View source for Guercino

{{Short description|17th-century painter of the Italian Seicento}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = Guercino
| image         = Self-portrait by Guercino.jpg
| image_size    =
| alt           =
| caption       = Self portrait, {{c.|1635}}
| birth_name    = Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
| birth_date    = {{birth date |1591|02|08}}
| birth_place   = [[Cento]], [[Duchy of Ferrara]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age |1666|12|22|1591|02|08}}
| death_place   = [[Bologna]], [[Papal States]]
| nationality   = [[Italians|Italian]]
| known_for     = [[Painting]], [[drawing]]
| training      =
| movement      = [[Baroque]]
| notable_works =
| patrons       =
| awards        =
}}
'''Giovanni Francesco Barbieri''' (February 8, 1591 – December 22, 1666),<ref name="TreccaniBiografico1964">Miller, 1964</ref> better known as ('''il''') '''Guercino'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://besidetheeasel.blogspot.se/2013/02/guercino-il-magnifico.html|title=Beside the easel |publisher=besidetheeasel.blogspot.se|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> ({{IPA|it|ɡwerˈtʃiːno|-|It-Guercino.wav}}), was an [[Italian Baroque painter]] and draftsman from [[Cento]] in the [[Emilia-Romagna|Emilia]] region, who was active in [[Rome]] and [[Bologna]]. The vigorous naturalism of his early manner contrasts with the classical equilibrium of his later works. His many drawings are noted for their luminosity and lively style.
==Biography==
[[File:Et-in-Arcadia-ego.jpg|thumb|left|The dramatic confrontation with mortality depicted in Guercino's [[Et in Arcadia ego (Guercino)|''Et in Arcadia ego'']] (c. 1618–1622) marks the first known usage of this Latin motto (inscribed on the plinth beneath the skull). ]]
[[File:Francesco_Barbieri.jpg|thumb| This contemporary portrait (1623) by [[Ottavio Leoni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino – Ottavio Leoni |url=http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/22613/ |website=www.ngv.vic.gov.au |publisher=National Gallery of Victoria |access-date=12 February 2019 |language=en-AU}}</ref> highlights the lifelong squint (a [[Esotropia|form of strabismus]]) which prompted the name 'Guercino'.]]
[[File:Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri) - Christ and the Woman of Samaria - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|[[Caravaggio]]'s influence is apparent in this canvas ''Christ and the Woman of Samaria '' (c. 1619–1620).]]
[[File:Guercino - The Persian Sibyl - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|Guercino – ''The Persian Sibyl'' (1647–48)]]
Giovanni Francesco Barbieri was born into a family of [[peasant farmer]]s in [[Cento]], a town in the [[Po Valley]] mid-way between [[Bologna]] and [[Ferrara]].<ref name="Mahon1937a">Mahon, 1937a</ref> Being [[Strabismus|cross-eyed]], at an early age he acquired the nickname by which he is universally known, Guercino (a [[diminutive]] of the Italian noun {{lang|it|[[wikt:guercio|guercio]]}},  meaning 'squinter').<ref name="Oxford">Turner, 2003</ref> Mainly self-taught, at the age of 16, he worked as apprentice in the shop of [[Benedetto Gennari]], a painter of the [[Bolognese School (painting)|Bolognese School]].<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 6</ref> An early commission was for the decoration with frescos (1615–1616<ref>{{cite web |title=Casa Pannini di Cento |url=https://www.geoplan.it/luoghi-interesse-italia/monumenti-provincia-ferrara/cartina-monumenti-cento/monumenti-cento-casa-pannini.htm |website=www.geoplan.it |access-date=8 February 2019 |language=it}}</ref>) of Casa Pannini in Cento, where the [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]] of his [[Landscape painting#17th and 18th centuries|landscape]]s already reveals considerable artistic independence, as do his landscapes on canvas ''[[Moonlit Landscape]]'' and ''[[Country Concert]]'' from the same era.<ref>Stone, pp. 3, 37.</ref> In Bologna, he was winning the praise of [[Ludovico Carracci]]. He always acknowledged that his early style had been influenced by study of a Madonna painted by Ludovico Carracci for the Capuchin church in Cento, affectionately known as "La Carraccina".<ref>{{cite web |title=La Carraccina |url=http://bbcc.ibc.regione.emilia-romagna.it/pater/loadcard.do?id_card=164519 |website=bbcc.ibc.regione.emilia-romagna.it |publisher=Regione Emilia Romagna |access-date=9 February 2019 |language=it}}</ref>
