View source for Gitanos

{{Short description|Ethnic group living on the Iberian Peninsula}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Romani people in Spain
| image            = Spanish Gypsies 1854 - 1855.JPG
| caption          = ''Spanish Gypsies'' by Francis William Topham (c.1854-1855)
| native_name      = {{lang|rmq|Calé}}, {{lang|es|Gitanos}}
| total            = Estimated 650,000-1,500,000
| total_ref        = <ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |title=Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España |website=Msc.es |access-date=2016-05-21 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161106/http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |format=JPG |title=Estimations |website=Gfbv.it |access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|title=The Situation of Roma in Spain|publisher=Open Society Institute|year=2002|quote=The Spanish government estimates the number of ''Gitanos'' at a maximum of 650,000.|access-date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref><ref name=immigration>[http://www.osce.org/hcnm/78034?download=true Recent Migration of Roma in Europe, A study by Mr. Claude Cahn and Professor Elspeth Guild], page 87-8 (09.2010 figures)</ref>
| popplace         = [[Andalusia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]] and [[Catalonia]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/gypsies/ | title=Roma/Gypsies | newspaper=Minority Rights Group | date=19 June 2015 }}</ref>
| region1          = {{flag|Andalusia}}
| pop1             =
| ref1             =
| region2          = {{flag|Valencia}}
| pop2             =
| ref2             =
| region3          = {{flag|Madrid}}
| pop3             =
| ref3             =
| region4          = {{flag|Catalonia}}
| pop4             =
| ref4             =
| langs            = {{hlist|[[Caló language|Caló]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]|[[Basque language|Basque]] ([[Erromintxela]])|[[Galician language|Galician]]|[[Asturian language|Asturian]]|[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]|[[Sinte Romani|Manouche]]|[[Occitan language|Occitan]] ([[Aranese]])}}
| rels             = [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Evangelicalism]]
| related          = Other [[Romani people]]
}}
{{Romani people}}
The '''Romani in Spain''', generally known by the [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] '''''Calé''''',<ref>{{cite book|last= West|first= Christina|chapter= Memory—Recollection—Culture—Identity—Space: Social Context, Identity Formation, and Self-construction of the Calé (Gitanos) in Spain|title= Cultural Memories. Knowledge and Space (Klaus Tschira Symposia) |editor=Meusburger P. |editor2=Heffernan M. |editor3=Wunder E. |volume= 4|year= 2011|pages= 101–118|publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media]]|url= http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/14319/1/104.pdf.pdf#page=104|isbn= 978-90-481-8945-8|doi= 10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_7}}</ref> or the [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]] {{lang|es|'''gitanos'''}} ({{IPA|es|xiˈtanos}}), belong to the [[Romani people#Romani subgroups|Iberian Romani subgroup]] known as Calé, with smaller populations in Portugal (known as {{lang|pt|[[Romani people in Portugal|ciganos]]}}) and in [[Southern France]] (known as {{lang|fr|[[Romani people in France|tsiganes]]}}). Their sense of identity and cohesion stems from their shared value system, expressed among {{lang|es|gitanos}} as {{lang|es|las leyes gitanas}} ('Gypsy laws').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title='We don't know our descent': how the Gitanos of Jarana manage the past |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=20 December 2002 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=631–647 |doi=10.1111/1467-9655.00081}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=Agata's story: singular lives and the reach of the 'Gitano law' |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 2011 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=445–461 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01701.x }}</ref>
Traditionally, they maintain their social circles strictly within their [[Endogamy|patrigroups]], as interaction between patrigroups increases the risk of feuding, which may result in fatalities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=The Politics of Evangelism: Hierarchy, Masculinity and Religious Conversion Among Gitanos. |journal=[[Romani Studies (journal)|Romani Studies]] |date=2000 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=4 }}</ref> The emergence of [[Pentecostalism]] has impacted this practice, as the lifestyle of Pentecostal ''gitanos'' involves frequent contact with Calé people from outside their own patrigroups during church services and meetings. Data on ethnicity are not collected in Spain, although the public pollster [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas|CIS]] estimated in 2007 that the number of Calé present in Spain is probably around one million.<ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS" />
==Name==
The term ''gitano'' evolved from the word ''egiptano''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dirae.es/palabras/egiptano|title=egiptano - Diccionario Dirae.|website=Dirae.es|access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> ("Egyptian"), which was the [[Old Spanish]] demonym for someone from ''Egipto'' (Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular adjective in Old Spanish for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective ''egipcio'' supplanted ''egiptano'' to mean Egyptian, probably to differentiate Egyptians from Gypsies. Meanwhile, the term ''egiptano'' evolved through [[elision]] into ''egitano'' and finally into ''gitano'', losing the meaning of Egyptian and carrying with it a specific meaning of Romanis in Spain. The two peoples are now unambiguously differentiated in modern Spanish, "egipcios" for Egyptians and "gitanos" for Roma in Spain, with "egiptano" being obsolete for either.
