View source for Goshute

{{Short description|Tribe of Western Shoshone Native Americans}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image            = [[File:NRCSUT97001 - Utah (6477)(NRCS Photo Gallery).tif|250px]]
| caption          = Milton Hooper (left), Environmental Specialist at the [[Goshute Indian Reservation]], reviews plans for the reservation
| population       = 673
| popplace         = {{flag|United States}}<br />({{flag|Nevada}} and {{flag|Utah}})
| rels             = [[Native American Church]], [[Mormonism]]<ref name=Pritzker/>{{rp|p=242}}
| langs            = [[Gosiute dialect]], [[English language|English]]
| related          = other [[Western Shoshone]] peoples
| native_name      =
| native_name_lang =
| group            =
}}
The '''Goshutes''' are a [[tribe (Native American)|tribe]] of [[Western Shoshone]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. There are two [[Federally recognized tribe|federally recognized]] Goshute tribes today:
* [[Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation]], located in Nevada and Utah
* [[Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians of Utah]] of the [[Skull Valley Indian Reservation]], located in Utah
==Culture==
The '''Goshute (Gosiute) '''refer to themselves as the ''Newe'' [nɨwɨ] or ''Newenee'' [nɨwɨnɨɨ] ('Person' or 'People'), though at times have used the term ''Kutsipiuti'' (''Gutsipiuti'') or ''Kuttuhsippeh'', meaning "People of the dry earth" or "People of the Desert" (literally: "dust, dry ashes People").<ref>[https://shoshoniproject.utah.edu/language-materials/shoshoni-dictionary/dictionary.php?sho_search=&english_search=goshute&search=Search Shoshone Language Project - Shoshoni Dictionary]</ref> Neighboring Numic-speaking peoples used variants including ''Kusiutta'' / ''Kusiyuttah''''', '''''Kusiyuttah,'' ''Newenee'', ''Gusiyuta'', or ''Kusiyutah'' when referring to the Goshute People.
English variants included: ''Goshutes, Go-sha-utes, Goship-Utes, Goshoots, Gos-ta-Utes, Gishiss, Goshen Utes, Kucyut, and Gosiutsi''.  These names suggest a closer affinity among the Goshute and Ute Peoples than other Numic-speaking groups, such as the Shoshone and Paiute.  However, ''Ute'', ''Uin-tah'' or ''Utah Indian'' were often used as catch-all terms by Anglo-American settlers.
The Goshute occupied much of what is now the western Utah and eastern Nevada. In aboriginal times, they practiced subsistence hunting and gathering and exhibited fairly simple social structure. Organized primarily in nuclear families, the Goshutes hunted and gathered in family groups and often cooperated with other family groups that usually made up a village.<ref name=Encyclopedia>{{Citation | last = Defa | first = Dennis R. | title = Utah History Encyclopedia | publisher = University of Utah Press | year = 1994 | chapter = Goshute Indians | chapter-url = https://historytogo.utah.gov/goshute-indians/ | url = https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240428155939/https://historytogo.utah.gov/goshute-indians/ | archive-date = April 28, 2024 | isbn = 9780874804256 | access-date = May 2, 2024}}</ref> Most Goshutes gathered with other families only two or three times a year, typically for pine nut harvests, communal hunts for no more than two to six weeks, and winter lodging which was for a longer period.<ref name="Chamb1911">{{Cite journal |last=Chamberlin |first=Ralph V. |author-link=Ralph Vary Chamberlin |date=May 1911 |volume=11 |issue=5|title=The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LQUAAAAYAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |journal=Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]]}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2024}} These gatherings often lasted no more than two to six weeks, although winter gatherings were longer, with families organizing under a ''dagwani'', or village headman.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Julian H. |last=Steward|title=Culture Element Distributions: XXIII Northern and Gosiute Shoshoni |page=279|date=1943 |journal=Anthropology Records |url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar008-004.pdf |volume=8|issue=3|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|first=Dennis Ray |last=Defa|title=A History of the Gosiute Indians to 1900|pages=12–13,16|date=June 1979|degree=Master of Arts|institution=[[University of Utah]]}}</ref>
The Goshutes hunted lizards, snakes, small fish, birds, gophers, rabbits, rats, skunks, squirrels, and, when available, [[pronghorn]], bear, [[coyote]], deer, [[elk]], and [[bighorn sheep]].<ref name=Chamb1911/>{{rp|335–36}} Hunting of large game was usually done by men, the hunters sharing large game with other members of the village. Women and children gathered harvesting nearly 100 species of wild vegetables and seeds, the most important being the pine nut.<ref name=Pioneer>{{cite journal|first1=James B. |last1=Allen|first2=Ted J. |last2=Warner|title=The Gosiute Indians in Pioneer Utah |volume=39|issue=2|journal=[[Utah Historical Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Utah State Historical Society]]|page=163|date=1971|doi=10.2307/45059601 |jstor=45059601 |url=https://issuu.com/utah10/docs/uhq_volume39_1971_number2/s/109622|via=[[ISSUU]]}}</ref> They also gathered insects the most important being red ants, crickets and grasshoppers.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Tooele County|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftooelec00daug/page/2/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]|page=2|date=1961|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|publisher=Tooele County [[Daughters of Utah Pioneers]]}}</ref> However, a family was able to provide for most of its needs without assistance.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> Their traditional arts include [[beadwork]] and [[basketry]].<ref name=Pritzker/>{{rp|p=242}}
Prior to contact with the Mormons, the Goshutes wintered in the [[Deep Creek Valley]] in dug out houses built of willow poles and earth known as wiki-ups. In the spring and summer they gathered wild onions, carrots and potatoes, and hunted small game in the mountains.