''[[William of Gellone|St William]] Receiving the Monastic Habit'' (1620, [[Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna]], Italy),<ref>{{cite web |title=San Guglielmo d'Aquitania riceve l'abito religioso da San Felice Vescovo. (Vestizione di San Guglielmo) |url=http://www.pinacotecabologna.beniculturali.it/it/content_page/40-sala-26-il-classicismo/52-san-guglielmo-d-aquitania-riceve-l-abito-religioso-da-san-felice-vescovo-br-vestizione-di-san-guglielmo.html |website=www.pinacotecabologna.beniculturali.it |access-date=13 February 2019 |language=it-it |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809150109/http://www.pinacotecabologna.beniculturali.it/it/content_page/40-sala-26-il-classicismo/52-san-guglielmo-d-aquitania-riceve-l-abito-religioso-da-san-felice-vescovo-br-vestizione-di-san-guglielmo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> painted for St Gregory Church in Bologna, was Guercino's largest ecclesiastical commission at the time and is considered a high point of his early career.<ref name="Oxford"/>
His painting ''[[Et in Arcadia ego (Guercino)|Et in Arcadia ego]]'' from around 1618–1622 contains the first known usage anywhere of the Latin motto, [[Et in Arcadia ego (Poussin)|later taken up]] by [[Poussin]] and others, signifying that [[Memento mori|death lurks]] even in the most [[Arcadia (utopia)|idyllic setting]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lubbock |first1=Tom |title=Guercino: Et in Arcadia Ego (1618–22) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/guercino-et-in-arcadia-ego-1618-22-744410.html |access-date=7 February 2019 |work=The Independent |date=23 February 2007 |language=en}}</ref>  The dramatic composition of this canvas (related to his ''Flaying of [[Marsyas]] by Apollo'' (1617–1618<ref>{{cite web |title=Palazzo Pitti: Galleria Palatina – Apollo e Marsia |url=http://www.abcfirenze.com/GalleriaFotografica.asp?tipo=U&RicM=309&Foto=GalleriaPalatina-D35.jpg |website=www.abcfirenze.com |language=it |access-date=2019-02-09 |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329110135/http://www.abcfirenze.com/GalleriaFotografica.asp?tipo=U&RicM=309&Foto=GalleriaPalatina-D35.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>) created for [[Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|The Grand Duke of Tuscany]], which shares the same pair of shepherds<ref>{{cite web |title=Et in Arcadia Ego by Guercino |url=https://www.wga.hu/html_m/g/guercino/0/arcadia.html |website=www.wga.hu |publisher=Web Gallery of Art |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref>) is typical of Guercino's early works, which are often tumultuous in conception.<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 13</ref> He painted two large canvases, ''[[Samson]] Seized by Philistines'' (1619) and ''[[Elijah]] Fed by Ravens'' (1620), for Cardinal Serra, a Papal Legate to Ferrara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samson Captured by the Philistines |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436603 |website=www.metmuseum.org |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Vivian1971">Vivian, 1971</ref> Painted at a time when it is unlikely that Guercino could have seen [[Caravaggio]]'s work in Rome, these works nevertheless display a starkly naturalistic Caravaggesque style.
==Rome==
[[File:Guercino - The Woman taken in Adultery - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb| Guercino – ''The Woman taken in Adultery'', [[Dulwich Picture Gallery]] (1621)]]
[[File:Guercino Flagellazione.jpg|thumbnail| Guercino – ''[[Flagellation of Christ]]'' (1657)]]
Guercino was recommended by Marchese [[House of Bentivoglio|Enzo Bentivoglio]] to the newly elected Bolognese Ludovisi Pope, [[Pope Gregory XV]] in 1621.<ref>[[Lawrence Gowing]], ed., Biographical Encyclopedia of Artists, v.2 (Facts on File, 2005): 291.</ref> The years he spent in Rome, 1621–23, were very productive. From this period are his frescoes ''Aurora'' at the casino of the [[Casino di Villa Boncompagni Ludovisi|Villa Ludovisi]], the ceiling in [[San Crisogono]] (1622) of ''San Chrysogonus in Glory'', the portrait of Pope Gregory XV (now in the [[Getty Museum]]), and the ''[[St. Petronilla Altarpiece]]'' for [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in the Vatican (now in the [[Museo Capitolini]]).
