View source for Hainan peacock-pheasant

{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name =
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Hainan Peacock-pheasant Display Pair.jpg
| image2_caption = A displaying male (left) and a female (right)
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2022 |title=''Polyplectron katsumatae'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T22734897A207341783 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Polyplectron
| species = katsumatae
| authority = [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1906
| image = Hainan Peacock Pheasant.jpg
}}
The '''Hainan peacock-pheasant''' ('''''Polyplectron katsumatae''''') is an [[endangered]] bird that belongs to the [[pheasant]] family [[Phasianidae]]. This extremely [[rare species]] is [[endemism|endemic]] to the island of [[Hainan]], [[China]].
== Description ==
The bird was long considered a subspecies of [[grey peacock-pheasant]] or ''[[Polyplectron bicalcaratum]]''.  The Hainan peacock-pheasant is smaller, and it possesses a short [[Crest (feathers)|crest]] and [[Ruff (clothing)|ruff]] (Johnsgard 1986).{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} It has red facial skin as opposed to grey in the yellow-orange facial skin of the grey peacock-pheasant. Beebe (1922){{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} noted various plumage differences between the two and considered them separate species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |title=OBC Checklist |access-date=2010-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015234357/http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |archive-date=2012-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Polyplectron katsumatae.jpg|left|thumb]]
Due to lack of detailed taxonomic studies, whether it was truly a subspecies (''Polyplectron bicalcaratum katsumatae'') or a full species remained unclear. Scientists used molecular markers, including the complete mitochondrial [[cytochrome b]] gene and [[Group I catalytic intron|intron G]] of the [[nuclear DNA|nuclear ovomucoid gene]], to reevaluate the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the Hainan peacock-pheasant. The results showed [[phylogeography|phylogeographic]] [[monophyletic|monophyly]] and large genetic distance between the Hainan peacock-pheasant and the [[grey peacock-pheasant]]. Sequence differences corroborated the species-level distinction between these two peacock-pheasants, which were inferred to have diverged about 1.4±0.3 million years ago, near the time [[Hainan Island]] became separated from mainland [[China]]. [[BirdLife International]] has also decided to recognize the split of ''Polyplectron katsumatae'' from ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlifeforums.org/WebX?13@@.2cba6deb/1 |title= Birdlifeforums|website=www.birdlifeforums.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401140412/http://www.birdlifeforums.org/webx?13%40%40.2cba6deb%2F1 |archive-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>
== Conservation status ==
Due to a very low population density<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.2108/zsj.25.30|title = Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock Pheasant|journal = Zoological Science|volume = 25|pages = 30–35|year = 2008|last1 = Chang|first1 = Jiang|last2 = Wang|first2 = Biao|last3 = Zhang|first3 = Yang-Yun|last4 = Liu|first4 = Ying|last5 = Liang|first5 = Wei|last6 = Wang|first6 = Ji-Chao|last7 = Shi|first7 = Hai-Tao|last8 = Su|first8 = Wen-Ba|last9 = Zhang|first9 = Zheng-Wang|issue = 1|pmid = 18275243|s2cid = 9715464}}</ref> in tropical forest and declining population, it is now becoming severely [[endangered]] and should be regarded as the rarest species in the order [[Galliformes]] in [[China]]. Taking more [[conservation movement|conservation]] action immediately to protect this endangered [[endemism|island endemic]] is imperative.
==See also==
*[[List of endangered and protected species of China]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*Collar, N. (2009) Hainan Peacock-Pheasant: another CR species for the IUCN Red List? G@llinformed 2: 14–19.
*del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
*Madge, S. and McGowan, P. (2002) Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse. London: Christopher Helm.
== Literature cited ==
* {{cite journal|author=Burns, Chang|author2=J. Wang|author3= B. Zhang|author4=Y.Y. Liu|author5= Y. Liang|author6=W. Wang|author7= J.C. Shi|author8=H.T. Su|author9=W.B. Zhang, Z.W.|year=2008|title= Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock-Pheasant
|journal=Zoological Science|volume=25|pages=30–35|doi=10.2108/zsj.25.30|pmid=18275243|issue=1|s2cid=9715464}}
{{Phasianidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2193519}}
[[Category:Polyplectron|Hainan peacock-pheasant]]
[[Category:Birds of Hainan]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Hainan]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1906|Hainan peacock-pheasant]]
[[Category:Endangered Fauna of China]]