View source for GroEL

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{about|the bacterial and human mitochondrial gene|the protein family|HSP60}}
{{missing information|action in bacteria and chloroplasts|date=December 2020}}
'''GroEL''' is a protein which belongs to the [[chaperonin]] family of [[Chaperone (protein)|molecular chaperones]], and is found in many bacteria.<ref name="Zeilstra-Ryalls">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zeilstra-Ryalls J, Fayet O, Georgopoulos C | title = The universally conserved GroE (Hsp60) chaperonins | journal = Annu. Rev. Microbiol. | volume = 45 | pages = 301–25 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1683763 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.mi.45.100191.001505 }}</ref> It is required for the proper [[protein folding|folding]] of many proteins. To function properly, GroEL requires the lid-like cochaperonin protein complex [[GroES]]. In [[eukaryotes]] the [[Organelle|organellar]] proteins Hsp60 and Hsp10 are structurally and functionally nearly identical to GroEL and GroES, respectively, due to their endosymbiotic origin.
HSP60 is implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. It may facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins, and may also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix. HSP60 interacts with HRAS and with HBV protein X and HTLV-1 protein p40tax. HSP60 belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB.
Alternate Names: 	60 kDa chaperonin, Chaperonin 60, CPN60, Heat shock protein 60, HSP-60, HuCHA60, Mitochondrial matrix protein P1, P60 lymphocyte protein, HSPD1
Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a [[mitochondria]]l [[chaperonin]] that is typically held responsible for the transportation and refolding of proteins from the [[cytoplasm]] into the [[mitochondrial matrix]]. In addition to its role as a heat shock protein, HSP60 functions as a chaperonin to assist in folding linear [[amino acid]] chains into their respective three-dimensional structure. Through the extensive study of groEL, HSP60’s [[bacterial]] homolog, HSP60 has been deemed essential in the synthesis and transportation of essential mitochondrial proteins from the cell's cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Further studies have linked HSP60 to [[diabetes]], [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] response, [[cancer]] and certain types of [[immunological]] disorders.
== Discovery ==
Not much is known about the function of HSP60. [[Mammal]]ian HSP60 was first reported as a mitochondrial P1 protein. It was subsequently [[cloned]] and [[sequenced]] by [[Radhey Gupta]] and coworkers.<ref name=two/> The amino acid sequence showed a strong homology to GroEL. It was initially believed that HSP60 functioned only in the [[mitochondria]] and that there was no equivalent protein located in the [[cytoplasm]]. Recent discoveries have discredited this claim and have suggested that there is a recognizable difference between HSP60 in the mitochondria and in the cytoplasm.<ref name=one>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Itoh H, Komatsuda A, Ohtani H, etal |title=Mammalian HSP60 is quickly sorted into the mitochondria under conditions of dehydration |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=269 |issue=23 |pages=5931–8 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12444982 |doi=10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03317.x}}</ref>  A similar protein structure exists in the [[chloroplast]] of certain plants. This protein presence provides evidence for the evolutionary relationship of the development of the mitochondria and the chloroplast by means of [[endosymbiosis]].<ref name=two>{{cite journal |author=Gupta RS |title=Evolution of the chaperonin families (Hsp60, Hsp10 and Tcp-1) of proteins and the origin of eukaryotic cells |journal=Mol. Microbiol. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |date=January 1995 |pmid=7752884 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02216.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Structure ==
Under normal physiological conditions, HSP60 is a 60 kilodalton oligomer composed of monomers that form a complex arranged as two stacked heptameric rings.<ref name=three>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng MY, Hartl FU, Horwich AL |title=The mitochondrial chaperonin hsp60 is required for its own assembly |journal=Nature |volume=348 |issue=6300 |pages=455–8 |date=November 1990 |pmid=1978929 |doi=10.1038/348455a0|bibcode=1990Natur.348..455C |s2cid=28394330 }}</ref> This double ring structure forms a large central cavity in which the unfolded protein binds via [[hydrophobic]] interactions.<ref name=four>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Fenton WA, etal |title=Residues in chaperonin GroEL required for polypeptide binding and release |journal=Nature |volume=371 |issue=6498 |pages=614–9 |date=October 1994 |pmid=7935796 |doi=10.1038/371614a0|bibcode=1994Natur.371..614F |s2cid=23840816 }}</ref> This structure is typically in equilibrium with each of its individual components: monomers, heptamers, and tetradecamers.<ref name=five>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Habich C, etal |title=Heat shock protein 60: regulatory role on innate immune cells |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=742–51 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17221165 |doi=10.1007/s00018-007-6413-7|s2cid=24067484 |pmc=11138415 }}</ref> Recent studies have begun to suggest that in addition to its typical location in the mitochondria, HSP60 can also be found in the cytoplasm under normal physiological conditions.<ref name=one/>
Each subunit of HSP60 has three [[protein domain|domains]]: the apical domain, the equatorial domain, and the intermediate domain.<ref name=six/> The equatorial domain contains the binding site for [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] and for the other heptameric ring. The intermediate domain binds the equatorial domain and the apical domain together.<ref name=six>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ranford JC, etal |title=Chaperonins are cell-signalling proteins: the unfolding biology of molecular chaperones |journal=Expert Rev Mol Med |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=1–17 |date=September 2000 |pmid=14585136 |doi=10.1017/S1462399400002015 |s2cid=38110138 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1462399400002015}}</ref> The intermediate domain induces a conformational change when ATP is bound allowing for an alternation between the [[hydrophilic]] and [[hydrophobic]] substrate binding sites.<ref name=six/> In its inactive state, the protein is in a hydrophobic state. When activated by ATP, the intermediate domain undergoes a conformational change that exposes the hydrophilic region. This insures fidelity in protein binding.<ref name=six/> [[Chaperonin 10]] aids HSP60 in folding by acting as a dome-like cover on the ATP active form of HSP60. This causes the central cavity to enlarge and aids in protein folding.<ref name=six/> See the above figure for further detail on the structure.