==Return to Bologna==
Following the death of Gregory XV in 1623, Guercino returned to his hometown of Cento.  In 1626, he began his [[fresco]]es in the [[Piacenza|Duomo of Piacenza]]. The details of his career after 1629 are well documented in the account book, the ''Libro dei Conti di Casa Barbieri'', that Guercino and his brother [[Paolo Antonio Barbieri]], a notable painter of [[Still life#Seventeenth century|still life]]s, kept updated, and which has been preserved.<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 35</ref> Between 1618 and 1631, [[Giovanni Battista Pasqualini]] produced 67 engravings that document the early production of Guercino, which is not included in the ''Libro dei Conti''.<ref name="Gozzi2006">{{cite web |last1=Gozzi |first1=Fausto |title=Sacro e Profano nelle Incisioni da Guercino |url=http://docplayer.it/19262888-Sacro-e-profano-nelle-incisioni-da-guercino-cento-1590-1666.html |publisher=Culturalia |access-date=12 February 2019 |language=it |date=2006}}</ref> In 1642, following the death of his commercial rival [[Guido Reni]], Guercino moved his busy workshop to Bologna, where he was now able to take over Reni's role as the city's leading painter of sacred subjects. In 1655, the [[Franciscan Order]] of Reggio paid him 300 ducats for the altarpiece of ''Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Madonna and Child'' (now in [[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]], Kansas City).<ref name="smarth">{{cite web | title =Guercino's Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/guercino.html | access-date =March 15, 2013 | archive-date =November 2, 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141102030315/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/guercino.html | url-status =dead }}</ref> The Corsini also paid him 300 ducats for the ''Flagellation of Christ'' painted in 1657.
[[File:San salvatore, bo, int., tomba del guercino.JPG|thumb|Tomb of Guercino, [[Santissimo Salvatore, Bologna]]]]
==Style==
Guercino was remarkable for the extreme rapidity of his executions: he completed no fewer than 106 large altarpieces for churches, and his other paintings amount to about 144. He was also a prolific draftsman. His production includes many drawings, usually in ink, washed ink, or red chalk. Most of them were made as preparatory studies for his paintings, but he also drew landscapes, [[Genre works|genre subjects]], and caricatures for his own enjoyment. Guercino's drawings are known for their fluent style in which "rapid, calligraphic pen strokes combined with dots, dashes, and parallel hatching lines describe the forms".<ref>Griswold 1991, p. 36</ref>
Despite presumably having [[monocular vision]] due to a [[Amblyopia#Strabismus|'lazy']] right eye, Guercino showed remarkable facility to [[Depth perception|imply depth]] in his works, perhaps assisted by an enhanced [[Contrast (vision)|perception of light and shade]] thanks to compensation by the healthy eye.<ref name="Scholtz2019">Scholtz et al, 2019</ref> Other artists with different types of strabismus include [[Rembrandt]], [[Dürer]], [[Degas]], [[Picasso]] and (possibly) [[Leonardo da Vinci]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tyler |first1=CW |title=Evidence That Leonardo da Vinci Had Strabismus. |journal=JAMA Ophthalmology |volume=137 |issue=1 |pages=82–86 |date=18 October 2018 |doi=10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.3833 |pmid=30347053 |url=https://christophertyler.org/CWTyler/Art%20Investigations/ART%20PDFs/Tyler_JAMA-0_180017.pdf |pmc=6439801}}</ref>
His lively treatment of the [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora myth]] (1621, [[Casino di Villa Boncompagni Ludovisi|Villa Aurora]], Rome, Italy), painted for the pope's nephew, Cardinal [[Ludovico Ludovisi]].<ref>Vodret and Gozzi, 2011, pp. 159–161</ref> challenges the more measured representation of the same subject [[Aurora (Guido Reni)|painted by Guido Reni]] at [[Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi|Palazzo Rospigliosi]] on behalf of a Ludovisi family [[Scipione Borghese|rival]] and makes a statement of political triumph.<ref>Unger, 2016, p. 9; {{cite web |title=Aurora by Guercino |url=https://www.wga.hu/html_m/g/guercino/3/05aurora.html |website=www.wga.hu |publisher=Web Gallery of Art |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> Some of his later works are closer to the style of Reni, and are painted with much greater luminosity and clarity than his early works with their prominent use of chiaroscuro.
