View source for Hami

{{Short description|City in Xinjiang, China}}
{{About|the city}}
{{redirect|Kumul}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name                            = Hami
| official_name                   = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
| native_name                     = {{native name|zh|哈密市}}<br />{{native name|ug|قۇمۇل شەھىرى}}
| other_name                      = Kumul
| settlement_type                 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| pushpin_map                     = China Xinjiang#China
| pushpin_label_position          = left
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location of the city center in Xinjiang
| pushpin_mapsize                 =
| pushpin_relief                  = yes
| coor_pinpoint                   = Hami municipal government
| coordinates                     = {{coord|42.8193|N|93.5151|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-65_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| image_skyline                   = Mosque in Hami - panoramio.jpg
| imagesize                       =
| image_alt                       =
| image_caption                   =
| flag_alt                        =
| image_seal                      =
| seal_size                       =
| seal_alt                        =
| image_shield                    =
| shield_size                     =
| shield_alt                      =
| image_blank_emblem              =
| blank_emblem_type               =
| blank_emblem_size               =
| blank_emblem_alt                =
| nickname                        =
| motto                           =
| image_map                       = China Xinjiang Hami.svg
| mapsize                         =
| map_alt                         =
| map_caption                     = Hami Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
| image_map1                      =
| mapsize1                        =
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| image_dot_map                   =
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| dot_x                           =
| dot_y                           =
| coordinates_footnotes           =
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
| subdivision_type1               = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Xinjiang]]
| subdivision_type2               =
| subdivision_name2               =
| established_title               =
| established_date                =
| founder                         =
| named_for                       =
| seat_type                       = Municipal seat
| seat                            = [[Yizhou District, Hami|Yizhou District]]
| government_footnotes            =
| government_type                 =
| leader_party                    =
| leader_title                    =
| leader_name                     =
| leader_title1                   =
| leader_name1                    =
| total_type                      =
| unit_pref                       =
| area_magnitude                  =
| area_footnotes                  =
| area_total_km2                  = 137222
| area_land_km2                   =
| area_water_km2                  =
| area_water_percent              =
| elevation_footnotes             =
| elevation_m                     = 759
| population_footnotes            =
| population_total                = 673383
| population_as_of                = 2020
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_est                  =
| pop_est_as_of                   =
| population_note                 =
| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=新疆维吾尔自治区统计局、国家统计局新疆调查总队 |title=《新疆统计年鉴－2020》|year=2021 |publisher=中国统计出版社 |isbn=978-7-5037-9457-5}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 60.5 billion<br />[[US$]] 8.8 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 98,148<br />US$ 14,227
| timezone1                       = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset1                     = +8
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code                     = 839000
| area_code_type                  =
| area_code                       =
| iso_code                        = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-XJ-05]]
| website                         =
| footnotes                       =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| c        = {{linktext|lang=zh|哈密}}
| s        =
| t        =
| p        = Hāmì
| w        = Ha1-mi4
| l        =
| xej      = خَامِ
| mong = ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
| monr = Qamil qota
| mon = Хамил хот
| uig      = قۇمۇل
| uly      = Qumul
| uyy      = K̡umul
| sgs      = K̂umul
| usy      = Қумул
| showflag =
| order    = st
}}
'''Hami''' ({{lang-zh|c=哈密}}) or '''Kumul''' ({{langx|ug|قۇمۇل}}) is a [[prefecture-level city]] in eastern [[Xinjiang]], China. It is well known for sweet [[Hami melon]]s. In early 2016, the former Hami [[county-level city]] merged with Hami Prefecture to form the Hami prefecture-level city with the county-level city becoming [[Yizhou District, Hami|Yizhou District]].<ref name="Bretschneider1876">{{cite book|author=E. Bretschneider|title=Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA110|year=1876|publisher=Trübner & Company|pages=110–}}</ref><ref name="The Branch">{{cite book|title=Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA184|year=1876|publisher=The Branch|pages=184–}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2023}} Since the [[Han dynasty]], Hami has been known for its production of agricultural products and raw resources.
==History==
===Origins and names===
[[File:CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-2507.jpg|thumb|"Camul" (Kumul) shown in the middle or Asia, halfway between "[[Samarkand|Samarchand]]" and "[[Cathay|Cataio]]", on a 1570 map by [[Abraham Ortelius]]]]
'''Cumuḍa''' (sometimes ''Cimuda'' or ''Cunuda'') is the oldest known [[exonym and endonym|endonym]] of Hami, when it was founded by a people known in Han Chinese sources as the ''[[Yuezhi|Xiao Yuezhi]]'' ("Lesser Yuezhi"),<ref>H. W. Bailey, ''Indo-Scythian Studies: Being Khotanese Texts'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 6–7, 16, 101, 133.</ref> during the 1st millennium BCE.