[[File:HSP60-1C7.jpg|thumb|A [[monoclonal antibody]] to HSP60 was used to stain human [[HeLa cells]] grown in tissue culture. The antibody reveals cellular mitochondria in red. The blue signal is due to a DNA binding dye which reveals cell nuclei. Antibody staining and image courtesy of [[EnCor Biotechnology]] Inc.]]
[[Image:HSP60 Protein Sequence.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Amino acid and structural sequence of HSP60 Protein.<ref name="pmid10329779">{{PDB|1SRV}}; {{cite journal  |vauthors=Walsh MA, etal | title = Taking MAD to the extreme: ultrafast protein structure determination | journal = Acta Crystallogr. D | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | pages = 1168–73 |date=June 1999 | pmid = 10329779 | doi = 10.1107/S0907444999003698| bibcode = 1999AcCrD..55.1168W }}</ref>]]
The mitochondrial HSP60 [[sequence]] contains a series of G repeats at the [[C-terminal]].<ref name=two/> The structure and function of this sequence is not quite known. The [[N-terminal]] contains a pre-sequence of hydroxylated [[amino acids]], namely [[arginine]], [[lysine]], [[serine]], and [[threonine]], which serve as directors for the importation of the protein into the mitochondria.<ref name=two/>
The predicted structure of HSP60 includes several vertical [[sine waves]], [[alpha helices]], [[beta sheets]], and 90 degree turns. There are regions of [[hydrophobicity]] where the protein presumably spans the [[biological membrane|membrane]]. There are also three N-linked glycosylation sites at positions 104, 230, 436.<ref name=four/> The sequence and secondary structure for the mitochondrial protein are illustrated in the above image obtained from the Protein Data Bank.
Newer information has begun to suggest that the HSP60 found in the mitochondria differs from that of the cytoplasm. With respect to the amino acid sequence, the cytoplasmic HSP60 has an N-terminal sequence not found in the mitochondrial protein.<ref name=one/> In [[gel electrophoresis]] analysis, significant differences were found in the migration of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial HSP60. The cytoplasmic HSP60 contains a [[Signal peptide|signal sequence]] of 26 [[amino acids]] on the N terminus. This sequence is highly degenerate and is capable of folding into [[amphiphilic helix]].<ref name=one/>  [[Antibodies]] against HSP60 targeted both the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic form.<ref name=one/> Nonetheless, antibodies against the signal sequence targeted only the cytoplasmic form.  Under normal physiological condition, both are found in relatively equal concentrations.<ref name=one/>  In times of stress or high need of HSP60 in either the cytoplasm or the mitochondria, the cell is capable for compensating by increasing the presence of HSP60 in one compartment and decreasing its concentration in the opposite compartment.
