View source for Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–1791)

{{Short description|Territory of the Habsburg monarchy}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name            = {{lang|sr|Кочина крајина}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{nobold|{{transliteration|sr|Kočina krajina}}}}}}
|conventional_long_name = Koča's uprising Serbia
|common_name            = Serbia
|era                    = [[Early modern period]]
|status                 = Territory of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]
|event_start            = Habsburg occupation
|year_start             = 1788
|date_start             =
|event_end              = Habsburg withdrawal, [[Treaty of Sistova]]
|year_end               = 1791
|date_end               =
|event1                 = [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)|Austro-Turkish War]]
|date_event1            = 1788–1791
|p1                     = Sanjak of Smederevo
|p2                     = Military Frontier
|s1                     = Sanjak of Smederevo
|image_flag             = Flag of Serbia (1792).svg
|flag_border            = no
|flag                   = Flag of Serbia (Habsburg)
|flag_type              = Flag
|image_coat             = Coat of arms of Serbia (1792).svg
|symbol                 = Coat of arms of Triballia
|symbol_type            = Coat of arms
|image_map              = Kocina krajina02.png
|image_map_caption      = Habsburg-controlled territory in 1789–90
|capital                = [[Belgrade]]
|common_languages       = [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[German language|German]]
|religion               = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]],<br/>[[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]]
|currency               =
|government_type        = [[Military administration]]
|representative1        =
|representative2        =
|year_representative1   =
|year_representative2   =
|title_representative   =
}}
'''[[Koča Anđelković|Koča's]] frontier''' ({{langx|sr|Кочина крајина}} / ''Kočina krajina'') refers to the Serbian territory established in the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]], [[Ottoman Empire]], during the [[Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)|Austro-Turkish War]] of 1788–1791. The Habsburg-organized [[Serbian Free Corps]], among whom  [[Koča Anđelković]] was a prominent captain (hence the historiographical name), initially held the central part of the sanjak, between February and September 7, 1791; after the Austrians entered the conflict the territory was expanded and became a Habsburg protectorate under military administration, called '''Serbia''' ({{langx|de|Serbien}}). After the Austrian withdrawal and [[Treaty of Sistova]] (1791), the territory was regained by the Ottomans.
==Background==
===Serbs===
The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings.<ref name="́Masters2009">{{cite book|author1=Ga ́bor A ́goston|author2=Bruce Alan Masters|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA518|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|pages=518–}}</ref> Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated.<ref name="́Masters2009"/> Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.<ref name="́Masters2009"/>
===Habsburg-Russian alliance===
Due to conflicts around Caucasus in 1786, relations between Russia and the Ottomans soured. The next year, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] and [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] met in Crimea for the second time, which prompted the Ottomans to declare war on Russia.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} In the meantime, the Austrians prepared the Serb refugees for war.
==History==
{{see also|Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)}}
===Koča's frontier rebellion===
[[File:Kocina krajina.png|thumbnail|Koča's frontier (area of anti-Ottoman rebellion) in 1788.]]
[[File:Das Koenigreich Serwien, 1791.jpg|thumb|Map of "the Kingdom of Serbia", by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly (1791).]]
A [[Serbian Free Corps]] of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees that had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Schroeder1996">{{cite book|author=Paul W. Schroeder|title=The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&pg=PA59|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820654-5|pages=58–59}}</ref> The Corps would fight for liberation of Serbia and unification under Habsburg rule.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/> The main commander was the Austrian major [[Mihailo Mihaljević]].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} Among volunteers were [[Aleksa Nenadović]], [[:sr:Станко Арамбашић|Stanko Arambašić]], the prominent [[Radič Petrović|Radič]] and [[Karađorđe Petrović|Đorđe Petrović]] but most of all [[Koča Anđelković|Koča the Captain]].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and early 1788.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/>
The Austrians entered this war in February 1788, though they had by now lost their best chance for an easy victory.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/> The slow preparations of Russia resulted in the Ottoman concentration on Belgrade.<ref name="Aksan2014">{{cite book|author=Virginia Aksan|title=Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaesAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-88403-3|pages=163–}}</ref> The Austrians relied on Russian support in Moldavia, which only began in late 1788, and Joseph II seemed to have been reluctant to fight the Ottomans.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> In July, the Ottomans crossed the Danube and broke into Austrian Banat.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> Shortage of supplies struck both sides, while disease struck the Austrian soldiers.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> As many as 50,000 Serb refugees flooded across the Danube, causing logistical problems for the Austrians.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> In mid-August, Joseph II dispatched 20,400 soldiers into Banat.<ref name="Aksan2014"/>
===Habsburg occupation===
[[File:Befreites Serbien.jpg|thumb|''Liberated Serbia'', [[Romanticism|romanticist]] work by Johann Georg Mansfeld ]]
On 8 October 1789, [[Ernst Gideon von Laudon]] [[Siege of Belgrade (1789)|took over Belgrade]]. Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organization and military skills.<ref name="Alexander2012">{{cite book|author=R. S. Alexander|title=Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XzKVba8xN8C&pg=PA19|date=30 January 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-0052-6|pages=19–}}</ref> The occupation was accompanied by the Catholic Church which sought to convert the Orthodox Serbs, which made the Serbs look to Russia for aid after the Ottoman regaining of the area in 1791.<ref name="Alexander2012"/>
By 1791 however the Austrians (the [[Habsburg]]) were forced into withdrawal across the [[Danube]] and [[Sava]] rivers, joined by thousands of [[Serbs|Serbian]] families who feared Ottoman persecution. The [[Treaty of Sistova]] ended the war.