Though etymologically the term ''gitano'' originally meant "Egyptian",<ref name="buscon1">{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/drae/?type=3&val=gitano&val_aux=&origen=REDRAE |title=Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición |publisher=Buscon.rae.es |access-date=2013-08-15}}</ref> the use itself of the Old Spanish word meaning "Egyptian" (egiptano) to refer to Romanis in Spain developed in the same way that the English word "[[Gypsy (term)|Gypsy]]" also evolved from the English adjective "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis in Britain. Some Romanis, a people originating in the northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]], upon their first arrivals to Europe, either claimed to be Egyptians for a more favourable treatment by local Europeans, or were mistaken as [[Egyptians]] by local Europeans.
==Identity==
The group's identity is particularly complex in Spain for a variety of reasons that are examined below. Nevertheless, it can be safely said that both from the perspective of ''gitano'' and non-''gitano'' (''payo'') Spaniards, individuals generally considered to belong to this ethnicity are those of full or near-full ''gitano'' descent and who also self-identify as such. A confusing element is the thorough hybridization of Andalusian and Roma culture (and some would say identity) at a popular level. This has occurred to the point where Spaniards from other regions of Spain commonly mistake elements of one for the other. The clearest example of this is [[flamenco]] music and [[Sevillanas]], art forms that are Andalusian rather than ''gitano'' in origin but, having been strongly marked by ''gitanos'' in interpretative style, are now commonly associated with this ethnicity by many Spaniards. The fact that the largest population of ''gitanos'' is concentrated in Southern Spain<ref>[http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/the-state-and-the-roma-in-spain THE STATE AND THE ROMA IN SPAIN]</ref> has even led to a confusion between ''gitano'' accents and those more typical of Southern Spain even though many ''Kale'' populations in the northern half of Spain (such as Galicia) do not speak Andalusian Spanish.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=javBLaO2J50C&pg=PA37|title=Constructing Identity in Contemporary Spain|isbn=978-0-19-815993-3 |last1=Labanyi |first1=Jo |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
===Origin===
{{Main|History of the Romani people}}
The Romani people originate from northwestern [[Hindustan]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian F. |year = 2005 |orig-date=2002 |title = We are the Romani People |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70 |page=70 | postscript =: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}</ref><ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723|doi-access=free|bibcode=2012CBio...22.2342M |hdl=10230/25348|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|first=Sindya N.|last=Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="books.google.ca">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50 |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 |date=2015-09-28 |publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&q=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&pg=PA147 |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |first1=Simon |last1=Broughton |first2=Mark |last2=Ellingham |first3=Richard |last3=Trillo |page=147 |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides }}</ref> presumably from the northwestern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="books.google.ca"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> and the [[Punjab]] region shared between India and Pakistan.<ref name="books.google.ca"/>
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in the [[Indian subcontinent]]: the language has grammatical characteristics of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts, daily routines<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 978-80-7044-205-0 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> and numerals.
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It shares many phonetic features with [[Marwari (language)|Marwari]], while its grammar is closest to [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref> Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed that the [[Romani language]] is to be classed as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left the Indian subcontinent significantly earlier than AD 1000, finally reaching Europe several hundred years later.
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science|date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of [[North India|northern India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the "[[Ḍoma]]", are the likely ancestral populations of modern "Roma" in Europe.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK | year = 2012 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748477R | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===Migration to Spain===
How and when the Romani arrived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] from Northern India is a question whose consensus is far from being reached. A popular theory, although without any documentation, claims they came from North Africa, from where they would have crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] to meet again in France with the northern migratory route.<ref>[http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1110754&orden=33593&info=link DIÁLOGOS. REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE HISTORIA]</ref> Thus, ''gitanos'' would be a deformation of [[Latin]] [[Tingitan Peninsula|Tingitani]], that is, from ''Tingis'', today [[Tangier]]. Another, more consistent theory, and well documented, is that they entered the Iberian Peninsula from France. Although there is controversy over the date of the first arrival, since there is evidence of a safe conduct granted in [[Perpignan]] in 1415 by the infante Alfonso of Aragon to one Tomás, son of Bartolomé de Sanno, who is said to be "Indie Majoris".<ref>{{citation | url =http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | title = Pèlerins d'Espagne a la fin de Moten âge | first = Jeanne | last = Viellieard | access-date = 2018-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031222/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | archive-date = 2016-08-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Or instead, it could be the so-called Juan de Egipto Menor, who entered through France, when in 1425 [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]] granted him a letter of insurance; he is mostly accepted as the first Romani person to reach the peninsula.<ref>[http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm Unión Romaní] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124051/http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}.</ref>
{{Blockquote |... As our beloved and devoted Don Juan de Egipto Menor ... understands that he must pass through some parts of our kingdoms and lands, and we want him to be well treated and welcomed ... under pain of our wrath and indignation ... the mentioned Don Juan de Egipto and those who will go with him and accompany him, with all their horses, clothes, goods, gold, silver, saddlebags and whatever else they bring with them, let them go, stay and go through any city, town, place and other parts of our lordship safe and secure ... and giving those safe passage and being driven when the aforementioned don Juan requires it through this present safe conduct ... Delivered in Zaragoza with our seal on January 12 of the year of birth of our Lord 1425. [[Alfonso V of Aragon|King Alfonso]].}}
In 1435 they were seen in [[Santiago de Compostela]]. ''Gitanos'' were recorded in [[Barcelona]] and [[Zaragoza]] by 1447,<ref>[https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca9c.html World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Spain : Roma/Gypsies]</ref> and in 1462 they were received with honors in [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]. Years later, to the ''gitanos'', the ''[[Greeks|grecianos]]'', pilgrims who penetrated the Mediterranean shore in the 1480s, were added to them, probably because of the [[fall of Constantinople]]. Both of them continued to wander throughout the peninsula, being well received at least until 1493, year in which a group of ''gitanos'' arrived at [[Madrid]], where the Council agreed to "''... give alms to the ''gitanos'' because at the request of the City passed ahead, ten reales, to avoid the damages that could be done by three hundred people who came ... "''.