The oldest attested Chinese name is "{{lang|zh|昆莫}}" ({{zh|labels=no|p=Kūnmò}}). By the time of the [[Han dynasty]], it was referred to in Chinese as "{{lang|zh|伊吾}}" ({{zh|labels=no|p=Yīwú}}) or "{{lang|zh-Hans|伊吾卢}}" ({{zh|labels=no|p=Yīwúlú}}). Under the [[Tang dynasty]], it was also known as {{transl|zh|Yīzhōu}}, {{lang|zh|伊州}}.<ref name="Bretschneider1876"/><ref name="The Branch"/> The name I-gou, I-gu,<ref>{{citation |author=Huili |author-link=Huili (monk) |author2=Yancong |display-authors=0 |editor-last=Beal |editor-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Beal |title=Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li... |date=1914 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofhiuentsian030569mbp/page/n69/mode/2up 16] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofhiuentsian030569mbp/page/n7/mode/2up |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co. }}.</ref> Igu,<ref>{{citation |last= |first= |contribution=[[:s:Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Hami|Hami]] |title=[[:s:EB9|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |edition=9th |date=1880 |location= |publisher= }}.</ref> &c. sometimes encountered in European discussion of Hami was a mistaken form of Yiwu introduced by [[Stanislas Julien]] in his translation of [[Huili (monk)|Huili]]'s biography of [[Xuanzang]].<ref>{{citation |last=Stein |first=Marc Aurel |title=Serindia... |volume=III |page=[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-3/page-hr/0025.html.en 1097] |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-1/page/0007.html.en |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1921 |location=Oxford }}.</ref>
By the 10th century CE, the city and its residents were known to the Han as "{{lang|zh-Hant|仲雲}}" ({{zh|p=Zhòngyún|w=Chung-yün}}). A monk named Gao Juhui, who had traveled to the Tarim Basin, wrote that the ''Zhongyun'' were descendants of the ''Xiao Yuezhi'' and that the king of Zhongyun resided near [[Lop Nur]].<ref>Ouyang Xiu & Xin Wudai Shi, 1974,''New Annals of the Five Dynasties'', Beijing, Zhonghua Publishing House, p. 918 – cited by: [http://www.eurasianhistory.com/data/articles/l01/2024.html Eurasian History, 2008–09, ''The Yuezhi and Dunhuang'' （月氏与敦煌）] (18 March 2017).</ref>
Following the subsequent settlement of [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]-speaking people in the area, Cumuḍa became known as ''Čungul'', ''Xungul'', ''Qumul'', ''Qomul'' and ''Kumul'' (Yengi Yezik̡: ''K̡umul'', ''K̡omul'').
The toponym {{transl|zh|Yīwúlú}} also appears as "{{lang|zh-Hant|伊吾廬}}" in the [[History of the Yuan dynasty]],<ref>Song Lian et al., Yuanshi (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1976), p. 3043.</ref> the biographies of which include references to the place using both names: [[Baurchuk Art Tekin]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=巴而朮阿而忒的斤}}) bases his troops at ''Hāmìlì'' in ''juan'' 122, while one Tabun ({{lang|zh|塔本}}) is recorded as being a man of ''Yīwúlú'' in ''juan'' 124.<ref>Song Lian et al., Yuanshi (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1976), pp. 3001, 3043.</ref>
During the [[Yuan dynasty]] the Mongolian name for the place, ''Qamil'', transcribed into Chinese as "{{lang|zh|哈密力}}" ({{zh|labels=no|p=Hāmìlì}}), was widely used.<ref>Song Lian et al., Yuanshi (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1976), p. 3001.</ref>
[[Marco Polo]] reported visiting "Camul" in the early 14th century and that was the name under which it first appeared on European maps, during the 16th century.
From the [[Ming dynasty]] onwards, Qumul was known in Han sources as "{{lang|zh|哈密}}" ({{zh|labels=no|p=Hāmì}}).
