersuchungsausschuss ab: "Ritual, das die Illusion einer Untersuchung erwecken soll"|work=netzpolitik.org|date=August 2014}}</ref>
==Operation Eikonal selectors==
In [[Operation Eikonal]] German [[Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)|BND]] agents received "Selector Lists" from the NSA − search terms for their dragnet surveillance. They contain IP addresses, mobile phone numbers and email accounts with the BND surveillance system containing hundreds of thousands and possibly more than a million such targets.<ref name=spiegel1>{{cite news|title=Spying Close to Home: German Intelligence Under Fire for NSA Cooperation - SPIEGEL ONLINE - International|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=24 April 2015|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-intelligence-agency-bnd-under-fire-for-nsa-cooperation-a-1030593.html|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref> These lists have been subject of controversy as in 2008 it was revealed that they contained some terms targeting the [[European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company]] (EADS), the [[Eurocopter]] project<ref name="ts1">{{cite news|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/bnd-und-nsa-die-chronologie-des-spionageskandals/11722810.html|title=BND und NSA: Die Chronologie des Spionageskandals – Politik – Tagesspiegel|work=tagesspiegel.de|date=4 May 2015|language=German|last1=Dehmer|first1=Dagmar|last2=Haselberger|first2=Stephan}}</ref> as well as French administration,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/die-neue-bnd-affaere-ein-foul-mit-folgen-1.2448810|title=Wie die NSA europäische Unternehmen ausspionierte|work=Süddeutsche.de|date=24 April 2015 |language=German}}</ref><ref name=spiegel1/> which were first noticed by BND employees in 2005.<ref name="ts1" /> Other selectors were found to target the administration of Austria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/nsa-spitzelei-bnd-soll-12-000-suchbegriffe-geloescht-haben-13569002.html|title=NSA-Spitzelei: BND soll 12.000 Suchbegriffe gelöscht haben|newspaper=Faz.net|publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH|date=1 May 2015|language=German}}</ref> After the revelations made by whistleblower Edward Snowden the BND decided to investigate the issue whose October 2013 conclusion was that at least 2,000 of these selectors were aimed at Western European or even German interests which has been a violation of the Memorandum of Agreement that the US and Germany signed in 2002 in the wake of the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 terror attacks]].<ref name=spiegel1/> After reports emerged in 2014 that EADS and Eurocopter had been surveillance targets the [[The Left (Germany)|Left Party]] and the [[Greens (Germany)|Greens]] filed an official request to obtain evidence of the violations.<ref name=spiegel1/><ref>{{cite web|title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - BVerfG, Beschluss des Zweiten Senats vom 13. n|url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/2016/10/es20161013_2bve000215.html|website=bundesverfassungsgericht.de|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de|date=13 October 2016}}</ref>
The investigative Parliamentary Committee was set up in spring 2014 and reviewed the selectors and discovered 40,000 suspicious search parameters, including espionage targets in Western European governments and numerous companies. The group also confirmed suspicions that the NSA had systematically violated German interests and concluded that the Americans could have perpetrated [[economic espionage]] directly under the Germans' noses.<ref name=spiegel1/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Denkler|first1=Thorsten|title=Geheimdienst-Affäre: NSA jubelte BND deutsche Spähziele unter|date=30 October 2015 |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/geheimdienst-affaere-nsa-jubelte-bnd-deutsche-spaehziele-unter-1.2715253|publisher=Süddeutsche Zeitung|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> The investigative parliamentary committee was not granted access to the NSA's selectors list as an appeal led by opposition politicians failed at Germany's top court - instead the ruling coalition appointed an administrative judge, [[Kurt Graulich]], as a "person of trust" who was granted access to the list and briefed the investigative commission on its contents after analyzing the 40,000 parameters.