===Ethnobotany===
The Goshute use the root of ''[[Carex]]'' as medicine.<ref name="Chamb1911"/>{{rp|p=365}}
==Language==
{{Main|Shoshoni language|Gosiute dialect}}
Gosiute is one main regional dialect of [[Shoshoni language|Shoshoni]], a [[Central Numic languages|Central Numic language]].
==History==
The Goshute are an [[indigenous peoples of the Great Basin]], and their traditional territory extends from the [[Great Salt Lake]] (Goshute: ''Tĭ'tsa-pa'' - "Fish Water" or ''Pi'a-pa'' - "Great Water") to the Steptoe Range in Nevada, and south to [[Simpson Springs]] (Goshute term: ''Pi'a-pa'' or ''Toi'ba''). Within this area, the Goshutes were concentrated in three areas: [[Deep Creek Valley]] near [[Ibapah]] (''Ai-bim-pa / Ai'bĭm-pa'' - "White Clay Water" referring to [[Deep Creek (Tooele County, Utah)|Deep Creek]]) on the Utah-Nevada border, Simpson’s Springs farther southeast, and the [[Skull Valley (Utah)|Skull]] (Goshute: ''Pa'ho-no-pi / Pa'o-no-pi'') and Tooele Valleys.<ref name=Encyclopedia/>
In the 18th and 19th centuries, [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and [[Ute people|Ute]] slave raiders preyed upon the Goshute. Unlike their neighbors, the Goshutes only obtained horses in the late 19th century.<ref name=Pritzker/>{{rp|p=222}} The Goshute diet depended on the grasslands, and consisted mostly of rats, lizards, snakes, rabbits, insects, grass-seed, and roots.<ref>{{cite book|last=Simpson |first=James H. |author-link=James H. Simpson|title=Report of Explorations Across the Great Basin of Utah |publisher=[[United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers]]|date=May 9, 1859|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8ZPWha6TUUC&pg=PA53 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
The first written description of the Goshute was made in the journal of [[Jedediah Smith]] while returning from a trip to California on his way to [[Bear Lake (Idaho–Utah)|Bear Lake]] (Goshute: ''Pa'ga-di-da-ma / Pa'ga-dĭt'') in 1827. For the next two decades European contact with the Goshutes remained sporadic and insignificant.
There were five divisions or subtribes:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookamindians02hodgrich#page/497/mode/1up|title=Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|date=1907|location=Washington D.C.|page=497|via=[[Internet Archive]]|editor-last=Webb Hodge|volume=1|editor-first=Frederick}}</ref>
* '''Pagayuats''', formerly on Otter Creek (Goshute term for otter: ''Pan'tsuk / Pan'tsuk'')., s. w. [[Utah]]
* '''Pierruiats''' (perhaps after the Goshute term for the Deep Creek Range), living at Deep Creek, s. w. Utah, in 1873
* '''Torountogoats''', formerly in Egan Canyon and [[Egan Range]], e. [[Nevada]]
* '''Tuwurints''', formerly living on Snake Creek, s. w., Utah
* '''Unkagarits''', formerly in Skull Valley, s. w. Utah
Other sources are listing following ''Kusiutta / Goshute (Gosiute)'' divisions or regional groupings:
* '''Cedar Valley Goshute''' (inhabited the [[Sevier Desert]] northwest of [[Sevier River]], identical with the above mentioned "Pagayuats band".)
