View source for Gyrodon lividus

{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| image               = Erlengrübling Gyrodon lividus.jpg
| image_caption       = ''Gyrodon lividus''
| taxon            = Gyrodon lividus
| authority  = ([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) [[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Sacc.]] (1888)
| synonyms_ref        = <ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Gyrodon lividus"/>
| synonyms            = *''Boletus lividus'' <small>Bull. (1791)</small>
*''Boletus sistotrema'' <small>[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] (1815)</small>
*''Boletus sistotremoides'' <small>Fr. (1815)</small>
*''Boletus chrysenteron'' var. ''lividus'' <small>(Bull.) [[François Victor Mérat de Vaumartoise|Mérat]] (1821)</small>
*''Boletus brachyporus'' <small>[[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]] (1825)</small>
*''Gyrodon sistotremoides''<small> (Fr.) [[Opat.]] (1836)</small>
*''Boletus rubescens'' <small>[[Jakob Gabriel Trog|Trog]] (1839)</small>
*''Boletus lividus'' var. ''alneti'' <small>[[Lindgr.]] (1874)</small>
*''Uloporus lividus'' <small>(Bull.) [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]] (1886)</small>
}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = ''Gyrodon lividus''
| capShape = flat
| whichGills = decurrent
| hymeniumType = pores
| stipeCharacter = bare
| ecologicalType   = mycorrhizal
| sporePrintColor = olive
| sporePrintColor2 = brown
| howEdible = edible
}}
'''''Gyrodon lividus''''', commonly known as the '''alder bolete''', is a pored [[mushroom]] bearing close affinity to the genus ''[[Paxillus]]''. Although found predominantly in Europe, where it grows in a [[mycorrhiza]]l association with [[alder]], it has also recorded from China, Japan and [[California]]. [[Basidiocarp|Fruit bodies]] are distinguished from other [[bolete]]s by [[decurrent]] bright yellow pores that turn blue-grey on bruising. ''G.&nbsp;lividus'' mushrooms are [[edible mushroom|edible]].
==Taxonomy==
The alder bolete was initially [[species description|described]] by French mycologist [[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Pierre Bulliard]] in 1791 as ''Boletus lividus'',<ref name="Bulliard 1791"/> before being given its current binomial name in 1888 by [[Pier Andrea Saccardo]] when he transferred it to ''[[Gyrodon]]''.<ref name="Saccardo 1888"/> When Saccardo [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] ''Gyroporus'', he included ''Boletus sistotremoides'' (published by [[Elias Fries]] in 1815) as the [[type species]]. [[Rolf Singer]] later determined that Fries's taxon was the same species as ''Gyroporus lividus''.<ref name="Singer 1951"/> Before this, in 1886 [[Lucien Quélet]] erected the genus ''Uliporus'' with ''Boletus lividus'' as the type.<ref name="Quelet 1886"/> As a result of Singer's discovery, the genus ''Uliporus'' was rendered obsolete, and ''Boletus sistrotremoides'' became [[synonym (biology)|synonymous]] with ''Gyropus lividus''.<ref name="Singer 1951"/> The generic term ''Gyrodon'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''gyros'' "whorl" and ''odon'' "tooth",<ref name="Nilper 1977"/><ref name="Liddell 1980"/> while the [[botanical name|specific epithet]] ''lividus'' is [[Latin]] for "lead-coloured".<ref name="Simpson 1979"/> The fungus is [[common name|commonly]] known as the alder bolete.<ref name="BMS"/>
[[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular]] research confirms the relations of the genus ''[[Gyrodon]]'' and the gilled genus ''[[Paxillus]]'' as [[sister group|sister taxa]], and one of the earliest diverging [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]] of the suborder [[Boletineae]].<ref name="Kretzer 1999"/>
Two [[subspecies]] of ''G.&nbsp;lividus'' have been described: subsp. ''alneti'', published by [[Sven Johan Lindgren]] in 1874, and subsp. ''labyrinthicus'', published by Saccardo in 1888. Neither are considered to have independent [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] significance.<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Gyrodon lividus"/>
==Description==
''Gyrodon lividus'' has a pale brown, buff or ochre [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]] {{convert|4|–|10|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} in diameter which is convex and later flat in shape, and can be sticky when wet. Like other boletes, it has pores instead of [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] that make up the [[hymenophore]] on the underside of the cap. These large pores are [[decurrent]] in their attachment to the stipe. Bright yellow, they turn blue-grey when cut or bruised. The thin [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] is pale yellow. The ringless [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]] is initially the same colour as the cap but later darkens to a red-brown; it is {{convert|3|–|7|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} high by {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} wide. The [[spore print]] is olive-brown and the oval spores are 4.5–6 x 3–4&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]]. The mushroom has a non-distinctive smell and taste.<ref name="Phillips 2006"/>
In the United States, ''Gyrodon lividus'' could be mistaken for ''[[Boletinellus merulioides]]'', which is generally a larger mushroom overall with larger spores and grows under ash (''[[Fraxinus]]''), or ''[[Boletinellus proximus|B.&nbsp;proximus]]'', a dark brown or purple-brown capped species that does not change colour when bruised and is found only in [[Florida]].<ref name="Bessette 2000"/>
==Distribution and habitat==
''Gyrodon lividus'' is found across Europe, including [[Ķemeri National Park]] in [[Latvia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kemeri.gov.lv/_Administracija/KNP_MP.pdf |title=The Management Plan of Kemeri National Park |access-date=2008-08-02 |author=Kemeri NP Administration |year=2002 |publisher=Ministry of Environment of Denmark, DANCEE and Government of Latvia. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123034723/http://www.kemeri.gov.lv/_Administracija/KNP_MP.pdf |archive-date=November 23, 2008 }}</ref> In Asia, it has been recorded in China<ref name="Zhuang 2001"/> and Japan.<ref name="Hongo 1989"/> It is also found in several locales in Turkey, including [[Trabzon]], [[Maçka]] and [[Sevinç, Manavgat|Sevinç]].<ref name="SESLİ 2015"/> In North America, it has been reported to occur in [[California]], under alder (''[[Alnus rhombifolia]]'').<ref name="Hayward 1984"/>