When [[Matteo Ricci]] visited the city in 1605, in his account of the Portuguese Jesuit [[Bento de Góis|Benedict Goës]], he used the same spelling as well.<ref>[[Nicolas Trigault|Trigault, Nicolas]] S. J. "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583–1610". English  translation by [[Louis J. Gallagher]], S.J. (New York: Random House, Inc. 1953). This is an English translation of the Latin work, ''[[De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas]]'' based on [[Matteo Ricci]]'s journals completed by [[Nicolas Trigault]]. Page 513. There is also [https://books.google.com/books?id=iLsWAAAAQAAJ  full Latin text] available on [[Google Books]].</ref>
[[Lionel Giles]] has recorded the following names (with his [[Wade–Giles]] forms of the Chinese names converted to [[Pinyin]]):
* Kunwu (Zhou)
* Yiwu or Yiwulu (Han)
* Yiwu [[Jun (administrative division)|Jun]] (Sui)
* Yizhou or Yi [[Zhou (administrative division)|Zhou]] (Tang)
* Kumul, Kamul, Camul (Turkic)
* Khamil (Mongol)
* Hami (modern Chinese name)
The modern Chinese name Hami was originally applied to the wider province, which had its historic capital at [[Qocho]] 325&nbsp;km to the west of the city of Hami.
=== History since the Later Han dynasty (10th century CE) ===
During the [[Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Later Han dynasty]], Hami repeatedly changed hands between the Chinese and [[Xiongnu]] who both wanted to control this fertile and strategic oasis. Several times the Han set up military agricultural colonies to feed their troops and supply trade caravans. It was especially noted for its melons, raisins and wine.<ref>Hill (2009), pp. 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 49, 51, 53, and note 1.6 on pp. 67-69, note 1.26, pp. 111–114.</ref>
:"The region of Yiwu [Hami] is favourable for the [[Five Grains|five types of grain]] [rice, two kinds of millet, wheat and beans], mulberry trees, hemp, and grapes. Further north is Liuzhong [Lukchun]. All these places are fertile. This is why the Han have constantly struggled with the Xiongnu over Jushi [Turfan/Jimasa] and Yiwu [Hamich], for the control of the Western Regions."<ref>Hill (2009), p. 15.</ref>
The decline of the Xiongnu and the Han dynasty led to relative stability and peace for Hami and the surrounding area. However, in 456, the [[Northern Wei]] dynasty occupied the Hami region. Based here, they launched raids against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. After the decline of the Northern Wei dynasty around the 6th century,  the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] assumed control of the region. Hami was then tossed around between the western and eastern branches of the khaganate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=Chicago|pages=321|editor-last2=Salkin|editor-first2=Robert}}</ref>
[[Xuanzang]] visited the oasis town, famous for its [[melon]]s, the first of a string of oases supplied by the [[Tian Shan Mountains]]. This water had been preserved in underground wells and channels since time immemorial. The town had long been inhabited by a Chinese military colony. During the early [[Tang dynasty]] and reaching into the [[Sui dynasty]], the Chinese colony had accepted [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] rule. Xuanzang stayed at a monastery inhabited at the time by three Chinese monks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wriggins |first1=Sally Hovey |title=The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang |url=https://archive.org/details/silkroadjourneyw00wrig |url-access=limited |date=2004 |publisher=Westview Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/silkroadjourneyw00wrig/page/n34 20]–21|isbn=9780813365992 }}</ref>
The [[Tang dynasty]] asserted control over the region and occupied Hami in the 7th century. The Tibetan Empire and the Tang vied for control of the region until the Chinese were repelled in 851. After the collapse of the [[Uyghur Khaganate]], a group of Uyghurs migrated to the Hami region and ushered in an era of linguistic and cultural change of the local population.<ref name=":0" /> The Mongols conquered this region during the [[Yuan dynasty]]. Later Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, founded his own small state called [[Qara Del]] in Kumul or Hami, which accepted Ming supremacy in the early 15th century, but was conquered by another branch of Mongols later on.
[[File:Txu-oclc-6654394-nk-46-3rd-ed.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Hami (labeled as HA-MI) and surrounding region from the [[International Map of the World]] (1975)]]
[[File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Uyghur people from Hami in Anxi subprefecture.jpg|thumb|[[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] people from Hami, in Anxi subprefecture. [[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]], 1769]]
The [[Ming dynasty]] established this region as Kumul Hami in 1404 after the Mongol kingdom [[Qara Del]] accepted its supremacy. But it was later controlled by [[Oirats|Oirat]] Mongols. Hami officially accepted and converted to Islam in 1513.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afGM7_3yIHIC&pg=PA9|title=The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History of Muslims in China|last=Betta|first=Chiara|publisher=University of Indianapolis Press|year=2004|isbn=0-880938-53-6|location=Indianapolis|pages=9}}</ref> Since the 18th century, Kumul became the center of the [[Kumul Khanate]], a semi-autonomous vassal state within the [[Qing Empire]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] as part of Xinjiang. The last ruler of the khanate was [[Maqsud Shah]].
