View source for Hairun

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Hairun of Ternate
| image        =
| succession   = [[Sultan of Ternate]]
| reign        = 1535–1570
| predecessor  = [[Tabariji of Ternate|Tabariji]]
| successor    = [[Babullah of Ternate|Babullah]]
| regnal name  = Sultan Hairun Jamilu
| house        =
| father       = [[Bayan Sirrullah]]
| mother       = [[Javanese people|Javanese]] lady
| birth_date   = c. 1522
| birth_place  =
| death_date   = 28 February 1570 (aged 48)
| death_place  = Fort [[Fort Kastela|São João Baptista]], [[Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago|Portuguese Ternate]]
| religion     = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Sultan Hairun Jamilu''' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|سلطان حيور جميلو}}; c. 1522 – 28 February 1570) was the 6th Muslim ruler of [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]] in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], reigning from 1535 to 1570. During his long reign, he had a shifting relation to the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] who had a stronghold in Ternate and tried to dominate the spice trade in the region. This ended with his assassination at the hands of a Portuguese soldier in 1570.
==Early life==
Portuguese seafarers from [[Melaka]] had appeared in the waters of eastern [[Indonesia]] since 1512. The trade in spices and forest products made it vital for the early colonizers to secure bases in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas) and control the enormously lucrative commerce. A fort was built on Ternate in 1522–1523 with the approval of the local Sultan, who hoped for military assistance to expand his own power. At the time [[Ternate]] was the most powerful of the four sultanates of [[North Maluku]], the other being [[Tidore Sultanate|Tidore]], [[Bacan Islands|Bacan]] and [[Jailolo]]. However, the Portuguese captains soon began to dominate the royal court while the garrison evoked general discontent though their behaviour. An incident in 1535, where Ternatans attacked a Christianized village in [[Halmahera]] in defiance of the Portuguese, led to the deposing of the young Sultan [[Tabariji of Ternate|Tabariji]]. The Europeans now picked up a twelve-years old half-brother of Tabariji called Hairun Jamilu, and raised him to the throne. The self-willed actions of the Portuguese captain increased the fear and resentment among the people.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), ''The world of Maluku''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 121.</ref>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Moluccans.jpg|thumb|300px|People from northern Maluku in c. 1540, from ''[[Códice Casanatense]]''.]]
Hairun was the son of a former Sultan, [[Bayan Sirrullah]] (d. 1521) by a [[Javanese people|Javanese]] lady.<ref>C.F. van Fraassen (1987), ''Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel''. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 16.</ref> He had a uterine sister who was married into the Tidore royal family and became the mother of a sultan.<ref>Francisco Colin & Pablo Pastells (1900) ''Labor evangelica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compañia de Iesvs, fvndacion, y progressos de su provincia en las islas Filipinas'', Vol. III. Barcelona: Henrich y Compañia, p. 54.[https://archive.org/details/laborevangelicam03coli/page/54/mode/2up]</ref> Hairun's mother was a practitioner of pre-Islamic rites and did not live at the royal court. When the Portuguese soldiers came to pick up Hairun for enthronement, she violently resisted them, realizing that her son would only become a Portuguese puppet. In the ensuing tumult she died by falling from a window. Nevertheless, Hairun was installed in the end and accepted European tutelage.<ref>Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) ''Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore''. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 54-6.</ref> However, another half-brother of Hairun, [[Dayal]], had been deposed some years previously and fled to the rival Sultanate [[Tidore]], based on an island in the vicinity. There he was supported by his maternal uncle, Sultan [[Mir of Tidore|Mir]], who refused to surrender Dayal. An anti-Portuguese alliance was forged between Tidore, Bacan, Jailolo and dissatisfied Ternatans. In retaliation, a Portuguese army invaded Tidore in 1536, and Dayal was mortally wounded during the fighting.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 124.</ref>
==Deposal and reinstatement==