In those years safe conducts were granted to supposedly noble Calé pilgrims. The follow-up of these safe-conducts throughout Spain has provided some data to historians according to Teresa San Román:
* The number of Romani that entered or inhabited the Peninsula in the 15th-century is estimated at 3,000 individuals.
* The Roma traveled in variable groups, of 80-150 people, led by a man.
* Each autonomous group maintained relations at a distance with one of the others, there being perhaps relations of kinship among them (something common today among Spanish Romani).
* The separation between each group was variable and sometimes some followed the others at close range and by the same routes.
* The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble.
* The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle).
In 1492, the Roma auxiliaries helped the army of the [[Kingdom of Castile and León]] in the Reconquista in [[Granada]] ending the reign of Muslims in Spain.<ref name="dhier">{{Citation | page = 53 | url = https://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/16795015.pdf | title = La condición social y jurídica de los gitanos en la legislación histórica española | place = Universidad de Granada | author = Alejandro Martínez Dhier }}</ref>
''Gitanos'' have a low and little politically committed role, with some particular exceptions; Andalusian nationalism and identity is strongly based on a belief in the oriental basis of Andalusi heritage, which acted as a bridge between occidental-western and oriental-eastern Andalusian culture at a popular level. The father of such a movement, [[Blas Infante]], in his book ''Orígenes de lo flamenco y secreto del cante jondo'', [[Etymology|etymologically]], went as far as alleging that the word ''flamenco'' derives from [[Andalusian Arabic]] ''fellah mengu'', supposedly meaning "escapee peasant". Infante believed that numerous Muslim Andalusians became [[Moriscos]], who were obliged to convert, were dispersed, and were eventually ordered to leave Spain , but stayed and mixed with the Romani newcomers instead of abandoning their land. These claims have been rejected by many historians and genetic research papers.<ref name="gusmao">{{Citation | pmid = 18205888 | title = A perspective on the history of the Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 215–27 | place = Annals of Human Genetics | publisher = Wiley Publishing | year = 2008 | last1 = Gusmão | first1 = A. | last2 = Gusmão | first2 = L. | last3 = Gomes | first3 = V. | last4 = Alves | first4 = C. | last5 = Calafell | first5 = F. | last6 = Amorim | first6 = A. | last7 = Prata | first7 = M. J. | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x | s2cid = 36365458 }}</ref>
[[File:Sorokin-Spanish Romani people.jpg|thumb|240px|Spanish Romani people. [[Yevgraf Sorokin]], 1853.]]
[[File:Alfred Dehodencq A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of the Alcázar.jpg|thumb|240px|A Gypsy dance in the gardens of the [[Alcázar of Seville]].]]
For about 300 years, Romanies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group. Romani settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; sometimes, Romanies were required to marry non-Roma; they were prohibited from using their language and rituals, and were excluded from public office and from guild membership.<ref name=loc>{{cite book |author1=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |title=Spain: A Country Study |date=December 1988 |page=99 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/ |chapter=The Gypsies}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1749, a major effort to get rid of the Calé population in Spain was carried out through a [[Great Gypsy Round-up|raid]] organized by the government.<ref>[https://rm.coe.int/the-great-gypsy-round-up-in-spain-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1a7d The Great “Gypsy” Round-up in Spain]</ref>
During the [[Spanish Civil War]], ''gitanos'' were not persecuted for their ethnicity by either side.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40552983 | jstor=40552983 | title=Resisting Respectability: Gypsies in Saragossa | last1=Kaprow | first1=Miriam Lee | journal=Urban Anthropology | date=1982 | volume=11 | issue=3/4 | pages=399–431 }}</ref> Under the [[Francoist Spain|regime]] of [[Francisco Franco]], ''gitanos'' were often harassed or simply ignored, although their children were educated, sometimes forcibly, much as all Spaniards are nowadays.<ref>[https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=thea_etds Flamenco and Its Gitanos An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art]</ref>
In the post-Franco era, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic, especially in the area of social welfare and social services.<ref name=loc/> In 1977, the last anti-Romani laws were repealed, an action promoted by [[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], the first Romani deputy.<ref name=loc/>
Beginning in 1983, the government operated a special program of [[Compensatory Education]] to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Romani communities.<ref name=loc/> During the heroin epidemic that afflicted Spain in the 1980s and 1990s, ''gitano'' shanty towns became central to the drug trade, a problem that afflicts Spain to this day.<ref>[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/600541468771052774/pdf/30992.pdf Roma in an Expanding Europe: Breaking the Poverty Cycle]</ref> Nevertheless, Spain is still considered a model for integration of ''gitano'' communities when compared to other countries with Romani populations in Eastern Europe.<ref>[http://www.presenciagitana.org/The_situation_of_Roma_in_Spain_06012016.pdf The Situation of Roma in Spain]</ref>
==Language==
{{Main|Caló language}}
[[File:España Cañí-2009.jpg|thumb|{{lang|es|España cañí}}, Spanish for "Gipsy Spain", including the Caló word {{lang|rmq|cañí}} is the name of this bar in Madrid featuring a reproduction of {{lang|es-ES|Cante jondo}}, a 1929 painting by [[Julio Romero de Torres]] displaying stereotypes associated with Flamenco.|alt=A closed bar façade covered in painted ceramic tiles. On top, it reads "14" and "ESPAÑA CAÑÍ". To the left of the fenced gate, a bullfighter hat in a decorated panel. To the right of the gate, a nude woman, two lovers in Andalusian clothes and other figures.]]