== Function ==
=== Common ===
Heat shock proteins are amongst the most [[Protein family|evolutionarily conserved of proteins]].<ref name=five/> The significant function, structural, and sequential homology between HSP60 and its prokaryotic homolog, groEL, demonstrates this level of conservation. Moreover, HSP60’s amino acid sequence bears a similarity to its homolog in [[plants]], [[bacteria]], and [[humans]].<ref name=seven>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Johnson RB, etal |title=Cloning and characterization of the yeast chaperonin HSP60 gene |journal=Genetics |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=295–300 |year=2003 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(89)90503-9 |pmid=2575559}}</ref> Heat shock proteins are primarily responsible for maintaining the integrity of cellular proteins particularly in response to environmental changes. Stresses such as temperature, concentration imbalance, pH change, and toxins can all induce heat shock proteins to maintain the conformation of the cell’s proteins. HSP60 aids in the folding and conformation maintenance of approximately 15-30% of all cellular proteins.<ref name=six/> In addition to HSP60’s typical role as a heat shock protein, studies have shown that HSP60 plays an important role in the [[transport]] and maintenance of mitochondrial proteins as well as the [[Transmission (genetics)|transmission]] and [[DNA replication|replication]] of mitochondrial [[DNA]].
=== Mitochondrial protein transport ===
HSP60 possesses two main responsibilities with respect to mitochondrial protein transport. It functions to [[catalyze]] the folding of proteins destined for the matrix and maintains protein in an unfolded state for transport across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.<ref name=eight>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Koll H, etal |title=Antifolding activity of hsp60 couples protein import into the mitochondrial matrix with export to the intermembrane space |journal=Cell |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=1163–75 |date=March 1992 |pmid=1347713 |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7621/1/Neupert_Walter_7621.pdf|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(92)90086-R|s2cid=7430067 }}</ref> Many proteins are targeted for processing in the matrix of the mitochondria but then are quickly exported to other parts of the cell. The hydrophobic portion HSP60 is responsible for maintaining the unfolded conformation of the protein for transmembrane transport.<ref name=eight/> Studies have shown how HSP60 binds to incoming proteins and induces conformational and structural changes. Subsequent changes in ATP concentrations hydrolyze the bonds between the protein and HSP60 which signals the protein to exit the mitochondria.<ref name=eight/> HSP60 is also capable of distinguishing between proteins designated for export and proteins destined to remain in the mitochondrial matrix by looking for an [[amphiphilic]] alpha-helix of 15-20 residues.<ref name=eight/> The existence of this sequence signals that the protein is to be exported while the absence signals that the protein is to remain in the mitochondria. The precise mechanism is not yet entirely understood.
=== DNA metabolism ===
In addition to its critical role in protein folding, HSP60 is involved in the replication and transmission of [[mitochondrial DNA]]. In extensive studies of HSP60 activity in ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', scientists have proposed that HSP60 binds preferentially to the single stranded [[template DNA]] strand in a tetradecamer like complex <ref name=ten>Kaufman, BA. Studies on mitochondria DNA nucleoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: identification of bifunctional proteins. ''In Genetics and Development'', UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX. 241pp.</ref>
This tetradecamer complex interacts with other transcriptional elements to serve as a regulatory mechanism for the replication and transmission of mitochondrial DNA. Mutagenic studies have further supported HSP60 regulatory involvement in the replication and transmission of mitochondrial DNA.<ref name="Kaufman2003">{{cite journal|last1=Kaufman|first1=B. A.|title=A function for the mitochondrial chaperonin Hsp60 in the structure and transmission of mitochondrial DNA nucleoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|volume=163|issue=3|year=2003|pages=457–461|issn=0021-9525|doi=10.1083/jcb.200306132|pmid=14597775|pmc=2173642}}</ref>[[Mutations]] in HSP60 increase the levels of mitochondrial DNA and result in subsequent transmission defects.
=== Cytoplasmic vs mitochondrial HSP60 ===
In addition to the already illustrated structural differences between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial HSP60, there are marked functional differences. Studies have suggested that HSP60 plays a key role in preventing [[apoptosis]] in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic HSP60 forms a complex with proteins responsible for apoptosis and regulates the activity of these proteins.<ref name=one/> The cytoplasmic version is also involved in [[immune]] response and [[cancer]].<ref name=one/>  These two aspects will be elaborated on later. Extremely recent investigations have begun to suggest a regulatory correlation between HSP60 and the [[glycolysis|glycolytic]] enzyme, 6-[[phosphofructokinase-1]]. Although not much information is available, cytoplasmic HSP60 concentrations have influenced the expression of 6-phosphofructokinase in [[glycolysis]].<ref name=eleven>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Koll H, etal |title=Antifolding Activity of HSP60 Couples Protein Import into the Mitochondrial Matrix with Export to the Intermembrane Space |journal=Cell |volume=68 |pages=1163–75 |year=1992 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(92)90086-R |pmid=1347713 |issue=6|s2cid=7430067 |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7621/1/Neupert_Walter_7621.pdf }}</ref> Despite these marked differences between the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial form, experimental analysis has shown that the cell is quickly capable of moving cytoplasmic HSP60 into the mitochondria if environmental conditions demand a higher presence of mitochondrial HSP60.<ref name=one/>
== Synthesis and assembly ==
HSP60 is typically found in the mitochondria and has been found in organelles of endosymbiotic origin. HSP60 monomers form two heptameric rings that bind to the surface of linear proteins and catalyze their folding in an ATP dependent process.<ref name=thirteen>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Itoh H, etal |title=Mammalian HSP60 is quickly sorted into the mitochondria under conditions of dehydration |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=269 |issue=23 |pages=5931–8 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12444982 |doi= 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03317.x}}</ref> HSP60 subunits are encoded by nuclear [[genes]] and translated into the cytosol. These subunits then move into the mitochondria where they are processed by other HSP60 molecules.<ref name=four/> Several studies have shown how HSP60 proteins must be present in the mitochondria for the synthesis and assembly of additional HSP60 components.<ref name=four/> There is a direct positive correlation between the presence of HSP60 proteins in the mitochondria and the production of additional HSP60 protein complexes.