<ref>{{cite web|title=German Constitutional Court rules out access to NSA's 'selectors' list|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-constitutional-court-rules-out-access-to-nsas-selectors-list/a-36396385|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Designierter NSA-Sonderermittler: Ein Mann, 40.000 brisante Daten|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=July 2015|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/nsa-sonderermittler-kurt-graulich-ein-mann-40-000-datensaetze-a-1040661.html|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=4 January 2017|last1=Meiritz|first1=Annett}}</ref> In his almost 300-paged report<ref>{{cite web|title=Der Graulich-Abschlussbericht|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/graulich-abschlussbericht-101.pdf|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref> Graulich concluded that European government agencies were targeted massively and that Americans hence broke contractual agreements. He also found that German targets which received special protection from surveillance of domestic intelligence agencies by [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Germany's Basic Law (Grundgesetz)]] − including numerous enterprises based in Germany − were featured in the NSA's wishlist in a surprising plenitude.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geheimdienstaffäre: Sonderermittler spricht von klarem Vertragsbruch der NSA|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=30 October 2015|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/nsa-selektorenliste-kurt-graulich-spricht-von-klarem-vertragsbruch-a-1060280.html|publisher=SPIEGEL ONLINE|accessdate=4 January 2017|last1=Baumgärtner|first1=Maik|last2=Knobbe|first2=Martin}}</ref> While the magnitude differs there have also been problematic BND-internal selectors which have been used until end of 2013 - around two thirds of 3300 targets were related to EU and NATO states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geheimdienstkontrolleure: BND hat gegen Recht und Auftrag verstoßen|date=17 December 2015 |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Geheimdienstkontrolleure-BND-hat-gegen-Recht-und-Auftrag-verstossen-3045627.html|publisher=Heise Online|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BND hat jahrelang unter Freunden spioniert|url=http://www.dw.com/de/bnd-hat-jahrelang-unter-freunden-spioniert/a-19393446|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Decker|first1=Markus|title=Geheimdienst-Affäre: BND spitzelte mit eigenen Selektoren|url=http://www.fr-online.de/datenschutz/geheimdienst-affaere-bnd-spitzelte-mit-eigenen-selektoren,1472644,32163156.html|publisher=Frankfurter Rundschau|accessdate=4 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> [[Klaus Landefeld]], member of the board at the Internet industry association Eco International, has met intelligence officials and legislators to present suggestions for improvement, like streamlining the selector system.<ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite web|last1=Somaskanda|first1=Sumi|title=Is Big Brother coming to Germany?|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/big-brother-coming-germany-161213062129779.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref>
<!--[[de:Selektor (Geheimdienstabfrage)]]-->
== Spying on the committee ==
On July 4, 2014, it was revealed to the public that BND agent Markus R. had been arrested on July 2, 2014, for apparently having spied. The 31-year-old German is accused of having worked for the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref name="SZ_2032849">[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/neue-medienberichte-festgenommener-bnd-mann-spionierte-auch-fuer-die-cia-1.2032849 Medien: Festgenommener BND-Mann spionierte für CIA], Süddeutsche.de, July 6, 2014</ref> After his arrest, the US ambassador [[John B. Emerson]] was summoned for talks at the German [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Foreign Office]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taz.de/Untersuchungsausschuss-zur-NSA/!141758/|title=BNDler soll für USA spioniert haben: Der amerikanische Brieföffner - taz.de|author=taz. die tageszeitung|newspaper=Die Tageszeitung: Taz|date=4 July 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/nsa-ausschuss-bnd-mitarbeiter-unter-spionageverdacht-1.2030878|title=BND-Mitarbeiter soll NSA-Ausschuss ausspioniert haben|work=Süddeutsche.de|date=4 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/festnahme-spion-100.html|title=31-Jähriger festgenommen: BND-Mitarbeiter ein US-Spion? - tagesschau.de|date=5 July 2014|work=tagesschau.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bnd-spion-us-botschafter-emerson-ins-auswaertige-amt-gebeten-a-979318.html|title=BND-Spion: US-Botschafter Emerson ins Auswrtige Amt gebeten|author=((SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany))|date=4 July 2014|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bnd-spion-berlin-zoegert-wie-bei-nsa-mit-reaktionen-gegenueber-obama-a-979526.html|title=BND-Spion: Berlin zgert wie bei NSA mit Reaktionen gegenber Obama|author=((SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany))|date=6 July 2014|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}}</ref>
It was revealed that the BND-agent had saved 218 secret BND documents on USB sticks since 2012 and sold them to US agents for a sum of 25,000 Euro in Salzburg, Austria. At least three of the documents were about the NSA Parliamentary Committee.<ref name="SZ_2032849" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Festnahme-BND-Mitarbeiter-soll-NSA-Untersuchungsausschuss-ausspioniert-haben-2249652.html|title=Festnahme: BND-Mitarbeiter soll NSA-Untersuchungsausschuss ausspioniert haben|date=4 July 2014|work=heise online}}</ref>