Historically, {{lang|es|gitanos}} spoke Caló, also known as Romanés, fluently, often alongside the language spoken in the region they inhabited. Caló is a type of [[para-Romani]], combining the phonology and grammar of the Catalan or Castilian, with a lexicon derived from Romani. The para-Romani resulting from the combination of Basque and Romani is called [[Erromintxela]]. Very few {{lang|es|gitanos}} maintain a comprehensive and functional knowledge of Caló. A study on the actual usage patterns of Caló among a group of mainly Andalusian {{lang|es|gitanos}} concluded that the language currently consists of between 350 and 400 unique terms, the knowledge of which varies considerably among {{lang|es|gitanos}}. This would exclude a similar number of Caló words that have entered mainstream [[Spanish slang]]. According to the authors of the study, the majority of {{lang|es|gitanos}} acknowledge that the language is in a terminal state, with many asserting that the language is totally lost.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F |last2=Fernández |first2=Cayetano |last3=Nieto |first3=Magdalena |last4=Adiego |first4=Ignasi-Xavier |title=La agonía de una lengua. Lo que queda del caló en el habla de los ''gitanos''. Parte I. Métodos, fuentes y resultados generales |url=http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G27_39Juan_Gamella-y-otros.html |website=Gazeta de Antropologia |publisher=Universidad de Granada |access-date=13 February 2020 |language=es |date=December 2011}}</ref>
Several Caló words are part of Spanish slang including Madrid [[Cheli]].
==Religion==
In Spain, ''gitanos'' were traditionally [[Roman Catholic]]s who participated in four of the Church's sacraments (baptism, [[marriage]], [[confirmation]], and [[extreme unction]]). They follow traditions such as the cult of the [[Virgin of El Rocío]].
In 1997, [[Pope John Paul II]] beatified the Catholic ''gitano'' [[martyr]] [[Ceferino Giménez Malla]], in a ceremony reportedly attended by some 3,000 Roma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bohlen |first1=Celestine |title=Spanish Martyr Is First Gypsy Beatified by Catholic Church |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/05/world/spanish-martyr-is-first-gypsy-beatified-by-catholic-church.html |website=The New York Times |date=5 May 1997}}</ref> [[Saint Sarah|Sara-la-Kali]] is the [[patron saint]] of Romani people.