==Pupils==
Guercino continued to paint and teach until the end of his life, amassing a notable fortune. He died on December 22,  1666, in Bologna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri) {{!}} The Vocation of Saint Aloysius (Luigi) Gonzaga |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436604 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> As he never married, his estate passed to his nephews and pupils, [[Benedetto Gennari II]] and [[Cesare Gennari]].<ref name="Oxford" /> Other pupils include [[Giulio Coralli]],<ref>Orlandi, 1719, p. 207</ref> [[Giuseppe Bonati]] of Ferrara,<ref>Orlandi, p. 207</ref> [[Cristoforo Serra]] of Cesena,<ref>Orlandi, p. 120.</ref> Father [[Cesare Pronti]] of Ferrara,<ref>Orlandi, p. 350.</ref> [[Sebastiano Ghezzi]],<ref>Orlandi, p. 399</ref> [[Sebastiano Bombelli]],<ref>Orlandi, p. 397.</ref> [[Lorenzo Bergonzoni]] of Bologna,<ref>Orlandi, p. 294.</ref> [[Francesco Paglia]] of Brescia.,<ref>Orlandi, p. 171</ref> [[Benedetto Zallone]] of Cento, [[Bartolomeo Caravoglia]],<ref>Lanzi, 1847, pp. 309–310</ref> [[Giuseppe Maria Galeppini]] of Forli, and [[Matteo Loves]].
==Works==
<gallery mode=packed heights=220px>
File:Moonlight Landscape (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri Guercino) - Nationalmuseum - 20163.tif|''Moonlit Landscape'' (c. 1616, oil on canvas, 55 × 71&nbsp;cm, [[Nationalmuseum]], Stockholm, Sweden).<ref>{{cite web |title=Giovanni Francesco Barbieri Il Guercino |url=http://emp-web-84.zetcom.ch/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=7953&viewType=detailView |website=emp-web-84.zetcom.ch |publisher=Nationalmuseum |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> An early, naturalistic landscape.
File:Guercino La mietitura.jpg|''Harvesting'' (1615–1617, fresco, transferred to canvas, 18 × 23.5&nbsp;cm, Pinacoteca, Cento, Italy). One of the frescos created (with the assistance of [[Lorenzo Gennari]]<ref name="Mahon1937a"/>) for Casa Pannini in Cento.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barbieri Giovan Francesco, Mietitura |url=http://catalogo.fondazionezeri.unibo.it/scheda/opera/58933/Barbieri%20Giovan%20Francesco%2C%20Mietitura |website=catalogo.fondazionezeri.unibo.it |publisher=Fondazione Zeri, University of Bologna |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>
File:Susana y los viejos (Guercino).jpg|''Susanna and the Elders'' (1617, oil on canvas, 176 × 208&nbsp;cm, [[Museo del Prado]], Madrid, Spain) was painted in Bologna for Cardinal [[Alessandro Ludovisi]], the future Pope Gregory XV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Susannah and the Elders - The Collection |url=https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/susanna-and-the-elders/9c9b3611-5c80-457d-a99a-e5580f3074e6 |website=Museo Nacional del Prado |access-date=11 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The dramatic dynamism of this early work contrasts with the studied classicism of the artist's later depiction of the same story in 1649–1650.<ref name="Posner1968">Posner, 1968</ref>
File:Samson Captured by the Philistines MET DT503.jpg|''Samson Seized by the Philistines'', 1619 This work depicts the biblical scene where Samson is betrayed by his lover Delilah. Samson is at the center, though his face cannot be seen, and surrounding him are the Philistines who have come to blind him after cutting off his hair, his source of strength.