As its common name suggests, ''Gyrodon lividus'' is found under [[alder]] (''Alnus rhombifolia''), with which it forms a [[mycorrhiza]]l relationship. Fruit bodies may be found alone or in clumps and appear in autumn. The [[ectomycorrhiza]] of the fungus is characterized by its yellow colour in young specimens, [[rhizomorph]]s that are highly differentiated, and the presence of [[sclerotia]].<ref name="Agerer 1987"/><!--cites previous sentence-->
==Edibility==
It is reported as [[edible mushroom|edible]] by some authors,<ref name="Phillips 2006"/> and inedible by others.<ref name="Nilper 1977"/>
==Bioactive compounds==
Fruit bodies of ''Gyrodon lividus'' contain the [[cyclopentanedione]] compounds chamonixin and involution.<ref name="Besl 1980"/>
==See also==
*[[List of North American boletes]]
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Agerer 1987">{{cite book |author=Agerer R. |title=Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae: With Glossary, Issues 1–140 |publisher=Einhorn-Verlag |year=1987 |pages=69–70 |isbn=978-3-921703-77-9}}</ref>
<ref name="Besl 1980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Besl H, Bresinksy A, Herrmann R, Steglich W |title=Chamonixin und Involutin, zwei chemosystematisch interessante Cyclopentandione aus ''Gyrodon lividus'' (Boletales) |trans-title=Chamonixin and involutin, two chemosystematically interesting cyclopentanediones from ''Gyrodon lividus'' (Boletales) |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C |year=1980 |volume=35 |issue=9–10 |pages=824–25 |language=de |doi=10.1515/znc-1980-9-1027|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Bessette 2000">{{cite book |title=North American Boletes |vauthors=Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR |year=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |page=186 |isbn=978-0-8156-0588-1}}</ref>
<ref name="BMS">{{cite web |url=http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf |title=Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK |publisher=[[British Mycological Society]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716083053/http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref>
<ref name="Bulliard 1791">{{cite book |author=Bulliard P. |title=Histoire des champignons de la France |year=1791 |volume=1 |page=327 |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Hayward 1984">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayward D, Theirs HD |year=1984 |title=''Gyrodon lividus'' in California |journal=Mycologia  |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=573–75 |doi=10.2307/3793346 |jstor=3793346 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0076/003/0573.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Hongo 1989">{{cite journal |author=Hongo T. |title=Selected mycological papers of Dr. Tsuguo Hongo |year=1989 |location=Otsu, Japan |publisher=Shiga University |page=75 |oclc=718528535}}</ref>
<ref name="Kretzer 1999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kretzer A, Bruns TD |year=1999 |title=Use of ''atp6'' in fungal phylogenetics: An example from the Boletales |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=483–92 |url=http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/papers/kretzer1999.pdf |doi=10.1006/mpev.1999.0680 |pmid=10620406 |access-date=2015-10-07 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010003/http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/papers/kretzer1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book |author = [[Henry George Liddell|Liddell HG]], [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Scott R.]] |year= 1980 |title = [[A Greek-English Lexicon]]|edition= Abridged |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location= United Kingdom |isbn = 0-19-910207-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Nilper 1977">{{cite book |vauthors=Nilson S, Persson O |year=1977 |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-063005-8 |page=112}}</ref>
<ref name="Phillips 2006">{{cite book |author=Phillips R. |year=2006  |title=Mushrooms |publisher=Pan MacMillan |isbn=0-330-44237-6 |page=285}}</ref>
<ref name="Quelet 1886">{{cite book |title=Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa Media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium |author=Quélet L. |author-link=Lucien Quélet |year=1886 |location=Paris |page=162 |quote=pileo tigrino, e fuligineo-livido lutescente; tubulis brevissimis, longe decurrentibus, luteo-virentibus, stipite fuscecenti luteo|language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Saccardo 1888">{{cite book |author=Saccardo PA. |title=Sylloge Hymenomycetum. Vol. II. Polyporeae, Hydneae, Thelephoreae, Clavarieae, Tremellineae |series=Sylloge Fungorum |year=1888 |volume=6 |page=52 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="SESLİ 2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sesli E, Contu M, Vila J, Moreau PA, Battistin E |year=2015 |title=Taxonomic studies on some agaricoid and boletoid fungi of Turkey |journal=Turkish Journal of Botany |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=134–46 |doi=10.3906/bot-1403-63 |url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-15-39-1/bot-39-1-14-1403-63.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Simpson 1979">{{cite book |author=Simpson DP. |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell |year=1979 |edition=5th |location= London |page=883 |isbn= 0-304-52257-0}}</ref>
<ref name="Singer 1951">{{cite journal |author=Singer R. |title=Type studies on Basidiomycetes V |journal=Sydowia |year=1951 |volume=5 |issue=3–6 |pages=445–75 (see p.&nbsp;449) |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59633/0005/003/0449.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Gyrodon lividus">{{cite web |title=''Gyrodon lividus'' (Bull.) Sacc. |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=164515 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhuang 2001">{{cite book |author=Zhuang W-Y. |title=Higher Fungi of Tropical China |year=2001 |publisher=Mycotaxon |isbn=978-0-930845-13-1 |page=336}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1194792}}
[[Category:Fungi described in 1791]]
[[Category:Paxillaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi of Asia]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]