They rarely go to folk healers, and they participate fully in Spain's state-supported medical system. ''Gitanos'' have a special involvement with recently- dead kin and visit their graves frequently. They spend more money than non-''gitanos'' of equivalent economic classes in adorning grave sites.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gitanos Gitanos]</ref>
The Spanish [[Evangelicalism|New-Protestant]]/New-Born Federation (mostly composed of members of the [[Assemblies of God]] and [[Pentecostal]]) claims that 150,000 ''gitanos'' have joined their faith in Spain.<ref>[http://www.ferede.org/general.php?pag=vernoticia&cod=1086 "Evangelics fish faithful in catholic crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228232541/http://www.ferede.org/general.php?pag=vernoticia&cod=1086 |date=2009-02-28 }}; FEREDE, October 2008 {{in lang|es}}</ref> The Romani Evangelical Assembly is the only religious institution entirely led and composed by Roma. The ''gitano'' Evangelical church (Iglesia de Filadelfia) asserts the ''gitano'' people originate from a group of [[Jews]] who got lost during [[Moses|Moses']] lifetime and eventually became the ''gitanos''.<ref>Gay y Blasco 2002 p. 634</ref>
==Marriage==
The traditional Spanish Romani place a high value on the extended family. [[Virginity]] is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3034765 A `Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among Gitanos]</ref>
A traditional ''gitano'' wedding requires a ''pedimiento'' (similar to an engagement party) followed by the ''casamiento'' (wedding ceremony), where ''el yeli'' must be sung to the bride to celebrate the virginity and ''honour'' of the bride (proven by the ritual of the ''pañuelo''). In the pañuelo ritual, a group consisting of an ''ajuntaora'' (a professional who is skilled in performing the ritual and is paid by the family), along with the married women of the family, take the bride into a separate room during the wedding and examine her to ascertain that she is a virgin. The ajuntaora is the one who performs the ritual on the bride, as the other women watch to be witnesses that the bride is virgin. The ajuntaora wraps a white, decoratively embroidered cloth (the ''pañuelo'') around her index finger and inserts it shallowly into the vaginal canal of the bride.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mujeres Gitanas Documental |website = [[YouTube]]| date=4 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmk4Gry6Xfw&t=2968s  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/fmk4Gry6Xfw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During this process, the [[Bartholin's gland]]s are depressed, causing them to secrete a liquid that stains the cloth. This action is repeated with three different sections of the cloth to produce three stains, known as "rosas". This process is conceived by the women as the retrieval of the bride's "honra", her ''honour'', contained within a "grape" inside her genitals which is popped during the examination, and the spillage collected onto the pañuelo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=A 'Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among ''gitanos'' |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 1997 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=517–535 |doi=10.2307/3034765|jstor=3034765 }}</ref>
When finished with the exam, the women come out of the room and sing ''el yeli'' to the couple. During this, the men at the wedding rip their shirts and lift the wife onto their shoulders and do the same with the husband, as they sing "el yeli" to them. Weddings can last very long; up to three days is usual in ''Gitano'' culture. At weddings, ''gitanos'' invite everyone and anyone that they know of (especially other ''gitanos''). On some occasions, ''payos'' (''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadjos]]'') may attend as well, although this is not common. Through the night, many ''bulerías'' are danced and especially sung. Today, ''rumba gitana'' or ''rumba flamenca'' are usual party music fixtures.
''Gitanos'' may also marry by [[elopement]], an event that garners less approval than a wedding ceremony.<ref>Gay y Blasco 1997, p. 528</ref>
==Marginalisation==
Marginalisation occurs on an institutional level. ''Gitano'' children are regularly segregated from their non-''gitano'' peers and have poorer academic outcomes.<ref name="EU-survey"/> In 1978, 68% of adult ''gitanos'' were illiterate.<ref name=exp>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bDEfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 Experiencias y trayectorias de éxito escolar de gitanas y gitanos en España, p. 100].</ref> Literacy has greatly improved over time; approximately 10% of ''gitanos'' were illiterate as of 2006-2007 (with older ''gitanos'' much more likely than younger ''gitanos'' to be illiterate).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tiUbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 Historias de éxito: Modelos para reducir el abandono escolar de la adolescencia gitana, p. 120].</ref> Ninety-eight percent of ''gitanos'' live below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |last2=Hernández |first2=Liria |title=Writing Friendship: a reciprocal ethnography |date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-26542-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO6_DwAAQBAJ&q=978-3-030-26542-7&pg=PP5}}</ref>
In 2019, another study put 89% of children under the poverty line and 51,8% under extreme poverty.<ref name="Olías 2019">{{cite news |last1=Olías |first1=Laura |title=Nueve de cada diez niños gitanos vive bajo el umbral de la pobreza en España |url=https://www.eldiario.es/economia/ninos-gitanos-umbral-pobreza-espana_1_1348251.html |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=elDiario.es |date=24 September 2019 |language=es}}</ref>
Health outcomes and housing - including reduced access to clean water and electricity supplies - is worse amongst Roma compared to non-Roma in Spain and Portugal, in common with the other surveyed European countries.<ref name="EU-survey"/>
52% of {{lang|es|gitano}} homes could apply to the Spanish [[Minimum Vital Income]] but only 29% of them actually perceived it, due to the complexity of the procedure and the delays in processing.<ref name="Olías">{{cite news |last1=Olías |first1=Laura |title=Cuando los datos desmienten los prejuicios: solo el 29% de los gitanos con derecho recibe el ingreso mínimo vital |url=https://www.eldiario.es/economia/datos-desmienten-prejuicios-29-gitanos-derecho-recibe-ingreso-minimo-vital_1_11665446.html |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=elDiario.es |date=19 September 2024 |language=es}}</ref>