The [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]] had mistaken him for a Russian spy and asked US colleagues to help uncover him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bnd-verfassungsschutz-wollte-agenten-mit-us-hilfe-enttarnen-a-979416.html|title=BND: Verfassungsschutz wollte Agenten mit US-Hilfe enttarnen|author=((SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany))|date=5 July 2014|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}}</ref>
On July 9, 2014, a second US spy was discovered, who worked for the Secretary of Defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/nsa-spionageaffaere-razzia-100.html|title=Durchsuchung in Berlin: Weiterer US-Spion enttarnt?|date=9 July 2014|work=tagesschau.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/ausweitung-der-geheimdienstaffaere-ermittlungen-gegen-us-spion-im-verteidigungsministerium-1.2038151|title=Zweiter US-Spion im Verteidigungsministerium|work=Süddeutsche.de|date=9 July 2014 }}</ref>
In July 2014 a Parliament technician found out that the mobile phone of [[Roderich Kiesewetter]], representative of the Christian Democratic Union in the committee, was spied on. Kiesewetter said there is evidence that all four Party representatives in the committee have been spied on.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-aktuell/bw/ulm/kiesewetter-offenbar-abgehoert/-/id=1612/did=13735756/nid=1612/1hqz7ou/index.html |title=Obmann des NSA-Untersuchungsausschusses: Kiesewetter offenbar abgehört - Nachrichten :: Baden-Württemberg :: Ulm &#124; SWR.de |access-date=2014-10-04 |archive-date=2014-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717134353/http://www.swr.de/landesschau-aktuell/bw/ulm/kiesewetter-offenbar-abgehoert/-/id=1612/did=13735756/nid=1612/1hqz7ou/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Document leaks ==
In the months following May 2015, [[Peter Pilz]], a member of the Austrian parliament for the [[The Greens – The Green Alternative|Green Party]], disclosed several documents and transcripts related to [[operation Eikonal]], in which NSA and BND cooperated for tapping transit cables at a facility of [[Deutsche Telekom]] in Frankfurt. These documents were highly sensitive and handed over to the committee for investigating the Eikonal operation. Therefore, it seems likely someone from the committee leaked these documents to Pilz. Among them are lists of communication channels from many European countries, including most of Germany's neighbours.<ref>Electrospaces.net: [http://electrospaces.blogspot.nl/2015/11/unnoticed-leak-answers-and-raises.html Unnoticed leak answers and raises questions about operation Eikonal], November 22, 2015</ref> Peter Pilz also discovered NSA spying facilities in Austria, and therefore wants a parliamentary committee on the NSA spying in his own country too.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.format.at/articles/1430/930/376970/spionage-peter-pilz-nsa-untersuchungsausschuss|title=Spionage: Peter Pilz fordert einen NSA-Untersuchungsausschuss|author=news networld Internetservice GmbH|work=format.at}}</ref>
On December 1, 2016, [[WikiLeaks]] released over 2,400 documents which it claims are from the investigation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Uchill |first=Joe |url=https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/308407-wikileaks-drops-docs-on-inquiry-into-nsa-german-cooperation/ |title=WikiLeaks publishes docs on inquiry into German cooperation with NSA |work=The Hill |date=December 1, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Dropmire]]
* [[PRISM (surveillance program)]]
* [[Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100548/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse18/ua/1untersuchungsausschuss German homepage of the Parliamentary Investigative Committee]
* [http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2014/11/german-investigation-of-cooperation.html Introduction and translations of the Committee hearings in English, Part I] - [http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2014/12/german-investigation-of-cooperation.html Part II] - [http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2015/01/german-investigation-of-cooperation.html Part III]
* [http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-germany-file-of-edward-snowden-documents-available-for-download-a-975917.html The NSA in Germany: Snowden's Documents Available for Download]
* [https://netzpolitik.org/2015/how-the-german-foreign-intelligence-agency-bnd-tapped-the-internet-exchange-point-de-cix-in-frankfurt-since-2009/ How the German Foreign Intelligence Agency BND tapped the Internet Exchange Point DE-CIX in Frankfurt, since 2009]
[[Category:Internet censorship]]
[[Category:Information privacy]]
[[Category:Global surveillance]]
[[Category:Bundestag]]
[[Category:National Security Agency]]
[[Category:Surveillance scandals]]