A traveler in 1888 gave the following description of the city:
:""The kingdom of Ha-mi contains a great number of villages and hamlets; but it has, properly, only one city, which is its capital, and has the same name. It is surrounded by lofty wall, which are half a league in circumference, and has two gates, one of which fronts the east, and the other the west. These gates are exceedingly beautiful, and make a fine appearance at a distance. The streets are straight, and well laid out; but the houses (which contain only a ground-floor, and which are almost all constructed of earth) make very little shew: however, as this city enjoys a serene sky, and is situated in a beautiful plain, watered by a river, and surrounded by mountains which shelter it from the north winds, it is a most agreeable and delightful residence. On whatever side one approaches it, gardens may be seen, which contain everything that a fertile and cultivated soil can produce in the mildest climates. All the surrounding fields are enchanting; but they do not extend far; for on several sides they terminate in dry plains, where a number of beautiful horses are fed, and a species of excellent [[Fat-tailed sheep|sheep]], which have large flat tails which sometimes weigh three hundred pounds. The country of ''Ha-mi'' appears to be very abundant in fossils and valuable minerals: the Chinese have, for a long time, procured diamonds and a great deal of gold from it; at present, it supplies them with a kind of agate, on which they set a great value."<ref>Grosier (1888), pp. 336-337.</ref>
==Geography and climate==
Hami is located at the border with [[Gansu]] province. It is characterized by strong elevation gradients between the low elevations of the Hami basin and peaks up to ''circa'' {{convert|4900|m|ft|-3|disp=or}} above sea level in the [[Qarlik Tagh|Qarlik]] and [[Barkol Shan|Barkol]] mountain ranges.
Hami (Kumul) is in a fault depression at {{convert|759|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and has a [[temperate]] zone, [[continentality|continental]] [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWk'') (see [[Hami Desert]]), with extreme differences between summer and winter, and dry, sunny weather year-round. On average, there is only {{convert|43.6|mm|2|abbr=on}} of precipitation annually, occurring on 25 days of the year. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 68% in December to 79% in September and October, the city receives 3,285 hours of bright sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest nationally. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|-9.8|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|26.8|°C|1}} in July, while the annual mean is {{convert|10.25|°C|1}}. The [[diurnal temperature variation]] is typically large, at about an average {{convert|15|C-change}} for the year.
{{Weather box
|location = Hami (Kumul), elevation {{convert|737|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
|Jan record high C = 8.2
|Feb record high C = 16.8
|Mar record high C = 26.6
|Apr record high C = 34.9
|May record high C = 38.8
|Jun record high C = 42.7
|Jul record high C = 43.2
|Aug record high C = 42.3
|Sep record high C = 37.5
|Oct record high C = 31.6
|Nov record high C = 20.9
|Dec record high C = 10.0
|Jan record low C = -27.7
|Feb record low C = -21.7
|Mar record low C = -15.2
|Apr record low C = -6.0
|May record low C = -0.5
|Jun record low C = 7.0
|Jul record low C = 9.4
|Aug record low C = 5.4
|Sep record low C = -0.2
|Oct record low C = -9.4
|Nov record low C = -21.6
|Dec record low C = -28.9
|Jan high C = 	-3.0
|Feb high C = 	4.8
|Mar high C = 	14.0
|Apr high C = 	22.9
|May high C = 	28.6
|Jun high C = 	33.3
|Jul high C = 	35.1
|Aug high C = 	34.0
|Sep high C = 	28.3
|Oct high C = 	19.5
|Nov high C = 	8.3
|Dec high C = 	-1.2
|Jan mean C = 	-10.4
|Feb mean C = 	-3.2
|Mar mean C = 	5.9
|Apr mean C = 	14.9
|May mean C = 	20.7
|Jun mean C = 	25.6
|Jul mean C = 	27.2
|Aug mean C = 	25.1
|Sep mean C = 	18.2
|Oct mean C = 	9.4
|Nov mean C = 	0.4
|Dec mean C = 	-8.2
|Jan low C = 	-16.1
|Feb low C = 	-9.7
|Mar low C = 	-1.4
|Apr low C = 	7.0
|May low C = 	12.2
|Jun low C = 	17.3
|Jul low C = 	19.3
|Aug low C = 	17.2