Roma continue to experience discrimination on an interpersonal level, such as by being refused entry to bars and clubs or losing their jobs if their ethnicity is made known to their employer. In 2016, the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]] reported that its survey showed 71 percent of Portuguese ''cigano'', and 51 percent of Spanish ''gitano'' had suffered an episode of discrimination within the previous five years.<ref name="EU-survey">{{cite book |last1=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |author1-link=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |title=Second European Union minorities and discrimination survey: Roma - selected findings |date=2016 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |location=Luxembourg |isbn=978-92-9491-871-0 |pages=36–37 |edition=2nd |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2016/second-european-union-minorities-and-discrimination-survey-roma-selected-findings |access-date=4 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804220533/https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2016-eu-minorities-survey-roma-selected-findings_en.pdf |archive-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> A traditional discriminatory practice in Portugal, where shops and businesses display toad figurines at entrances to dissuade ''ciganos'' from entering, was reported as being still widely seen in Portugal in 2019. (Toads are viewed as symbolic of evil and ill-omen in Roma communities in Portugal.) ''Ciganos'' and anti-discrimination activists complained of hostility to Roma being commonplace. Some shopkeepers were noted as defending their discouragement of Roma as appropriate.<ref name="Vidal-2019">{{cite news |last1=Vidal |first1=Marta |title=Portuguese shopkeepers using ceramic frogs to 'scare away' Roma |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/2/4/portuguese-shopkeepers-using-ceramic-frogs-to-scare-away-roma |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=4 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Silva |first1=Claudia Carvalho |title=Minipreço retira sapo de loiça usado para afastar ciganos e pede desculpa |url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/06/28/sociedade/noticia/minipreco-retira-sapo-loica-usado-afastar-ciganos-pede-desculpa-1878021 |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=PÚBLICO |date=28 June 2019 |language=pt}}</ref>
The 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] poll found that 49% of Spaniards held unfavorable views of gitanos.<ref>"[http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403224749/https://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ |date=2019-04-03 }}". Pew Research Center. 11 July 2016.</ref>
==In literature==
The ''gitano'' in Spanish society have inspired several authors:
*[[Federico García Lorca]], a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote ''[[Romancero Gitano]]'' ("Gypsy Ballad Book")
{{Blockquote|The Roma is the most basic, most profound, the most aristocratic of my country, as representative of their way and whoever keeps the flame, blood, and the alphabet of the universal Andalusian truth.|Federico García Lorca}}
*''Candela'', the female protagonist of the story ''[[El Amor Brujo]]'', by [[Manuel de Falla]] is Romani.
*[[Prosper Mérimée]]'s ''[[Carmen (novella)|Carmen]]'' (1845) features the protagonist as a ''[[femme fatale]]'', ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for [[Georges Bizet's]] [[opera]] of the same name.
*The beauty of a dark-haired ''Gitana'' has inspired artists such as [[Julio Romero de Torres]].
*La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] and part of his [[Novelas ejemplares|Exemplary Novels]]
*Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown
==Music and dance==
The art of [[Flamenco]] was developed in the Calé Romani culture of Southern Spain. Many famous Spanish flamenco musicians are of Romani ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book|last= Leblon|first= Bernard|translator-last= Ni Shuinear|translator-first= Sinead|title= Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=farZoyKozikC|location= Hatfield|publisher= [[University of Hertfordshire Press]]|year= 2003|isbn= 9781902806051}}</ref>
The {{lang|es-ES|[[rumba flamenca]]}} and {{lang|es-ES|[[rumba catalana]]}} are styles mixing flamenco and Cuban [[guaracha]], developed by Andalusian and Catalan {{lang|es|gitanos}}.
==Notable ''gitanos''==
{{multiple image
| footer    =
| align     = right
| image1    = Paquita -Carlotta Grisi -1844.jpg
| width1    = 125
| alt1      = The ballet dancer [[Carlotta Grisi]] as the Romani ''[[Paquita]]'' (1844)
| caption1  = The ballet dancer [[Carlotta Grisi]] as the Romani ''[[Paquita]]'' (1844)
}}
=== Leaders and politicians ===
*[[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]
*[[Sara Giménez Giménez]], Spanish Roma politician in [[Citizens (Spanish political party)|Citizens]] political party
*[[Mariano R. Vázquez]], general secretary of the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] (1936–1939)
*[[:es:Séfora Vargas|Séfora Vargas]], Spanish Gypsy political activist and lawyer
=== Historians, philologists and writers ===
*[[Silvia Agüero]], feminist writer
*[[:es:Joaquín Albacicín|Joaquín Albaicín]], writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life
*[[Matéo Maximoff]], French writer born in Barcelona
=== Poets, novelists and playwrights ===
*[[:es:José Heredia Maya|José Heredia Maya]], poet and dramaturge
*[[:es:Luis Heredia Amaya|Luis Heredia Amaya]], sculptor
*[[:es:Antonio Maya Cortés|Antonio Maya Cortés]], artist painter and sculptor
*[[:es:Fabian de Castro|Fabian de Castro]], artist painter
=== Catholic saints and martyrs ===
*[[Ceferino Giménez Malla]], blessed
* [[:ca:Emilia Fernández Rodríguez|Emilia Fernández Rodríguez, the Basket Weaver]], blessed<ref>''El Mundo'' (23 June 2016) [https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2016/06/22/57652a4922601d414d8b465d.html Emilia 'la Canastera', la primera gitana mártir]</ref>
=== Painters and sculptors ===
*[[Helios Gómez]], artist, writer and poet
*[[:es:Juan Vargas|Juan Vargas]], sculptor
=== Actors, comedians and entertainers ===
*[[:es:Rogelio Durán|Rogelio Durán]], theatre actor  and father of Swedish actress [[Noomi Rapace]]
*[[:es:Pastora Vega|Pastora Vega]], actress
*[[Alba Flores]], actress; granddaughter of Antonio González (El Pescaílla) and daughter of singer [[Antonio Flores]]
*[[Jesús Castro (actor)]], actor of film The Niño.