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170">
File:Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, gen. Il Guercino - Gleichnis vom verlorenen Sohn - GG 253 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|''Return of the Prodigal Son'', 1619
File:Guercino Guglielmo d'Aquitania.jpg|''[[William of Gellone|St William]] Receiving the Monastic Habit'', 1620
File:Guercino - Aurora - WGA10920.jpg|''Aurora'', 1621 (ceiling fresco, tempera), [[Casino di Villa Boncompagni Ludovisi|Villa Aurora]], Rome, Italy
File:Guercino Catura di Cristo.jpg|''Capturing Christ'', 1621
File:Guercino - Saint Matthew and the Angel - Google Art Project.jpg|''Saint Matthew and the Angel'', 1622
File:Guercino - Assumption of Mary - Hermitage.jpg|''[[Assumption (Guercino)|Assumption]]'', c. 1623, [[Hermitage Museum]]
File:Guercino Morte di Didone.jpg|''La morte di Didone'', 1631
File:Guercino Christ et la samaritaine.jpg|''Christ and the Woman of Samaria'' II, c. 1640–1641
File:Guercino - ST. SEBASTIAN. 1642.jpg|''St. Sebastian'', 1642, [[Pushkin Museum]]
File:Atlas holding up the celestial globe - Guercino (1646).jpg|''Atlas holding up the celestial globe'', 1646
File:Guercino - St Peter Weeping before the Virgin - WGA10949.jpg|''St Peter Weeping before the Virgin'', 1647
File:Guercino - Mars with Cupid - Google Art Project.jpg|''Mars with Cupid'', 1649
File:Guercino - Cleopatra and Octavian - Google Art Project.jpg|''Cleopatra and Octavian'', 1649
File:Joseph and Potiphar's Wife - Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino, 1649 - NG Wash DC.jpg|''Joseph and Potiphar's Wife'', 1649, [[National Gallery of Art]]
File:Guercino - St. Cecilia - Google Art Project.jpg|''St. Cecilia'', 1649
File:Guercino Susanna and The Elders Parma.jpg|''Susanna and the Elders'', 1650
File:Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri) - David with the Head of Goliath - Google Art Project.jpg|''David with the Head of Goliath'', circa 1650
File:The Vocation of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga.PNG|''The Vocation of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga'', 1650
File:Guercino Astrologia.jpg|''Personification of Astrology'', ca. 1650–1655, [[Blanton Museum of Art]], [[Texas]]
File:Guercino Return of the prodigal son.jpg|''The Return of the Prodigal Son'', 1651
File:'King David', painting by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (il Guercino) c. 1768.jpg|''King David'', 1651
File:Guercino - Martyrdom of St Catherine - WGA10940.jpg|''[[The Martyrdom of Saint Catherine (Guercino)|The Martyrdom of Saint Catherine]]'', 1653, [[Hermitage Museum]]
File:Samson and Delilah mg 0034.jpg|''[[Samson and Delilah (Guercino)|Samson and Delilah]]'', 1654
File:Guercino, san girolamo penitente.JPG|''[[Saint Jerome (Guercino)|Saint Jerome]]'', c.1640–1650
</gallery>
== Exhibitions ==
A groundbreaking exhibition held at the [[Archiginnasio of Bologna]] in 1968 provided the most complete panorama of Guercino's work to date, including paintings from the later parts of his career after the death of Pope Gregory XV, which had previously attracted relatively little attention.<ref name="Posner1968"/> For the fourth centenary of the artist's birth in 1991, an expanded exhibition was organized by the [[Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna]] in conjunction with the [[Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt]] and the [[National Gallery of Art|National Gallery of Art, Washington]].<ref>Mahon, 1992, p. 7</ref> Both these exhibitions were curated by Guercino's biggest modern champion, [[Denis Mahon]], who was responsible for their catalogues.<ref>van Serooskerken, 1991</ref> In 2011–2012, a large exhibition was displayed at [[Palazzo Barberini]] in Rome, dedicated to the memory of Mahon, who had recently died.<ref>Vodret and Gozzi, 2011</ref> An exhibition displayed at the [[National Museum, Warsaw|National Museum]] in [[Warsaw]] in 2013–2014 offered another extensive presentation of the artist's work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guercino. Triumf baroku |trans-title=Guercino. Triumph of the Baroque|url=http://www.legitymizm.org/ogloszenie-guercino-triumf-baroku |website=www.legitymizm.org |publisher=Organizacja Monarchistów Polskich |access-date=12 February 2019 |language=pl}}</ref>
==Citations==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==References==
;Books and articles on Guercino
* {{cite journal |last1=Griswold |first1=William M |title=Guercino |journal=Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |date=1991|volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=5–56 |doi=10.2307/3258858 |jstor=3258858 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Guercino_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_48_no_4_Spring_1991}}