[[File:Animals and boat hull Rebello 1561.jpg|thumb|left|Portuguese images of Maluku in Hairun's time: two [[cuscus]], a [[dugong]], and the hull of a ship. From a manuscript by Gabriel Rebello, 1561]]
Hairun himself was initially forced to live in the Portuguese fort, but was allowed to live among his own people after a few years. At the beginning of his reign he was seen as an unpromising figure, and the grandees of the kingdom rather wanted Tabariji to return as their Sultan.<ref>C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 40.</ref> He seemed to have an interest in Christianity, though he did not actually ask for baptism. Upon his release, however, he began to strengthen his own networks by visiting villages in the islands of Ternate, [[Makian]] and [[Moti Island|Moti]]. He also obtained the daughter of Sultan Mir of Tidore as consort. The Portuguese authorities found a more promising candidate to promote Christianization in his deposed predecessor Tabariji, who lived in exile in [[Goa (India)|Goa]] and actually converted to Christianity under the name Dom Manuel. It was decided to dethrone and exile Hairun and recall Tabariji in 1544. However, Tabariji died en route in Melaka, bequeathing his kingdom to the King of Portugal.<ref>Georg Schurhammer (1980) ''Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 3: Indonesia and India, 1545-1549''. Rome: The Jesuits Historical Institute, p. 190.[https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer3/page/n211/mode/2up]</ref> In the meanwhile, Tabariji's mother [[Nyaicili Boki Raja]] was made regent over the temporarily kingless Ternate.<ref>Georg Schurhammer (1980), p. 149.[https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer3/page/n169/mode/2up]</ref>
Hairun, who had already been shipped away to his exile, actually visited Goa where he was received with great honour. The Goan authorities reinstalled him as Ternatan ruler and he returned in 1546. There he had the opportunity to see the well-known [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] [[Francis Xavier]] who undertook extensive missionary work in Maluku and other parts of Asia. In fact Christianity made significant inroads in [[Halmahera]], [[Menado]], [[Siau Island]], etc.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 125-7.</ref> The relations between Xavier and Hairun, who spoke Portuguese and dressed in European fashion, were cordial and friendly. Xavier thought that the Sultan had little regard for the Prophet and hoped for his conversion.<ref>Georg Schurhammer (1980), p. 198.[https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer3/page/n219/mode/2up]</ref> This was however vain hope, and the attitude of Hairun turned increasingly Islamic and resentful of Christianity as time went by.
==Ternatan-Portuguese military advances==
[[File:Korakora Gabriel Rebello 1561.jpg|thumb|300px|A Malukan [[kora kora]] in Gabriel Rebello's manuscript from 1561.]]
In spite of Hairun's increasing disillusionment with the white foreigners, he cooperated with them against external enemies. One of the four Malukan kingdoms, Jailolo on Halmahera, was led by the strongly Muslim Katarabumi who attacked newly converted Christian villages with great furor. In 1550-1551 Portuguese-Ternatan forces besieged the almost impenetrable royal seat, well defended with artillery, and took it after thee months. Jailolo's power was broken, Katarabumi was deprived of his rank as Sultan, and his son Kaicili Gujarati became a Sangaji (sub-ruler) under Ternate. These events greatly strengthened Hairun's position in Maluku.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 130.</ref>
The main long-standing rival of Ternate was, however, Tidore. The two kingdoms coexisted in an ambivalent way, as Ternate rulers regularly married Sultans' daughters from Tidore in spite of numerous petty wars between the two. A rift appeared between Hairun and the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] in 1557 since the latter confiscated the clove harvest from Makian and imprisoned the Sultan for security reasons. The enraged Ternatan chiefs now allied with the Sultan of Tidore and attacked the positions of the Portuguese, who could barely hold their own. Eventually they found reason to release Hairun and arrived to an agreement. He and his son [[Babullah of Ternate|Baab]] signed a letter of vassalage which is the oldest preserved letter with seals in Indonesia.<ref>Annabel Teh Gallop (2019) ''Malay seals from the Islamic world of Southeast Asia''. Singapore: NUS Press, Nos 1836-1837.</ref> The Tidorese ruler Kaicili [[Gava of Tidore|Gava]], however, had used the crisis to take over certain territories in Maluku which had previously been Ternatan dependencies. In a twist of events, Portuguese and Ternatan forces encircled Tolo in Halmahera and defeated the Tidorese in 1560. Gava was forced to submit, but was soon murdered by the Ternate ruler on a state visit.<ref>P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'' 25-36, Part IV:1, p. 399-400; Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola (1708), ''The discovery and conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands''. London, p. 97-8.[https://archive.org/details/aad4285.0001.001.umich.edu/page/97/mode/2up]</ref>