*[[:es:Luis Lara|El Comandante Lara]], comedian and singer
*[[:es:Juan Rosa|Juan Rosa Mateo]], comedian of Duo Sacapuntas
=== Footballers and football coaches ===
*[[José Antonio Reyes]], ex-footballer, for [[Arsenal F.C.]], [[Sevilla FC]]...
*[[José Rodríguez Martínez]], footballer, currently plays for [[Maccabi Haifa F.C.]]
*[[Jesús Seba]], footballer, ex-[[Real Zaragoza]]
*[[Diego Rodríguez Fernández|Diego]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla Fútbol Club]] (Sevilla FC)
*[[Carlos Muñoz Cobo|Carlos Muñoz]], former footballer, with [[Real Oviedo]]
*[[Carlos Aranda]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]
*[[Ivan Amaya]], former footballer, with [[Atletico Madrid]]
*[[Antonio Amaya]], footballer, for [[Rayo Vallecano]]
*[[Marcos Márquez]], footballer, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]
*[[López Ramos]], footballer, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]
*[[Antonio Cortés Heredia]], footballer for [[Málaga]]
*[[Ezequiel Calvente]], ex-footballer [[Real Betis]]
*[[Téji Savanier]], footballer frech of the origin calo Spanish, footballer Montpellier
*[[Jesús Navas]], footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]
=== Other athletes ===
*[[:es:José Antonio Jiménez|José Antonio Jiménez]], boxer
*[[Faustino Reyes]], boxer
*[[Joaquín Rodríguez Ortega]], known as "Cagancho", Spanish bullfighter
*[[:es:Patxi Ruiz|Patxi Ruiz Giménez]], Basque pelota champion
*[[Rafael Soto]], equestrian and Olympic medalist
=== Singers and musicians ===
* [[Carmen Amaya]], Flamenco dancer
* [[Isabel Pantoja]], singer, partially Calé
* [[Los Chunguitos]], singers, brother duet
* [[Azúcar Moreno]], singers, sister duet
* [[Manolo Caracol]], Flamenco singer
* [[:es:El Pescaílla|El Pescaílla]], singer and composer, husband of [[Lola Flores]]
* [[Lolita Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
* [[Antonio Flores]], singer and actor, son of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
* [[Rosario Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
* [[Vicente Escudero]], dancer and choreographer of Spanish Flamenco; occasionally painter, writer, cinematographic actor and flamenco singer
* [[Gipsy Kings]], French group of [[Rumba flamenca]]
* [[Camarón de la Isla]], Flamenco singer
* [[:es:Farruquito|Farruquito]], Flamenco dancer
* [[Los Niños de Sara]], French fusion musicians
* [[Ketama]], fusion musicians
* [[Kendji Girac]], French singer
* [[Diego El Cigala|Diego "El Cigala"]], Flamenco singer
* [[Joaquín Cortés]], star flamenco dancer
* [[Beatriz Luengo]], singer and actress
* [[Natalia Jiménez]], singer and vocalist of [[La quinta estacion]]
* [[Jorge González (singer)|Jorge González]], singer
* [[Manitas de Plata]], guitar player
* [[Peret]], Catalan singer, guitar player and composer of [[Catalan rumba]]
* [[Camela]], singers of Spanish musical group of techno rumba and flamenco pop.
* [[Los Chichos]], singers
* [[Las Grecas]], singers
* [[Estrella Morente]], singer
* [[Niña Pastori]], singer and composer
* [[Belén Maya]], bailaora (Flamenco dancer)
* [[Juan Villar]], cantaor (Flamenco singer)
* [[José Mercé]], cantaor (Flamenco singer)
* [[El Príncipe Gitano]], cantaor (Flamenco singer) and bailaor (Flamenco dancer)
* [[Dolores Vargas]], "La Terremoto" cantaora (Flamenco singer) and bailaora (Flamenco dancer)
* [[Gerardo Núñez]], guitarist and composer
* [[Mario Maya]], cantaor and bailaor
* [[Tomatito]], Flamenco guitarist and composer
* [[Remedios Amaya]], cantaora
* [[Falete]], cantaor (Flamenco singer)
* [[La Chunga]], bailaora (Flamenco dancer)
* [[Manuel Agujetas]], cantaor
* [[Antonio Mairena]], cantaor
* [[Manuel Torre]], cantaor
* [[La Niña de los Peines]], cantaora (Flamenco singer)
* [[Pastora Imperio]], bailaora
* [[Chiquetete]], cantaor
* [[El Lebrijano]], Flamenco guitarist
* [[Paco Cepero]], Flamenco guitarist
* [[Vicente Soto Sordera]], cantaor
* [[Cancanilla de Marbella]], cantaor and bailaor
* [[Perla de Cádiz]], cantaora
* [[Manzanita (singer)|Manzanita]], singer and guitarist
* [[Moraito Chico]], guitarist of Flamenco
* [[Diego Carrasco]], cantaor and guitarist
* [[Mala Rodríguez]], singer
* [[La Serneta]], cantaora
* [[Antonia La Negra]], cantaora
* [[Lole y Manuel]], Flamenco singers
* [[Alba Molina]], singer
* [[Rancapino]], cantaor
