View source for Grivet

{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Grivet<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=158–159|id=12100505}}</ref>
| image = Grivet (Chlorocebus aethiops) head 2.jpg
| image_caption = Amora Gedel Park, [[Awasa]], [[Ethiopia]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Wallis, J. |date=2019 |title=''Chlorocebus aethiops'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T4233A17957721 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T4233A17957721.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Chlorocebus
| species = aethiops
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carl|title=Systema naturæ. Regnum animale.|year=1758|page=28|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/38/mode/1up|edition=10th|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>
| range_map = Grivet area.png
| range_map_caption = Grivet range
}}
[[File:Grivet Monkey, Ethiopia (11402753086).jpg|thumb|Female in [[Ethiopia]]]]
The '''grivet''' ('''''Chlorocebus aethiops''''') is an [[Old World monkey]] with long white tufts of hair along the sides of its face. Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus ''[[Chlorocebus]]'' to be a single species, ''Cercopithecus aethiops''.<ref name=MSW3/> As here defined, the grivet is restricted to [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Eritrea]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> In the southern part of its range, it comes into contact with the closely related [[vervet monkey]] (''C. pygerythrus'') and [[Bale Mountains vervet]] (''C. djamdjamensis'').<ref name=kingdon>{{cite book |author=Kingdon, J. |year=1997 |title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals |publisher=Academic Press Limited, London |isbn=0-12-408355-2 |author-link=Jonathan Kingdon |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona }}</ref> [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybridization]] between them is possible, and may present a threat to the vulnerable Bale Mountains vervet.<ref name=kingdon/> Unlike that species, the grivet is common and rated as [[least concern]] by the [[IUCN]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
==Physical description==
The grivet's facial skin, hands, and feet are black. The face has a white line above the eyes. It has long, white whiskers on the cheeks. The fur on the back has an olive color, while the front is white. The skin on the stomach has a blue tint. The fur has a bristly feel. The approximate head and body length for males is {{Convert|49|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|42.6|cm|in|abbr=on}} for females.<ref name="CawthonLang2006" /> The length of the tail for males is about {{Convert|30|–|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AnimalCorner">{{cite web | url = http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/monkeys/owgreengriv.html#grivet | title = Vervet Monkeys | publisher = Animal Corner | access-date = 2012-05-02}}</ref> The body mass ranges from {{Convert|3.4|to|8.0|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, with females at the smaller end of the scale.<ref name="CawthonLang2006">{{cite web | author = Cawthon Lang KA | date = 2006-01-03 | title = Primate Factsheets: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology | url = http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/vervet | access-date = 2008-11-12}}</ref>
==Habitat and distribution==
The main habitat of the grivet is savanna woodlands.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Its range is [[Sudan]] east of the [[White Nile]], [[Eritrea]], and [[Ethiopia]] east to the [[Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia|Rift Valley]].<ref name=MSW3/><ref name="SpringerNature">{{cite book |last1=Aerts |first1=Raf |title=Forest and woodland vegetation in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 |access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> It is also found in [[Djibouti]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> The grivet needs to live around a source of water, especially during the dry season. It is able to adapt to many environments.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
==Local and indigenous names==
In [[Tigrinya language]]: {{lang|ti|ወዓግ}} (wi’ag)<ref name="SpringerNature"/>
==Behavior==
The grivet is most active in the morning and early evening. It stays on the ground most of the day to eat, and at night it sleeps in trees. The grivet spends a lot of time grooming, playing, climbing, and play fighting; all of these things help to ensure its survival. Its eating habits consist of eating mostly fruits, vegetables, and sometimes small mammals, insects, and birds, making it an [[omnivore]]. It also scavenges for human food. It must drink water daily, especially in the dry seasons. It is one of few species that has multiple-male groups that are of moderate size. In the hierarchy of males, an individual shows his dominance by putting his tail in a stiff, upright position and strolling past lower-ranked males.<ref name="Bernstein1978">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = P. L. | last2 = Smith | first2 = W. J. | last3 = Krensky | first3 = A. | last4 = Rosene | first4 = K. | title = Tail positions of ''Cercopithecus aethiops''| doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01449.x | journal = Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 268–278| year = 1978 }}</ref>  They travel in packs, and usually move on all fours or [[quadruped]]ally, except when using both hands for carrying, when they manage to walk and run quite comfortably on two legs. Groups can range from five to over 70.<ref name="CawthonLang2006" />
Females will have a limited number of mates, while males may have several. [[sexual swelling|Swelling of the female's vulva]] alerts males as to when she is in [[estrus]]. Giving birth to one baby at a time is common, and gestation usually lasts 2-3 months. When the baby is born, the mother cleans the infant and bites off the umbilical cord. Young have pink faces and black hair. Around two months are needed for them to get their adult coats. The first few months, the infant stays very close to its mother, but after 6 months, the infant is weaned.<ref name="CawthonLang2006" />
==Conservation==
Grivets are occasionally hunted as [[bushmeat]]. They are killed for either commercial or subsistence purposes. Although not endangered, they are threatened through destruction of habitat - forests. They  are preyed on by large snakes, leopards, humans, and sometimes baboons.<ref name=ADW>{{cite web | author = Rochester M | year = 1999 | title = Chlorocebus aethiops | work = Animal Diversity Web | url = http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_aethiops.html | access-date = 2008-11-12}}</ref> Grivets may live for 13 years.<ref name="CawthonLang2006" />
==Relationship with humans==
The grivet is one of five species of monkeys known to have been kept in [[ancient Egypt]], the others being the [[hamadryas baboon]], the [[olive baboon]], the [[patas monkey]], and the [[barbary macaque]]. Grivets were imported from the [[Land of Punt]], as attested in paintings and in the ''[[Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor]]''. They were sometimes traded as far afield as [[Assyria]]. They are rarer in representations than baboons, and unlike baboons, do not seem to have borne individual names.<ref name=OEAE>Dieter Kessler, "Monkeys and Baboons", in Donald B. Redford (ed.), ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt'' (Oxford University Press, 2001 [online 2005]), retrieved 11 March 2019.</ref>
Grivets are depicted on Egyptian tombs as house pets and on leashes. In some depictions, they may symbolize male sexuality. [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic]] statuettes of grivets have been found in sanctuaries, where they may have been votive offerings to the [[Babi (mythology)|baboon god]]. A grivet shooting a bow was an aspect of the invisible god [[Atum]], and at [[Babylon Fortress|Deltaic Babylon]], a grivet was the town god represented by a statue in the temple.<ref name=OEAE/>
Since the 1960s, the grivet has been harvested on an industrial scale by humans for their kidneys, which are used in poliovirus and adenovirus vaccine production. In 1967, the Marburg virus in grivets caused the death of 31 vaccine manufacturers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brauburger |first1=Kristina |title=Forty-Five Years of Marburg Virus Research |journal=Viruses |date=October 2012 |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=1878–1927 |doi=10.3390/v4101878 |pmid=23202446 |pmc=3497034 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the medical literature, the grivet and the green monkey are often confused. They are also used in medical research such as the testing of dengue vaccines as well as in the testing of human cosmetics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Jorge |title=Viremia and antibody response in green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) infected with dengue virus type 2: a potential model for vaccine testing |journal=Microbiol Immunol |date=April 2009 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00112.x |pmid=19714858 |s2cid=22690331 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==References==
{{Wikispecies|Chlorocebus aethiops|Grivet}}
{{Commons|Chlorocebus aethiops}}
{{Reflist}}
{{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q257470}}
[[Category:Chlorocebus]]
[[Category:Fauna of East Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sudan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Mammals of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Land of Punt]]