The [[enzyme kinetics|kinetics]] of assembly of HSP60 subunits into the 2-heptameric rings takes two minutes. The subsequent [[protease]]-resistant HSP60 is formed in a half-time of 5–10 minutes.<ref name=four/> This rapid synthesis indicates that there is an ATP-dependent interaction where the formed HSP60 complex stabilizes the intermediate of the HSP60 assembly complex, effectively serving as a catalyst.<ref name=four/> The necessity of preexisting HSP60 in order to synthesize additional HSP60 molecules supports the [[endosymbiotic theory]] of the origin of [[mitochondria]]. There must have been a rudimentary prokaryotic homologous protein that was capable of similar self-assembly.
== Immunological role ==
As discussed above, HSP60 has generally been known as a chaperonin which assists in protein folding in mitochondria.  However, some new research has indicated that HSP60 possibly plays a role in a “danger signal cascade” [[immune response]].<ref name=fourteen>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hansen JJ, Bross P, Westergaard M, etal |title=Genomic structure of the human mitochondrial chaperonin genes: HSP60 and HSP10 are localised head to head on chromosome 2 separated by a bidirectional promoter |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=71–7 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12483302 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0837-9|s2cid=25856774 }}</ref>  There is also mounting evidence that it plays a role in [[autoimmune]] disease.
[[Infection]] and [[disease]] are extremely stressful on the cell.  When a cell is under stress, it naturally increases the production of stress proteins, including [[heat shock proteins]] such as HSP60.  In order for HSP60 to act as a signal it must be present in the [[extracellular]] environment.  In recent research “it has emerged that…chaperonin 60 can be found on the surface of various [[prokaryotic]] and [[eukaryotic]] cells, and can even be released from cells”.<ref name=six/> According to recent research, many different types of [[heat shock proteins]] are used in [[immune]] response signaling, but it appears that different proteins act and respond differently to other signaling molecules.  HSP60 has been shown to be released from specific cells like [[peripheral blood mononuclear cell]]s (PBMCs) when there are [[lipopolysaccharides]] (LPS) or GroEL present.  This suggests that the cell has different [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] and responses to human and bacterial HSP60.<ref name=fourteen/>  In addition, it has been shown that HSP60 has the capability “of activating [[monocytes]], [[macrophages]] and [[Dendrite (non-neuronal)|dendritic]] cells…and also of inducing secretion of a wide range of [[cytokines]].” <ref name=fourteen/>  The fact that HSP60 responds to other signal molecules like LPS or GroEL and has the ability to activate certain types of cells supports the idea that HSP60 is part of a danger signal cascade which is involved in activating an immune response.
There is however, a twist in the immunological role of HSP60.  As mentioned above, there are two different types of HSP60 proteins, bacterial as well as mammalian.  Since they are very similar in sequence, bacterial HSP60 wouldn’t be expected to cause a large immune response in humans.  The immune system is “designed to ignore ‘self’, that is, host constituents; however, paradoxically, this is not the case with chaperonins”.<ref name=six/> It has been found that many anti-chaperonin antibodies exist and are associated with many autoimmune diseases.  According to Ranford, et al. experiments have been performed which have shown that [[antibodies]] which are “generated by a human host after exposure to bacterial chaperonin 60 proteins” can cross-react with human chaperonin 60 proteins.<ref name=six/>  Bacterial HSP60 is causing the immune system to create anti-chaperonin antibodies, even though bacterial and human HSP60 have similar protein sequences.  These new antibodies are then recognizing and attacking human HSP60 which causes an autoimmune disease.  This suggests that HSP60 may play a role in [[autoimmunity]], however more research needs to be done in order to discover more completely its role in this disease.