* '''[[Deep Creek Valley|Deep Creek Valley Goshute]]''' or '''Aipimpaa Newe''' ("Deep Creek Valley People", lived in Deep Creek Valley and [[Deep Creek Range]] (Goshute: ''Pi’a-roi-ya-bi''), identical with the above mentioned "Pierruiats band")
* '''[[Rush Valley|Rush Valley Goshute]]''' (lived in Rush Valley)
* '''[[Skull Valley (Utah)|Skull Valley Goshute]]''' or '''Wepayuttax''' ("Skull Valley People", lived in Skull Valley (Goshute: ''Pa'ho-no-pi / Pa'o-no-pi''), identical with the "Unkagarits band", easternmost of the Goshute bands, and nearest to the [sometimes with them associated] "Wipayutta" or "Weber Utes", a mixed band of [[Northern Shoshone|Northwestern Shoshone]] and [[Cumumba|Cumumba Band of Utes]])
* '''Tooele Valley Goshute''' (lived in the vicinity of today's [[Tooele, Utah|Tooele]] (Goshute: ''Si'o-gwût / Si'o-gwa'') and the valley of the same name)
* '''[[Trout Creek, Utah|Trout Creek Goshute]]''' (lived in along Trout Creek (Goshute: ''O'mo-ti-o-gai-pi'') in the northern part of [[Snake Valley (Great Basin)|Snake Valley]]; identical with the "Tuwurints band".)
The [[Shoshoni language|Western Shoshoni]] speaking [[Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada]] called all Goshute after one of their important bands '''''Aibibaa Newe''''' ("White chalky clay Water People"), the [[Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation|Duckwater Shoshone Tribe (Tsaidüka)]] know them as '''''Egwibaanɨwɨ''''' (literally "Smell Water People") - maybey referring to their desert culture survival techniques.
===Conflict with Mormons ===
In 1847, pioneers with [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) settled in the neighboring Salt Lake Valley, and shortly afterwards began to impinge Goshute territory. Tooele valley soon became a major grazing ground for LDS cattle owners from Salt Lake to the north and Utah Valley to the south.<ref name="Compton">{{cite journal|journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|Dialogue]]|pages=11–12 |date=February 2011|volume=42|issue=1| last=Compton|first=Todd M. |url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V42N01_13.pdf |title=Becoming a 'Messenger of Peace': Jacob Hamblin in Tooele|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]}}</ref>{{rp|4}} In 1849, the pioneers started building permanent structures in Goshute territory, beginning with a [[Benson Grist Mill|grist mill]] commissioned by [[Ezra T. Benson]]. Other pioneer families followed and by 1850 Tooele County was established.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> The Mormon encroachment severely interrupted the Goshute way of life. Mormons occupied many of the best camping sites near reliable springs, hunted in Goshute hunting grounds, and overgrazed the meadowland, leaving it unfit for sustaining the animals and plants used by the Goshutes. Pioneers believed that Utah was a promised land given to them by God, and did not recognize any Goshute claim to the land.<ref name=Compton />{{rp|5}}
The Goshutes did not accept the Mormon claim of exclusive rights to natural resources. They began confiscating cattle that would trespass onto their property.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> At first the cattle were herded to Utah Valley, suggesting cooperation with the [[Timpanogos]].<ref name=Compton />{{rp|10}} After the Timpanogos suffered the massacres at [[Battle Creek massacre|Battle Creek]] and [[Battle at Fort Utah|Fort Utah]], many of the survivors came and combined with the Goshutes, intermarrying and assuming leadership roles.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> By 1851 the Goshutes had confiscated approximately $5,000 worth of cattle that had been grazing in their traditional homelands. In response, the Mormons sent an army with orders to kill the Goshute. The army ambushed a Goshute village, but the Goshute were able to defend themselves without any casualties.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> Later that year, a group of Goshute again confiscated cattle this time belonging to Charles White. An army of fifty Mormons attacked the Goshute camp and killed nine Goshutes.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> In April 1851, a group of Goshute confiscated some horses that had invaded their territory near [[Benson Grist Mill]]. General [[Daniel H. Wells]] sent a posse led by [[Porter Rockwell|Orrin Porter Rockwell]] to pursue the Goshute. They lost the trail of the Goshute that had taken the horses and encountered another group of 20 or 30 people, whom they took prisoner but did not disarm. When some of the captured Goshute tried to escape, one was shot by Custer, a non-Mormon member of the posse. Custer was then shot by one of the Native Americans, who was in turn shot by another posse member. All but four or five prisoners escaped, those that didn't escape were executed by Rockwell.<ref name=Compton />{{rp|11–12}} The Mormons continued to push further into Goshute territory, and by 1860, there were 1008 non-Natives in the traditional Goshute homelands of Tooele, Rush, and Skull Valleys. With the settlement of Ibapah, the Mormons had completely pushed the Goshutes out of any favored land.<ref name=Encyclopedia/>
===Goshute War===
{{See also|Swamp Cedars Massacre}}
Soon [[California Gold Rush|49ers]] and later wagon trains of emigrant groups continually passed through their territory on the way west to California. Contact increased when the military established [[Camp Floyd]] at [[Fairfield, Utah|Fairfield]], later the [[Pony Express]] and [[Butterfield Overland Mail]] set up stations along the [[Central Overland Route]] between Fairfield, Simpson Springs, [[Fish Springs (Utah)|Fish Springs]], and [[Deep Creek Mountains|Deep Creek]]. Soon after telegraph lines were strung along that route. Ranchers and farmers moved into the region, like the stations, taking the best lands available with water and forage, significant water and resource sites for the Goshutes in the otherwise barren land.
