View source for Guzgan

{{short description|Historical region and early medieval principality in the northern Afghanistan}}
{{redirect|Juzjan|the modern Afghan province|Jowzjan Province}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Guzgan
|common_name            = Kingdom of Guzgan
|era                    = Ancient Era
|capital                =
|government_type        = Monarchy
|year_leader1           =
|leader1                =
|year_leader2           =
|leader2                =
|year_start             =
|year_end               =
|image_map              =
{{Location map+
|West Asia
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{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=35||N |long=64.75|E |label=Guzgan|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=Brown Line buttun.PNG|marksize=12}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=35|N |long=55|E |label=[[Umayyad Caliphate|UMAYYAD CALIPHATE]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=42|N |long=30|E |label=[[Byzantine Empire|BYZANTINE EMPIRE]]|position=bottom |label_size=80|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=45|N |long=65|E |label=[[Western Turks|WESTERN TURKS]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=22|N |long=74|E |label=[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=32|N |long=77|E |label=[[Harsha|<div talign=center>EMPIRE<br>OF<br>HARSHA</div>]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=42|N |long=72|E |label=[[Tang dynasty|{{center|TANG<br>DYNASTY}}]] |position=right |label_size=70|mark=File:1x1.png|marksize=0}}
}}
|image_map_caption      =  Location of the Kingdom of Guzgan in Central Asia, and in present-day northwest [[Afghanistan]].
|image_map2             =
{{Location map+
|Hindu-Kush
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{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.766667 |N |long=66.9|E |label=[[Balkh]] |position=right |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=35|N |long=70.6|E |label='''''[[Turk Shahis|TURK SHAHIS]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=110|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=31.616667|N |long=65.716667|E |label=[[Kandahar]]|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
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{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.525278|N |long=69.178333|E |label=[[Kabul]]|position=top|label_size=100|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=33|N |long=67|E |label=[[Zunbils|'''''ZUNBILS''''']]|position=bottom |label_size=100|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=35.920833|N |long=74.308333|E |label=[[Gilgit]]|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=37.5|N |long=74.3|E |label='''''[[Patola Shahis|PATOLA SHAHIS]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=38.5|N |long=68.2|E |label='''''[[Tokhara Yabghus|TOKHARA YABGHUS]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=100|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.5|N |long=74.5|E |label=[[Karkota Empire|<div talign=center>'''''KARKOTA<br>DYNASTY'''''</div>]]|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.016667|N |long=72.433333|E |label=[[Hund (village)|Hund]]|position=bottom|label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=31.583056|N |long=64.369167|E |label=[[Lashkargah|Bost]]|position=top |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
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{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.737663|N |long=66.763899|E |label=[[Alkhis|Tang-i Safedak]]|position=left |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=35.933333|N |long=64.75|E |label=[[Maymana]]|position=left |label_size=60|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.665|N |long=65.752|E |label=[[Sheberghan]]|position=left |label_size=60|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.221389|N |long=65.927778|E |label=[[Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan|Sar-e Pol]]|position=left |label_size=60|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.95|N |long=65.116667|E |label=[[Andkhoy (city)|Andkhoy]]|position=left |label_size=60|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=38|N |long=64.5|E |label='''''GUZGAN'''''|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
}}
|image_map2_caption     = Approximate geographical region of Kingdom of Guzgan, in present-day northern [[Afghanistan]].
|p1                     =
|s1                     =
|flag_s1                =
|today                  = [[Afghanistan]]
}}
[[File:Coin_of_Zhulād_of_Gōzgān.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Zhulād of Gōzgān]] was an Iranian ruler of the region of Guzgan, and a vassal of the [[Yabghus of Tokharistan]]. Coinage date 688 CE.]]
'''Guzgan''' ({{langx|fa|گوزگان}}, also known as '''Gozgan''', '''Guzganan''' or '''Quzghan''') was a [[historical region]] and early medieval principality in what is now northern [[Afghanistan]].