|Sep low C = 	10.5
|Oct low C = 	2.6
|Nov low C = 	-4.9
|Dec low C = 	-13.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	1.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 	1.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 	1.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 	3.5
|May precipitation mm = 	3.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 	8.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 	8.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 	5.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 	2.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 	3.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 	3.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 	2.3
|Jan humidity = 	63
|Feb humidity = 	47
|Mar humidity = 	31
|Apr humidity = 	27
|May humidity = 	32
|Jun humidity = 	37
|Jul humidity = 	42
|Aug humidity = 	43
|Sep humidity = 	46
|Oct humidity = 	49
|Nov humidity = 	54
|Dec humidity = 	62
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	2.3
|Feb precipitation days = 	1.0
|Mar precipitation days = 	1.0
|Apr precipitation days = 	1.4
|May precipitation days = 	2.2
|Jun precipitation days = 	3.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	5.0
|Aug precipitation days = 	3.1
|Sep precipitation days = 	1.7
|Oct precipitation days = 	1.5
|Nov precipitation days = 	1.3
|Dec precipitation days = 	1.7
|year precipitation days =
|Jan sun = 	207.5
|Feb sun = 	223.9
|Mar sun = 	285.2
|Apr sun = 	304.1
|May sun = 	349.9
|Jun sun = 	339.4
|Jul sun = 	340.1
|Aug sun = 	326.5
|Sep sun = 	301.4
|Oct sun = 	266.4
|Nov sun = 	211.0
|Dec sun = 	192.3
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 	70
| Feb percentsun = 	74
| Mar percentsun = 	76
| Apr percentsun = 	75
| May percentsun = 	77
| Jun percentsun = 	74
| Jul percentsun = 	74
| Aug percentsun = 	77
| Sep percentsun = 	82
| Oct percentsun = 	80
| Nov percentsun = 	74
| Dec percentsun = 	69
| year percentsun =
|Jan snow days = 	4.3
|Feb snow days = 	1.4
|Mar snow days = 	0.9
|Apr snow days = 	0.3
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0.2
|Nov snow days = 	1.6
|Dec snow days = 	3.0
|year snow days =
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =10 October 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref><ref name="CMA old">{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21}}</ref>
}}
== Administrative divisions ==
{| class="wikitable"  style="font-size:90%;" align=center
!colspan="10"| map
|-
|colspan="10" align="center" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Hami.png|width=500|link=}}
{{Image label|x=930|y=1470|scale=500/2000|text=[[Yizhou District, Hami|'''Yizhou''']]}}
{{Image label|x=530|y=450|scale=500/2000|text=[[Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County|'''Barkol<br/>County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1360|y=790|scale=500/2000|text=[[Yiwu County|'''Yiwu<br/>County''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! #
! Name
! [[Chinese characters|Hanzi]]
! [[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]
! [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] ([[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|UEY]])
! Uyghur Latin ([[Uyghur Latin alphabet|ULY]])
! Population {{small|(2020 census)}}
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
|----------
|1
|[[Yizhou District, Hami|Yizhou District]]
|{{lang|zh|伊州区}}
|Yīzhōu Qū
|{{script/Arabic|ئىۋىرغول رايونى}}
|Iwirghol Rayoni
|569,388
|80,791
|7.05
|----------
|2
|[[Yiwu County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|伊吾县}}
|Yīwú Xiàn
|{{script/Arabic|ئارا تۈرۈك ناھىيىسى}}
|Ara Türük Nahiyisi
|38,464
|19,530
|1.97
|----------
|3
|[[Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County|Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|巴里坤哈萨克自治县}}
|Bālǐkūn Hāsàkè Zìzhìxiàn
|{{script/Arabic|باركۆل قازاق ئاپتونوم ناھىيىسى}}
|Barköl Qazaq Aptonom Nahiyisi
|65,531
|36,901
|1.78
|}
==Demographics==
{{As of|2017}}, Hami had a population of about 580,000 of which 68.4% were [[Han people|Han Chinese]] and 31.6% ethnic minorities, mostly [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], [[Kazakh people|Kazakhs]], and [[Hui people|Hui]].