* [[Sabicas]], Flamenco Guitarist
* [[Pilar Montoya]], bailaora
* [[Juana la Macarrona]], cantaora
* [[Antonio Carmona]], singer of Flamenco
* [[La Macanita]], cantaora
* [[Pansequito]], cantaor
===Gitano surnames===
Due to [[endogamy]], several [[Spanish surname]]s are more frequent among the Gitanos,<ref name="DEspasa">''Diccionario de apellidos españoles'', Roberto Faure, María Asunción Ribes, Antonio García, Editorial [[Espasa]], Madrid 2001. {{ISBN|84-239-2289-8}}. Section III.3.8 page XXXIX.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F. |last2=Gómez Alfaro |first2=Antonio |last3=Pérez Pérez |first3=Juan |title=Los apellidos de los gitanos españoles en los censos de 1783-85 - Artículos - Revista de Humanidades |url=http://www.revistadehumanidades.com/articulos/29-los-apellidos-de-losgitanos-espanoles-en-los-censos-de-1783-85 |website=www.revistadehumanidades.com |access-date=3 February 2020 |language=es}}</ref> though they are not exclusive to them:
*[[Altamira (surname)|Altamira]] or Altamirano
*[[Amaya (Spanish-language name)|Amaya]]
*Antunes or [[Antúnez (name)|Antúnez]] (alternatively, Antuñez)
*Calaf (Catalan Gypsy)
*[[Cortés (surname)|Cortés]]
*[[Fernández]]
*[[Flores (surname)|Flores]]
*Gabarri (Catalan Gypsy)
*[[Gutiérrez]] or Guiterez
*[[Heredia (surname)|Heredia]]
*[[Jiménez (surname)|Jiménez]] or [[Giménez]]
*[[Malla (surname)|Malla]] or Maya
*[[Molina (surname)|Molina]]
*[[Montoya]]
*[[Monge (surname)|Monge]] or [[Monje]]
*[[Moreno (surname)|Moreno]]
*[[Morgade]]
*[[Motos]]
* Pereiro or [[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]]
*Pubill (Catalan Gypsy)
*Ravelino or Rabellino
*[[Reyes (name)|Reyes]]
*[[Sandoval]]
*[[Salazar (surname)|Salazar]]
*[[Santi (disambiguation)|Santi]]
*[[Santiago (surname)|Santiago]]
*[[Vargas (surname)|Vargas]] LP
*[[Villar (surname)|Villar]] or Vilar
*Viso
*[[Carretero]]
*[[Pérez]]
*[[González (surname)|González]]
*[[Escudero]]
*Ximénez<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265167419_Nominal_Assimilation_The_Ethnic_and_National_Identities_of_the_Gitanos_or_Cale_of_Spain_as_Shown_by_their_Surnames_in_the_1783-1785_Census Nominal Assimilation: The Ethnic and National Identities of the Gitanos or Calé of Spain as Shown by their Surnames in the 1783–1785 Census]</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Romani people|Spain}}
* [[Triana, Seville]], a neighbourhood traditionally linked to Gitano history.
* [[Sacromonte]], the traditional Gitano quarter of [[Granada]].
* [[George Borrow]], an English missionary and traveller who studied the Calé of Spain and other parts of Europe.
* [[Quinqui]], a nomad community of Spain with a similar lifestyle, but of unrelated origin.
* [[Cagot]], similarly historically persecuted people in France and Spain.
* {{lang|fr|[[Cascarots]]}}, an ethnic group in the Spanish Basque country and the French Basque coast sometimes linked to the Cagots.
* [[Limpieza de sangre|Cleanliness of blood]], ethnic discrimination in the Spanish Old Regime.
* {{ill|Maragato|es}}, an ethnic group in Spain who were also discriminated against and have unknown origins.
* {{lang|es|[[Vaqueiros de alzada]]}}, a discriminated group of cowherders in Northern Spain.
* {{lang|ca|[[Xueta]]}} a persecuted ethnic minority in [[Mallorca]], often referenced in works discussing the persecution of Cagots in Spain.
==References==
===Sources===
*[http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf The Situation of Roma in Spain]. The Open Society Institute, 2002 ([[PDF]]).
*Worth, Susannah and Sibley, Lucy R. "Maja [[Dress]] and the Andalusian Image of Spain." ''[[Clothing]] and Textiles Research Journal,'' Summer 1994, Vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;51–60.
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Gitanos}}
*[http://www.unionromani.org/pueblo_in.htm Romani union] {{in lang|en}}(English exonym present)
*[http://www.patrimonioculturalgitano.org/web/castellano/coo_01.htm Romani presence in European Music] {{in lang|es}}
{{Romani diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups of Spain}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Romani People In Spain}}
[[Category:Calé]]
[[Category:Romani groups|Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish Romani people| ]]
[[Category:Romani in Spain]]