== Stress response ==
HSP60, as a mitochondrial protein, has been shown to be involved in stress response as well. The heat shock response is a [[homeostatic]] mechanism that protects a cell from damage by upregulating the expression of genes that code for HSP60.<ref name=beta>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vargas-Parada L, Solis C |title=Heat Shock and stress response of ''Taenia solium'' and ''T. crassiceps'' |journal=Parasitology |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=583–8 |year=2001| doi = 10.1017/s0031182001007764 |pmid=11393832 |s2cid=41092962 }}</ref> The upregulation of HSP60 production allows for the maintenance of other cellular processes occurring in the cell, especially during stressful times. In one experiment, investigators treated various mice with [[L-DOPA]] and discovered significant upregulation of HSP60 expression in the mitochondria and [[HSP70]] expression in the cytoplasm. Researchers concluded that the heat shock signal pathway serves as “the basic mechanism of defense against [[neurotoxicity]] elicited by free radical oxygen and nitrogen species produced in aging and neurodegenerative disorders”.<ref name=twenty>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Calabrese V, Mancuso C, Ravagna A, etal |title=In vivo induction of heat shock proteins in the substantia nigra following L-DOPA administration is associated with increased activity of mitochondrial complex I and nitrosative stress in rats: regulation by glutathione redox state |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=709–17 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17241115 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04367.x |s2cid=6512400 |doi-access=free }}
</ref> Several studies have shown that HSP60 and other heat shock proteins are necessary for cellular survival under toxic or stressful circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1289/ehp.021101225 |vauthors=Rossi MR, Somji S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Nath J, Sens DA |title=Expression of hsp 27, hsp 60, hsc 70, and hsp 70 stress response genes in cultured human urothelial cells (UROtsa) exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of sodium arsenite |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=110 |issue=12 |pages=1225–32 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12460802 |pmc=1241110 }}</ref>
== Relationship to cancer ==
[[Image:HSP60 cancer.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma using anti-Hsp60 RabMAb. Click on image for source. http://www.epitomics.com/images/products/1777IHC.jpg]]
Human Hsp60, the product of the HSPD1 gene, is a Group I mitochondrial chaperonin, phylogenetically related to bacterial GroEL. Recently, the presence of Hsp60 outside the mitochondria and outside the cell, e.g. in circulating blood, has been reported [1], [2]. Although it is assumed that Hsp60 extra-mitochondrial molecule is identical to the mitochondrial one, this has not yet been fully elucidated. Despite the increasing amount of experimental evidences showing Hsp60 outside the cell, it is not yet clear how general this process is and what are the mechanisms responsible for Hsp60 translocation outside the cell. Neither of these questions has been definitively answered, whereas there is some information regarding extracellular Hsp70. This chaperone was also classically regarded as an intracellular protein like Hsp60, but in the last few years considerable evidences showed its pericellular and extracellular residence
HSP60 has been shown to influence [[apoptosis]] in [[tumor]] cells which seems to be associated with a change in expression levels.  There is some inconsistency in that some research shows a positive expression while other research shows a negative expression, and it seems to depend on the type of cancer.  There are different hypotheses to explain the effects of positive versus negative expression.  Positive expression seems to inhibit “[[apoptotic]] and [[necrotic]] cell death” while negative expression is thought to play a part “in activation of apoptosis”.<ref name=sixteen>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Cappello F, Di Stefano A, David S, etal |title=Hsp60 and Hsp10 down-regulation predicts bronchial epithelial carcinogenesis in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Cancer |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=2417–24 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17048249 |doi=10.1002/cncr.22265|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=seventeen>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Urushibara M, Kageyama Y, Akashi T, etal |title=HSP60 may predict good pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in bladder cancer |journal=Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=56–61 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17095522 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyl121 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
As well as influencing apoptosis, HSP60 changes in expression level have been shown to be “useful new biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.” <ref name=sixteen/>  According to Lebret et al., a loss of HSP60 expression “indicates a poor prognosis and the risk of developing tumor infiltration” specifically with [[urinary bladder|bladder]] [[carcinomas]], but that does not necessarily hold true for other types of cancers.<ref name=eighteen>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lebret T, Watson RW, Molinié V, etal |title=Heat shock proteins HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90: expression in bladder carcinoma |journal=Cancer |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=970–7 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12942564 |doi=10.1002/cncr.11594|s2cid=30820581 |doi-access= }}</ref>  For example, [[ovarian]] tumors research has shown that  over expression is correlated with a better prognosis while a decreased expression is correlated with an aggressive tumor.<ref name=eighteen/> All this research indicates that it may be possible for HSP60 expression to be used in predicting survival for certain types of cancer and therefore may be able to identify patients who could benefit from certain treatments.<ref name=seventeen/>
