View source for Glaucous-blue grosbeak

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2012}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea - Glaucous-blue Grosbeak.jpg
| image_caption = male at [[Iporanga]], [[São Paulo State]], [[Brazil]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22723912/94840360 |title=Glaucous-blue Grosbeak ''Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Cyanoloxia
| species = glaucocaerulea
| authority = ([[Alcide d'Orbigny|D'Orbigny]] & [[Frédéric de Lafresnaye|Lafresnaye]], 1837)
| synonyms = ''Passerina glaucocaerulea'' (D'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)
| range_map = Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea map.svg
| range_map_caption =
{{leftlegend|#5f8dd3|Non-breeding}}
{{leftlegend|#8d5fd3|Year-round}}
}}
The '''[[glaucous]]-blue grosbeak''' ('''''Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea'''''), also known as the '''indigo grosbeak''', is a species of bird in the family [[Cardinalidae]], the cardinals or cardinal grosbeaks. It is found in [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]].<ref name=IOC11.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |last1=Gill |first1= F. |last2=Donsker|first2=D.|last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref>
==Taxonomy and systematics==
The glaucous-blue grosbeak is [[monotypic]].
For much of its history, the glaucous-blue grosbeak was the only member of genus ''Cyanoloxia''. Following a 2004 publication, the [[blue-black grosbeak]] (now ''Cyanoloxia cyanoides'') and [[ultramarine grosbeak]] (now ''Cyanoloxia brissonii'') were moved from genus ''Cyanocompsa''. What is now [[Amazonian grosbeak]] (''Cyanoloxia cyanoides'') was later split from blue-black grosbeak.<ref name=IOC11.1/><ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 19 January 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 19, 2021</ref>
==Description==
The glaucous-blue grosbeak is approximately {{convert|14|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Three birds weighed from {{convert|16|to|19.5|g|oz|abbr=on}}. The male is generally dark sky blue that is lighter on the forehead and rump and is grayish on the lower belly. It has a small black "mask". The female is brown overall, warm and dark above and orange-tinged below. The immature is orange-brown that is darker on the back, and it has a hint of blue on the forehead and cheek.<ref name=GBGR-BOW>Brewer, D. (2020). Glaucous-blue Grosbeak (''Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.glbgro1.01 retrieved May 17, 2021</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
The glaucous-blue grosbeak nests in northeastern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, and much of Uruguay. During the austral winter, some move into southeastern Paraguay and further north in Brazil. It inhabits low, somewhat dense, vegetation such as along forest edges, on river islands, in marshes, and in [[secondary forest]]. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to {{convert|1700|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Brazil.<ref name=GBGR-BOW/><ref name=IOC11.1/>
==Behavior==
===Feeding===
The glaucous-blue grosbeak is known to forage in pairs but other details and its diet have not been published.<ref name=GBGR-BOW/>
===Breeding===
The glaucous-blue grosbeak's breeding [[phenology]] has only been documented in Uruguay. There it nests from October to December. Two to four eggs are laid in a cup  nest of twigs placed in dense vegetation.<ref name=GBGR-BOW/>
===Vocalization===
The glaucous-blue grosbeak usually sings from dense cover, "a fast, high, hurried jumbled warbling" [https://www.xeno-canto.org/200400]. Its call is "psit" or "jit" [https://www.xeno-canto.org/173696].<ref name=GBGR-BOW/>
==Status==
The [[IUCN]] has assessed the glaucous-blue grosbeak as being of Least Concern.<ref name=IUCN/> However, it is "[g]enerally rather rare to uncommon over much of [its] range" and is poorly known.<ref name=GBGR-BOW/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1591168}}
[[Category:Cyanoloxia|glaucous-blue grosbeak]]
[[Category:Birds of the Selva Misionera]]
[[Category:Birds of the South Region]]
[[Category:Birds of Brazil]]
[[Category:Birds of Argentina]]
[[Category:Birds of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1837|glaucous-blue grosbeak]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]