As of 2015, 427,657 (76.6%) of the 616,711 residents of the county were [[Han Chinese]], 109,072 (17.6%) were [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]], 55,550 (9.0%) were [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] and 17,588 (2.8%) were [[Hui people|Hui]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html |script-title= zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 |language=zh-hans|publisher={{lang|ug|شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى}} {{lang|zh-hans|新疆维吾尔自治区统计局}} Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region |date=15 March 2017|access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101904/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html |archive-date= 11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{bar box
|title= The proportion of nationalities in Hami (Kumul) City
|left1=Nationality
|right1=Percentage
|float=
|caption=Source of the population statistics :<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=|script-title=zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数|trans-title=3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)|url=http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062133/http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|archive-date=2020-11-01|access-date=2021-06-11|website=tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn|publisher=Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region|language=zh}}</ref>
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Han Chinese|Han]]|red|65.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]]|blue|20.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Kazakhs]]|green|10.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Hui people|Hui]]|gold|3.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Mongol people|Mongols]]|yellow|0.5}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.8}}}}
==Economy==
The Hami area is known for its large amount of high quality raw resources with 76 kinds of metals already detected. The major mineral resources of this area include [[coal]], [[iron]], copper, nickel, [[gold]].
A newly discovered [[nickel]] deposit in Hami is estimated to contain reserves of over 15.8 million tons of the metal, it therefore ranks as China's second largest nickel mine. Around 900,000 tons of nickel has already been detected. Some local [[copper]] and nickel mining enterprises are reported to have begun operation, with Xinjiang Nonferrous Metals Group mining company running its nickel smelter crude production furnace at Hami Industrial Park.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
China is building a field of ICBM silos near Hami, about 380&nbsp;km (240 miles) northwest of another field near [[Yumen City|Yumen]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Korda |first1=Matt |last2=Kristensen |first2=Hans |title=China Is Building A Second Nuclear Missile Silo Field |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2021/07/china-is-building-a-second-nuclear-missile-silo-field/ |website=The Federation of American Scientists |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>
==Transport==
[[File:Hami train station.jpg|thumb|[[Hami Railway Station]]]]
[[File:Hami airport.jpg|thumb|Hami Airport]]
Hami is connected to Xinjiang and the rest of China by both high-speed and conventional rail links. The [[Lanzhou–Xinjiang High-Speed Railway]], a passenger dedicated high speed rail line running {{convert|1776|km|sp=us}} from [[Lanzhou]] in [[Gansu|Gansu Province]] to [[Ürümqi]] passes through the city. Hami is a stopping point for the [[Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway]] and [[Ejin–Hami Railway]], two lines that are part of trans-national transport corridors. The Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway carries passengers and freight, connecting the rest of China to Central Asia and beyond as part of the [[New Eurasian Land Bridge]] through a border cross in [[Kazakhstan]], and the Ejin–Hami Railway moves passengers and freight as part of a planned corridor beginning in the Bohai Gulf in North China to [[Torugart Pass]] on the border with [[Kyrgyzstan]]. A short rail line of {{convert|374.83|km|0|abbr=on}} transports [[potash|potassium salts]] mined near Lop Nur to Hami.
By road Hami is located along [[China National Highway 312]], an east–west route of {{convert|4,967|km|abbr=on}} from [[Shanghai]] to [[Khorgas]], [[Xinjiang]] in the [[Ili River]] valley, on the border with [[Kazakhstan]].
[[Hami Yizhou Airport]] is a one-gate airport located {{convert|12.5|km|abbr=on}} northeast of the city center.
==See also==
* [[Khoja Niyaz]]
{{Portal|China}}
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
*Giles, Lionel (1930–1932). "A Chinese Geographical Text of the Ninth Century." ''BSOS'' VI, pp.&nbsp;825–846.
*Grosier, Abbe (1888). ''A General Description of China''. Translated from the French. G.G.J. and J. Robinson, London.
*Hill, John E. (2009) ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE''. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4392-2134-1}}.
==External links==
{{Commons|Hami}}
{{Wiktionary|Hami|Ha-mi}}
*[http://hm.xjxw.com hmnet.gov.cn] Chinese government site on K̡umul (in Chinese)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050515030316/http://www.hami.gov.cn/ hami.gov.cn] Chinese government site on K̡umul (in Chinese)
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hami |volume=12 |page=877 |short=1}}
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[[Category:Hami| ]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Populated places in Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Oases of China]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Xinjiang]]