== Mechanism ==
{{missing information|different mechanisms between bacterial GroEL and HSPD1 -- HSPD1 has some wacky symmetrical intermediates|date=December 2020}}
Within the cell, the process of GroEL/ES mediated protein folding involves multiple rounds of binding, encapsulation, and release of substrate protein. Unfolded substrate proteins bind to a hydrophobic binding patch on the interior rim of the open cavity of GroEL, forming a binary complex with the chaperonin. Binding of substrate protein in this manner, in addition to binding of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]], induces a [[conformational change]] that allows association of the binary complex with a separate lid structure, [[GroES]]. Binding of GroES to the open cavity of the [[chaperonin]] induces the individual subunits of the chaperonin to rotate such that the hydrophobic substrate binding site is removed from the interior of the cavity, causing the substrate protein to be ejected from the rim into the now largely hydrophilic chamber. The hydrophilic environment of the chamber favors the burying of hydrophobic residues of the substrate, inducing substrate folding. Hydrolysis of ATP and binding of a new substrate protein to the opposite cavity sends an allosteric signal causing GroES and the encapsulated protein to be released into the [[cytosol]]. A given protein will undergo multiple rounds of folding, returning each time to its original unfolded state, until the [[native state|native conformation]] or an intermediate structure committed to reaching the native state is achieved. Alternatively, the substrate may succumb to a competing reaction, such as misfolding and aggregation with other misfolded proteins.<ref name="Horwhich">{{cite journal | vauthors = Horwich AL, Fenton WA, Chapman E, Farr GW | title = Two families of chaperonin: physiology and mechanism | journal = Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. | volume = 23 | pages = 115–45 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17489689 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123555 }}</ref>
=== Thermodynamics ===
The constricted nature of the interior of the molecular complex strongly favors compact molecular conformations of the substrate protein.  Free in solution, long-range, non-[[chemical polarity|polar]] interactions can only occur at a high cost in [[entropy]].  In the close quarters of the GroEL complex, the relative loss of entropy is much smaller. The method of capture also tends to concentrate the non-polar binding sites separately from the polar sites.  When the GroEL non-polar surfaces are removed, the chance that any given non-polar group will encounter a non-polar intramolecular site are much greater than in bulk solution. The hydrophobic sites which were on the outside are gathered together at the top of the ''cis'' domain and bind each other.  The geometry of GroEL requires that the polar structures lead, and they envelop the non-polar core as it emerges from the ''trans'' side.
== Structure ==
Structurally, GroEL is a dual-ringed tetradecamer, with both the ''cis'' and ''trans'' rings consisting of seven subunits each. The conformational changes that occur within the central cavity of GroEL cause for the inside of GroEL to become hydrophilic, rather than hydrophobic, and is likely what facilitates protein folding.
<gallery>
Image:GroEL.png|GroEL (side)
Image:GroEL top.png|GroEL (top)
Image:GroES-GroEL.png|GroES/GroEL complex (side)
Image:GroES-GroEL top.png|GroES/GroEL complex (top)
</gallery>
The key to the activity of GroEL is in the structure of the monomer. The Hsp60 monomer has three distinct sections separated by two hinge regions. The [[Apical membrane|apical]] section contains many hydrophobic [[binding site]]s for unfolded protein [[Substrate (biochemistry)|substrates]]. Many globular proteins won't bind to the apical domain because their hydrophobic parts are clustered inside, away from the aqueous medium since this is the [[thermodynamic]]ally optimal conformation. Thus, these "substrate sites" will only bind to proteins which are not optimally folded. The apical domain also has binding sites for the Hsp10 monomers of GroES.
The equatorial domain has a slot near the hinge point for binding [[adenosine triphosphate|ATP]], as well as two attachment points for the other half of the GroEL molecule. The rest of the equatorial section is moderately hydrophilic.
The addition of ATP and GroES has a drastic effect on the conformation of the ''cis'' domain. This effect is caused by [[flexion]] and [[rotation]] at the two hinge points on the Hsp60 monomers. The intermediate domain folds down and inward about 25° on the lower hinge. This effect, multiplied through the cooperative flexing of all monomers, increases the equatorial diameter of the GroEL cage. But the apical domain rotates a full 60° up and out on the upper hinge, and also rotates 90° around the hinge axis.  This motion opens the cage very widely at the top of the ''cis'' domain, but completely removes the substrate binding sites from the inside of the cage.