* {{cite book| first=Luigi| last=Lanzi| year=1847| title=History of Painting in Italy; From the Period of the Revival of the Fine Arts to the End of the Eighteenth Century|volume=III| translator = [[Thomas Roscoe]]| publisher= Henry G. Bohn|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0sGAAAAQAAJ| author-link=Luigi Lanzi}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mahon |first1=Denis |author-link=Denis Mahon |title=Notes on the Young Guercino I. – Cento and Bologna |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |date=1937a |volume=70 |issue=408 |pages=112–122 |jstor=866850}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mahon |first1=Denis |title=Notes on the Young Guercino II. – Cento and Ferrara |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |date=1937b |volume=70 |issue=409 |pages=177–189 |jstor=866750}}
* {{cite book|last=Mahon|first=Denis |title=Guercino: Master Painter of Baroque|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002585966|year=1992|publisher=National Gallery of Art|isbn=978-0-89468-167-7}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-francesco-detto-il-guercino-barbieri_(Dizionario-Biografico) |title=Barbieri, Giovanni Francesco detto il Guercino |first=Dwight C. |last=Miller |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |language=it |volume=6 |year=1964}}
* {{citation|title=Abecedario pittorico|last1=Orlandi|first1=Pellegrino Antonio|last2=Guarienti|first2=Pietro|year=1719|place=Naples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3MGAAAAQAAJ}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Posner |first1=Donald |title=The Guercino Exhibition at Bologna |journal=The Burlington Magazine |date=1968 |volume=110 |issue=788 |pages=596–607 |jstor=875813}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scholtz |first1=Sibylle |last2=MacMorris |first2=Lee |last3=Krogmann |first3=Frank |last4=Auffarth |first4=Gerd U |title=Lights and darks of a picture. The life of Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, "il Guercino" – the squinter. |journal=Strabismus |date=2019 |pages=39–42 |doi=10.1080/09273972.2019.1559532 |pmid=30626256|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-13doc1996 |volume=27|issue=1 |s2cid=58585811 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite journal |last1=van Serooskerken |first1=Carel van Tuyll |title=Guercino. Bologna, Cento and Frankfurt |journal=The Burlington Magazine |date=1991 |volume=133 |issue=1065 |pages=864–868 |jstor=885077}}
* {{cite book|last=Stone|first=David M |title=Guercino: Catalogo Completo Dei Dipinti |year=1991|publisher=Cantini|language=it|isbn=978-88-7737-137-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Turner |first1=Nicholas |title=Oxford Art Online |chapter=Guercino |publisher=Oxford Art Online (Grove Art)  |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t035416 |date=2003|isbn=9781884446054 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book|last=Unger|first=Daniel M|title=Guercino's Paintings and His Patrons' Politics in Early Modern Italy|date=2016|publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-351-56482-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vivian |first1=Frances |title=Guercino Seen from the Archivio Barberini |journal=The Burlington Magazine |date=1971 |volume=113 |issue=814 |pages=22–29 |jstor=876502}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vodret |first1=Rossella |last2=Gozzi |first2=Fausto |title=Guercino (1591–1666): capolavori da Cento e da Roma |date=2011 |publisher=Giunti |isbn=9788809775350 |language=it}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author= Amorini, Antonio Bolognini | year=1843| title= Vite de Pittori ed Artifici Bolognesi| chapter= Parte Quinta| pages= 223–272| publisher= Tipografia Governativa alla Volpe, Bologna | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-GABAAAAQAAJ |language=it }}
==External links==
{{external media | width = 154px | float = right
| headerimage=[[File:Guercino - St Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin - WGA10948.jpg|154px]]
| video1 = [http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/guercino.html Guercino's ''Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin''], [[Smarthistory]]}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Barbieri, Giovanni Francesco}}
*{{Art UK bio}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/g/guercino/index.html Paintings by Guercino] on the Web Gallery of Art
* [http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/guercino/ Getty exhibition of Guercino drawings]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038365/Il-Guercino ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Il Guercino]
* [http://guercino.comune.cento.fe.it/index.php?en/1/home Pinacoteca Civica Il Guercino]
* [http://guercino.fondazionecarifano.it/index_en.html Virtual exhibition "Guercino a Fano" in high resolution]
* ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/81943 Jusepe de Ribera, 1591–1652]'', an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Guercino (see index)
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/63259/rec/2 ''Velázquez ''], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Guercino (see index)
{{Guercino}}
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[[Category:Painters from Bologna]]
[[Category:Italian Baroque painters]]
[[Category:1591 births]]
[[Category:1666 deaths]]
[[Category:Italian male painters]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Cento]]
[[Category:17th-century Italian painters]]
[[Category:Catholic painters]]