==War over Ambon and assassination==
{{See also|Portuguese-Ternate wars}}
According to a later account, Hairun "was indeed a wise ruler, a brave warrior, extraordinarily correct in the exercise of law and justice, but most of all greatly devoted to his religion, and a strong defender of the Islamic faith."<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 131.</ref> His championship of Islam made him encourage attacks against Christian settlements that took a high toll in human lives. In the 1560s  he sent war fleets, with participation from his son [[Babullah of Ternate|Baab]], to help up the Muslim positions in [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] where Catholic missionaries had been successful. The Muslims of Hitu in northern Ambon were supported both by Hairun and Javanese troops from [[Japara]] and were successful for a while.<ref>Hubert Jacobs (1974) ''Documenta Malucensis''. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, Vol. I, p. 502.</ref> The Portuguese had to leave Ambon to its fate for several years, though they eventually came back to build a new stronghold in 1569. Since the Sultan dominated the waterways he could stop the vital deliveries of foodstuff from Moro in Halmahera to the Portuguese settlement in Ternate, to the great embarrassment of the garrison.<ref>P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part IV:5, p. 441-3.</ref>
Hairun's growing opposition to the Portuguese eventually cost him his life. His dwindling reputation among the Europeans can be seen in contemporary letters which denounced him as a debauched, tyrannical oath-breaker. A reconciliation between Hairun and the Portuguese captain Diogo Lopes de Mesquita was arranged in 1570, but it ended on a bad note.<ref>Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), 86.</ref> Some days later, on 28 February, the Sultan was urgently summoned by Mesquita to appear in the Portuguese castle to discuss an important issue. When Hairun arrived, he was only allowed inside without his bodyguards. When he was about to depart from the meeting, Mesquita's nephew Martim Afonso Pimentel approached him near the gate and stabbed him with his [[poignard]], exclaiming "Though the galleons have withdrawn to India, there are still Portuguese around here!". The Sultan fell down dying while professing his sincerity vis-à-vis the Portuguese.<ref>P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), Part IV:5, p. 442.</ref>
The assassination quickly proved to be a huge blunder for the Portuguese. A general uproar followed, led by his capable son Babullah (Kaicili Baab) who was now hailed as the new Sultan. The Portuguese fort was besieged and the garrison forced to capitulate in 1575, inaugurating the golden age of Ternate's power.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 132-3.</ref>
==Family==
Hairun had numerous wives and co-wives, such as:
* A daughter of Sultan [[Mir of Tidore]]
* A woman from Bacan, in later chronicles called Boki Tanjung
* A woman from Gamkonara
* Woman from the ''soa'' Marsoali
His known children were:
* [[Babullah of Ternate]], who succeeded his father
* Kaicili Tolu
* Kaicili Sugi
* Kaicili Kipati
* Kaicili Sadekin
* Kaicili Mandar Syah
* A daughter, married Dom João, Christian ruler of Bacan
* A daughter, married Kaicili [[Gava of Tidore|Gava]], Sultan of Tidore
==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Maluku]]
* [[Sultanate of Ternate]]
* [[Sultanate of Tidore]]
* [[Sultanate of Bacan]]
* [[Sultanate of Jailolo]]
* [[Governor of Maluku]]
* [[Spice trade]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Tabariji of Ternate|Tabariji]]
| title = [[Sultan of Ternate]]
| years = 1535-1570
| after = [[Babullah of Ternate|Babullah]]
}}
{{S-end}}
[[Category:1520s births]]
[[Category:1570 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of Ternate]]
[[Category:Indonesian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Maluku Islands]]
[[Category:16th-century Indonesian people]]