== Interactions ==
GroEL has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[GroES]],<ref name="pmid10205158">{{cite journal | vauthors = Samali A, Cai J, Zhivotovsky B, Jones DP, Orrenius S | title = Presence of a pre-apoptotic complex of pro-caspase-3, Hsp60 and Hsp10 in the mitochondrial fraction of jurkat cells | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 2040–8  | date = Apr 1999 | pmid = 10205158 | pmc = 1171288 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/18.8.2040 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12387818">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KH, Kim HS, Jeong HS, Lee YS | title = Chaperonin GroESL mediates the protein folding of human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 298 | issue = 2 | pages = 216–24  | date = Oct 2002 | pmid = 12387818 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02423-3 }}</ref> [[ALDH2]],<ref name=pmid12387818/> [[Caspase 3]]<ref name=pmid10205158/><ref name="pmid10205159">{{cite journal | vauthors = Xanthoudakis S, Roy S, Rasper D, Hennessey T, Aubin Y, Cassady R, Tawa P, Ruel R, Rosen A, Nicholson DW | title = Hsp60 accelerates the maturation of pro-caspase-3 by upstream activator proteases during apoptosis | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 2049–56  | date = Apr 1999 | pmid = 10205159 | pmc = 1171289 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/18.8.2049 }}</ref> and [[Dihydrofolate reductase]].<ref name="pmid8559246">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayhew M, da Silva AC, Martin J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Hartl FU | title = Protein folding in the central cavity of the GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex | journal = Nature | volume = 379 | issue = 6564 | pages = 420–6  | date = Feb 1996 | pmid = 8559246 | doi = 10.1038/379420a0 | bibcode = 1996Natur.379..420M | s2cid = 4310511 }}</ref>
===Phage T4 morphogenesis===
The [[gene]]s of [[Escherichia virus T4|bacteriophage (phage) T4]] that encode [[protein]]s with a role in determining phage T4 structure were identified using conditional lethal [[mutant]]s.<ref name="pmid14272117">{{cite journal | vauthors = Edgar RS, Epstein RH | title = The genetics of a bacterial virus. | journal = Scientific American | volume = 212 | issue = 2| pages = 70–8 | date = February 1965 | pmid = 14272117 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0265-70 | bibcode = 1965SciAm.212b..70E }}</ref>  Most of these proteins proved to be either major or minor structural components of the completed phage particle.  However among the gene products (gps) necessary for phage assembly, Snustad<ref name="pmid4878023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Snustad DP | title = Dominance interactions in Escherichia coli cells mixedly infected with bacteriophage T4D wild-type and amber mutants and their possible implications as to type of gene-product function: catalytic vs. stoichiometric | journal = Virology | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 550–63 | date = August 1968 | pmid = 4878023 | doi = 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90285-7 }}</ref> identified a group of gps that act [[Catalysis|catalytically]] rather than being incorporated themselves into the phage structure.  These catalytic gps included gp31.  The bacterium ''E. coli'' is the host for phage T4, and the phage encoded gp31 protein appears to be functionally homologous to ''E. coli'' chaparone protein GroES and able to substitute for it in the assembly of phage T4 virions during infection.<ref name="Zeilstra-Ryalls"/>   The role of the phage encoded gp31 protein appears be to interact with the ''E. coli'' host encoded GroEL protein to assist in the correct folding and assembly of the major phage head capsid protein of the phage, gp23.<ref name="Zeilstra-Ryalls"/>
== See also ==
* [[Chaperonin]]
* [[Heat shock protein]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tabibzadeh S, Broome J | title = Heat shock proteins in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle | journal = Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | volume = 7 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 5–9 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10231001 | pmc = 1784709 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-0997(1999)7:1/2<5::AID-IDOG2>3.0.CO;2-Y }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schäfer C, Williams JA | title = Stress kinases and heat shock proteins in the pancreas: possible roles in normal function and disease | journal = J. Gastroenterol. | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–9 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10632533 | doi =  10.1080/003655200750024443| hdl = 2027.42/42441 | s2cid = 9706591 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Moseley P | title = Stress proteins and the immune response | journal = Immunopharmacology | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 299–302 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10960671 | doi = 10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00227-7 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Y, Steinacker JM | title = Changes in skeletal muscle heat shock proteins: pathological significance | journal = Front. Biosci. | volume = 6 | pages = D12-25 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11145923 | doi = 10.2741/Liu | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Van Maele B, Debyser Z | title = HIV-1 integration: an interplay between HIV-1 integrase, cellular and viral proteins | journal = AIDS Rev | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 26–43 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15875659 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hochstrasser DF, Frutiger S, Paquet N, Bairoch A, Ravier F, Pasquali C, Sanchez JC, Tissot JD, Bjellqvist B, Vargas R | title = Human liver protein map: a reference database established by microsequencing and gel comparison | journal = Electrophoresis | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 992–1001 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1286669 | doi = 10.1002/elps.11501301201 | s2cid = 23518983 