Finally after attacks on the Central Overland stage stations and coaches in the early 1860s, [[List of California Civil War units|California Volunteers]] of the [[Union Army]], under Brigadier-General [[Patrick E. Connor]], attacked the Goshutes, killing many and forcing the survivors to sign a treaty. The treaty did not give up land or sovereignty but did agree to end all hostile actions against the whites and to allow several routes of travel to pass through their country. They also agreed to the construction of military posts and station houses wherever necessary. Stage lines, telegraph lines, and railways would be permitted to be built through their domain; mines, mills, and ranches would be permitted and timber could be cut. The federal government agreed to pay the Goshutes $1,000.00 a year for twenty years as compensation for the destruction of their game. The treaty was signed on October 12, 1863, ratified in 1864 and announced by President Lincoln on January 17, 1865.
The tribe ratified their constitution in 1940. In 1993, they had 413 enrolled members.<ref name=Pritzker>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Pritzker|first=Barry M. |date=2000 |contribution=Shoshone, Western |title=A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/239/mode/1up |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-513877-1|url-access=registration|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=242}}
==Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians of Utah==
The [[Skull Valley Indian Reservation]] is located in [[Tooele County, Utah]],<ref name=Pritzker/>{{rp|p=242}} about halfway between the Goshute Reservation and [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]. The tribe consists of about 130 people,<ref name="UDIA">{{cite web|url=https://indian.utah.gov/skull-valley-band-of-goshute/|title=Skull Valley Band of Goshute|publisher=Utah Division of Indian Affairs}}</ref> of whom 31 live on an {{convert|18000|acre|adj = on}} reservation located at {{coord|40|23|15|N|112|44|09|W|scale:250000}} in Tooele County. The [[Dugway Proving Grounds]] lies just south of [[Skull Valley (Utah)|Skull Valley]]. To the east is a [[Nerve agent|nerve gas]] storage facility and to the north is the Magnesium Corporation plant which has had severe environmental problems. The reservation was a proposed location for an {{convert|820|acre|adj=on}} [[dry cask storage]] facility for the storage of 40,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel. Only {{convert|120|acre}} are for the actual facility, and the rest of the land is a buffer area. 8½ years after application, this facility was licensed by the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]].
The office of the Skull Valley Band of Goshute is located at 407 Skull Valley Road, Skull Valley, Utah. Tribal membership at the end of 2020 is 148.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=David Hurst|first2=Lorann S. A. |last2=Pendleton|first3=Stephen C. |last3=Cappanari|date=1986|chapter=Western Shoshone|title=Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin|volume=11|editor-first=Warren L. |editor-last=d'Azevedo|pages=262–283|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofnorth011stur/page/262/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]|chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|first=Carling I. |last=Malouf|chapter=The Goshute Indians|title=Archaeology and Ethnology Papers|publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Utah]]|date=1950}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of the Gosiute Indian Relationships with White Man|date=1947 |last=Malouf |first=Carling I. |publisher=[[University of Utah Press]] |url=https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6709gq9}}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Maryland Law Review]]|volume=68|issue=2|date=2009|page=290|url=https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol68/iss2/4/|title=Skull Valley Crossroads: Reconciling Native Sovereignty and the Federal Trust |last=Davies|first=Lincoln L.}}
==External links==
*[https://ctgr.us/ Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation], official website
*[https://indian.utah.gov/skull-valley-band-of-goshute/ Skull Valley Band Goshute Tribal Profile], Utah Division of Indian Affairs
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090611090114/http://www.privatefuelstorage.com/ Private Fuel Storage], a consortium of eight commercial power companies wishing to store spent nuclear fuel on the Goshute reservation.
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[[Category:Goshute| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Nevada]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Utah]]
[[Category:Uto-Aztecan peoples]]