==Etymology==
The area was known as "Guzgan" or in the plural form "Guzganan". Orientalist [[Vladimir Minorsky]] derived the name from a word meaning "[[walnut]]", a product for which the area is still known today. The 19th-century scholar [[Henry George Raverty]] suggested that the plural form emerged from the division of the country in two parts by the river [[Murghab River|Murghab]].{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=8 (note 11)}}
==Geography==
[[File:Stream near Jowzjan Province.jpg|thumb|270px|Stream near Jowzjan Province]]
The boundaries of Guzgan were never well defined and fluctuated wildly over time. They certainly bear no relation to the modern administrative boundaries of [[Jowzjan Province]], named after it, or the neighbouring [[Faryab Province]], but historically included the lands around the towns of [[Maymana]] (capital of Faryab province), [[Andkhoy (city)|Andkhuy]], [[Shibarghan]] (capital of Jowzjan Province) and [[Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan|Sar-e Pol]] (capital of the [[Sar-e Pol Province|namesake province]]).{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=8 (note 11)}}{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}} Lying on the transition zone between the [[Central Asia]]n [[steppes]] and the [[Iranian Plateau]], the region was characterized by a mixture of sedentary, urban populations in the fertile river valleys, alongside [[nomad]] tribes engaged in [[pastoralism]], which is singled out as the region's main source of wealth by medieval geographers.{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}} Its location also meant that it was often used as a route for armies marching to and from Iran to Central Asia.{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}}
==History==
In the early 7th century, the region of Guzgan was counted as part of [[Tokharistan]]. As attested by legal documents that have tentatively been dated to the late 7th and early 8th century, the area was controlled by a local family that used the country Gozgan as the dynastic name, a custom of the era.{{sfn|Sims-Williams|2001|p=9}} Several are named, including [[Zhulad Gozgan]], and Skag Gozgan, presumably one of his successors.{{sfn|Sims-Williams|2001|p=9}}
The [[Kingdom of Rob]], in which numerous documents in [[Bactrian language]] were found, was located to the southeast of the Kingdom of Guzgan.<ref>"...documents from the kingdom of Guzgan or Juzjan in northern Afghanistan , which is northwest of the kingdom of Rob, source of most of the other known Bactrian documents..." in {{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |year=2000 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-dtAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
===Arab conquest===
[[File:Coin of Khusrau II countermarked by Skag Gozgan (upper right border).jpg|thumb|270px|Coin of [[Khusrau II]] countermarked by Skag Gozgan (upper right border).]]
Guzgan was conquered by the [[Arabs]] under [[al-Ahnaf ibn Qays]] in 653/4, as part of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]. But during the rule of the Rashidun caliph [[Ali]] (656–661), the Arabs were expulsed from eastern Iran, as far as [[Nishapur]] and the Sasanian [[Peroz III]] was able to establish some level of control with the help of the yabghu of Tokharistan in [[Seistan]].<ref name="HC370">"The definitive annexation of Tokharistan and Gandhara to the Western Türk Empire was to take place some years later, in c. 625, when Sasanian Iran became involved in the war against Byzantium that ultimately led to its eclipse." in {{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=January 1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |pages=370–375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA370 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] itself was taken over by the [[Tang dynasty]] in 657 CE, and most of his territories became protectorates of the Tang Empire, and organized into regional commanderies, as was the case for the region of Guzgan.<ref name="HC371">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=January 1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |pages=371–375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA371 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sims-Williams |first1=Nicholas |title=Nouveaux document bactriens du Guzgan (note d'information) |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |date=2002 |volume=146 |issue=3 |page=1048 |doi=10.3406/crai.2002.22500 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2002_num_146_3_22500}}</ref>{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}}
In 737, the area was the site of the decisive [[Battle of Kharistan]] between the Arabs under [[Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri]], and the [[Turgesh]] under the ''[[khagan]]'' [[Suluk (Turgesh khagan)|Suluk]].{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}} In 743, the [[Alid]] [[Yahya ibn Zayd]], son of [[Zayd ibn Ali]], rose in revolt but was defeated and killed at Guzgan by the forces of the [[Umayyad]] governor, [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]]. His tomb was later a site of pilgrimage.{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=11}} In [[Abbasid]] times, the local governor resided in Anbar, possibly modern Sar-e Pol, but other accounts mention Shibarghan as the capital, and the geographers [[al-Muqaddasi]] and [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] considered al-Yahudiyya (modern Maynama) as the capital.{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}}
===Farighunids===
Despite the Arab conquest, a native dynasty, the [[Farighunids]], who claimed descent from the Persian mythological hero [[Faridun]] and bore the title of ''Guzgan-Khudha'', continued to rule from their capital, [[Kundurm]].{{sfn|Hartmann|1965|p=608}}{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=12}} They became vassals of the [[Samanids]] and then of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], one of whose daughters married the Farighunid emir Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun Farighun. The latter was assassinated by his own troops in 1016, however, and Mahmud gave rule of the region to his chamberlain, [[Yalangtush]].{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=12}} The Farighunids were notable as patrons of the arts and literature; the most notable product of their court is the anonymous geographical work ''[[Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib]]''.{{sfn|Lee|1996|p=8 (note 11)}}<ref>Vladimir Minorsky, Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich Bartolʹd, Clifford Edmund Bosworth. ''Hudūd al-ʻĀlam; "The regions of the world": a Persian geography, 372 A.H.-982 A.D.'' Luzac, 1970</ref>
==See also==
* [[Al-Juzjani]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = JOWZJĀN | first = C. E. | last = Bosworth | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 1: Joči – Judeo-Persian communities of Iran, V. | pages = 81–82 | publisher = Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation | location = New York | year = 2009 | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jowzjan}}
* {{EI2 | volume=2 | title = Djūzdjān | first = R. | last = Hartmann | authorlink = | pages = 608–609 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2134}}
* {{cite book | last = Lee | first = Jonathan L. | title = The 'Ancient Supremacy': Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901 | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-90-04-10399-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sims-Williams |first1=Nicholas |date=2001 |title=Bactrian Legal Documents from 7th- and 8th-Century Guzgan |jstor=24049036 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=15 |pages=9–29 }}
[[Category:Guzgan| ]]
[[Category:Former countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]