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ikawa S, Weinberg RA | title = An interaction between p21ras and heat shock protein hsp60, a chaperonin | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = 2012–6 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1347942 | pmc = 48586 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2012 | bibcode = 1992PNAS...89.2012I | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brudzynski K, Martinez V, Gupta RS | title = Immunocytochemical localization of heat-shock protein 60-related protein in beta-cell secretory granules and its altered distribution in non-obese diabetic mice | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 316–24 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1516759 | doi = 10.1007/BF00401198 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dawson SJ, White LA | title = Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin | journal = J. Infect. | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 317–20 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1602151 | doi = 10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Singh B, Patel HV, Ridley RG, Freeman KB, Gupta RS | title = Mitochondrial import of the human chaperonin (HSP60) protein | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 169 | issue = 2 | pages = 391–6 | year = 1990 | pmid = 1972619 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(90)90344-M }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Venner TJ, Singh B, Gupta RS | title = Nucleotide sequences and novel structural features of human and Chinese hamster hsp60 (chaperonin) gene families | journal = DNA Cell Biol. | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = 545–52 | year = 1990 | pmid = 1980192 | doi = 10.1089/dna.1990.9.545 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ward LD, Hong J, Whitehead RH, Simpson RJ | title = Development of a database of amino acid sequences for human colon carcinoma proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis | journal = Electrophoresis | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 883–91 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2079031 | doi = 10.1002/elps.1150111019 | s2cid = 21541503 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Jindal S, Dudani AK, Singh B, Harley CB, Gupta RS | title = Primary structure of a human mitochondrial protein homologous to the bacterial and plant chaperonins and to the 65-kilodalton mycobacterial antigen | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 2279–83 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2568584 | pmc = 363030 | doi =  10.1128/mcb.9.5.2279}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Waldinger D, Eckerskorn C, Lottspeich F, Cleve H | title = Amino-acid sequence homology of a polymorphic cellular protein from human lymphocytes and the chaperonins from Escherichia coli (groEL) and chloroplasts (Rubisco-binding protein) | journal = Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler | volume = 369 | issue = 10 | pages = 1185–9 | year = 1988 | pmid = 2907406 | doi = 10.1515/bchm3.1988.369.2.1185 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kreisel W, Hildebrandt H, Schiltz E, Köhler G, Spamer C, Dietz C, Mössner W, Heilmann C | title = Immuno-gold electron microscopical detection of heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) in mitochondria of rat hepatocytes and myocardiocytes | journal = Acta Histochem. | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–62 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7518175 | doi = 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80009-7 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Corbett JM, Wheeler CH, Baker CS, Yacoub MH, Dunn MJ | title = The human myocardial two-dimensional gel protein database: update 1994 | journal = Electrophoresis | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 1459–65 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7895732 | doi = 10.1002/elps.11501501209 | s2cid = 33359306 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baca-Estrada ME, Gupta RS, Stead RH, Croitoru K | title = Intestinal expression and cellular immune responses to human heat-shock protein 60 in Crohn's disease | journal = Dig. Dis. Sci. | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 498–506 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7907543 | doi = 10.1007/BF02088334 | s2cid = 22032288 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Vélez-Granell CS, Arias AE, Torres-Ruíz JA, Bendayan M | title = Molecular chaperones in pancreatic tissue: the presence of cpn10, cpn60 and hsp70 in distinct compartments along the secretory pathway of the acinar cells | journal = J. Cell Sci. | volume = 107 | issue = 3 | pages = 539–49 | year = 1994 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.107.3.539 | pmid = 7911805 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mayhew M, da Silva AC, Martin J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Hartl FU | title = Protein folding in the central cavity of the GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex | journal = Nature | volume = 379 | issue = 6564 | pages = 420–6 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8559246 | doi = 10.1038/379420a0 | bibcode = 1996Natur.379..420M | s2cid = 4310511 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tabibzadeh S, Kong QF, Satyaswaroop PG, Babaknia A | title = Heat shock proteins in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle | journal = Hum. Reprod. | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 633–40 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8671282 | doi = 10.1093/humrep/11.3.633 | doi-access = free }}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|GroEL+Protein}}
*{{cite web|title=Palaeos Bacteria: Pieces: GroEL|url=http://www.palaeos.com/Bacteria/Pieces/GroEL.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426181627/http://www.palaeos.com/Bacteria/Pieces/GroEL.html|archive-date=2007-04-26}} (No rights reserved)
*[http://www.pdbe.org/emsearch/groel 3D macromolecular structures of GroEL in EMDB]
{{Chaperones}}
[[Category:Moonlighting proteins]]
[[Category:Protein complexes]]
[[Category:Molecular chaperones]]