==Aftermath==
After the war, the Ottomans gave rights to the Serbs to collect local taxes.<ref name="Lampe2000">{{cite book|author=John R. Lampe|title=Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&pg=PA48|date=28 March 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77401-7|pages=48–}}</ref> The displaced [[janissaries]], excluded from the Ottoman Army following reorganization, sought refuge in Serbia ([[Sanjak of Smederevo]]) where they tried to revoke the rights granted to the Serbs.<ref name="Lampe2000"/> These renegade janissaries, called ''[[dahije]]'', [[Slaughter of the Knezes|murdered as many as 150 Serb leaders]] (''knezovi''), sparking the [[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804).<ref name="Lampe2000"/> The leader of the uprising, [[Karađorđe Petrović]], had earlier served in the Austrian army as a volunteer during the Habsburg occupation.<ref name="Lampe2000"/> The uprising expanded into the [[Serbian Revolution]] (1804–17), which saw the ''de facto'' independence of [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]].
==Legacy==
An annual manifestation, the "Days for Koča's Frontier" (Дани Кочине крајине), takes place in [[Jagodina]] and [[Kladovo]] in honour of the rebellion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/124/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/154171/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.html|title=Дани Кочине Крајине|language=sr|date=12 September 2009}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Commons category|Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–92)}}
{{History of Serbia}}
* [[Habsburg Serbia (disambiguation)]]
* [[Battle of Mainz]], neutral Serbian observers
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Ćorović |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Ćorović |year=2001 |orig-year=1997 |title=Историја српског народа |trans-title=History of the Serbian people |url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index.html |chapter=Kočina krajina |trans-chapter=Kočina landscape |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/6_15.html |language=Serbian |publisher=Јанус |location=[[Belgrade]]}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Bataković|editor-first=Dušan T.|editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković|title=Histoire du peuple serbe|trans-title=History of the Serbian People|language=fr|date=2005|location=Lausanne|publisher=L’Age d’Homme|isbn=9782825119587|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bronza|first=Boro|chapter=The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771-1788|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berlin|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=51–62|isbn=9783643106117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|title=The Serbs|year=2004|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9781405142915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Đorđević|first1=M.|last2=Nedeljković|first2=S.|title=Политичке прилике у београдском пашалуку у предвечерје српске револуције (1787-1804)|journal=Teme-Časopis za Društvene Nauke|year=2015|pages=965–979|url=http://teme2.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/TEME/article/view/57/54}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Jelavich|title=History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|volume=1|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521252492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C}}
* {{cite web|last=Novaković|first=Stojan|title=Tursko carstvo pred srpski ustanak, 1780-1804|year=1906|publisher=Beograd Davidovi|url=https://archive.org/stream/turskocarstvopre00nova}} {{small|(Public Domain)}}
* {{cite book|last=Pantelić|first=Dušan|year=1930|title=Кочина крајина|location=Beograd|publisher=Srpska kraljevska akademija|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-x1WPgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Stefanović|first=Radmilo|title=Kočina krajina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YY6AQAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Prosveta}}
* {{cite journal|last=Svirčević|first=Miroslav M.|title=Knežinska i seoska samouprava u Srbiji 1739-1788-delokrug i identitet lokalne samouprave u Srbiji od Beogradskog mira (1739) do Austrijsko-turskog rata (1788)|journal=Balcanica|issue=32–33|year=2002|pages=183–196|doi=10.2298/BALC0233183S|doi-access=free|hdl=21.15107/rcub_dais_5695|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last=Radojičić|first=Branko S.|year=2012|title=Аустријско шпијунирање у Београдском пашалуку 1782-1785: Хабзбуршки обавештајци у Србији пред Турско аустријски рат 1788-1791|location=Kraljevo|url=https://www.academia.edu/15911569}}
* {{cite book|last=Roider|first=Karl A. Jr. |title=Austria's Eastern Question, 1700-1790|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rtr_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400856695}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stavrianos|first=Leften|author-link=Leften Stavrianos|title=The Balkans Since 1453|year=2000|orig-year=1958|location=London|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781850655510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC}}
{{refend}}
{{Serbian Uprisings}}
{{Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788-91)}}
[[Category:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1788]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1780s in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:18th century in Serbia]]
[[Category:Ottoman Serbia]]
[[Category:Serb rebellions]]
[[Category:Serbia under Habsburg rule]]
[[Category:Habsburg Serbs]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:1792 disestablishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:Austro-Turkish Wars]]
[[Category:Military occupations of Serbia]]
[[Category:1790s in Serbia]]
[[Category:1780s in Serbia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1792]]