View source for Haplogroup G-M201

{{Short description|Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia}}
{{about|the human Y-DNA haplogroup|the human mtDNA haplogroup|Haplogroup G (mtDNA)}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
| name           = G
| map            = Haplogrupo G (ADN-Y).PNG
| origin-date    = 48,500 years before present<ref name="G YTree">{{cite web | url=https://yfull.com/tree/G/ | title=G YTree}}</ref>
| TMRCA = 25,200 years before present<ref name="G YTree" />
| origin-place   = [[West Asia]]
| ancestor       = [[Haplogroup GHIJK]]
| brother groups = [[Haplogroup HIJK]] (which is also the parent of H and IJK)
| descendants    = primary: [[Haplogroup G-M285|G1]], [[Haplogroup G-P287|G2]]
| mutations      = M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33
| primary members (>25%) =[[Ossetians]], [[Georgians]], [[Kabardinians]], [[Balkars|Balkarians]],
| secondary members (>5%) =[[Sardinia]]ns, [[Ibiza]]ns, [[Crete|Cretans]], [[Cypriots]], [[Sicilians]], [[Austrians]], [[Swiss]], [[Bohemians]], [[Hungarians]], [[Armenians]], [[Persians]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], southern [[Ukrainians]], southern [[Germans]], northern [[Italians]], inhabitants of some regions of [[Spain]] and [[France]], [[Sephardic Jews]], [[Mountain Jews]], [[Ashkenazi Jews]]}}
'''Haplogroup G''' ('''M201''') is a human [[Y-chromosome]] [[haplogroup]]. It is one of two branches of the parent [[haplogroup GHIJK]], the other being [[Haplogroup HIJK|HIJK]].
G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the [[Caucasus]], but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout [[Europe]], [[West Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Central Asia]], and [[North Africa]].
The most commonly occurring [[subclade]]s are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), [[Haplogroup G-FGC7535|G2a1]] (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), [[Haplogroup G-P303|G2a2b2a]] (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); [[Haplogroup G-M406|G2a2b1]] (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; [[Haplogroup G-M377|G2b1]] (G-M377), formerly G2b.
==Origins==
Previously the [[National Geographic Society]] placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the [[Neolithic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/lan/en/atlas.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205224742/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/lan/en/atlas.html|url-status=dead|title=Atlas of the Human Journey: Haplogroup G (M201)|archive-date=5 February 2011|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Semino et al. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA | title = The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective | journal = Science | volume = 290 | issue = 5494 | pages = 1155–9 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11073453 | doi = 10.1126/science.290.5494.1155 | bibcode = 2000Sci...290.1155S }}</ref> Cinnioglu et al. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago.<ref name="Cinnioglu2004" />
Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in [[Western Asia]].<ref name="isogg2017g" /> A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area of the Middle East close to the Himalayan foothills.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahal |first1=David G. |last2=Matsoukas |first2=Ianis G. |title=The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=23 January 2018 |volume=9 |pages=4 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2018.00004 |pmid=29410676 |pmc=5787057 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Nevertheless, in line with the highest diversity of basal  branches, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern [[Anatolia]], [[Armenia]] or western [[Iran]]."<ref name="pmid22588667">{{cite journal |last1=Rootsi |first1=Siiri |last2=Myres |first2=Natalie M |last3=Lin |first3=Alice A |last4=Järve |first4=Mari |last5=King |first5=Roy J |last6=Kutuev |first6=Ildus |last7=Cabrera |first7=Vicente M |last8=Khusnutdinova |first8=Elza K |last9=Varendi |first9=Kärt |last10=Sahakyan |first10=Hovhannes |last11=Behar |first11=Doron M |last12=Khusainova |first12=Rita |last13=Balanovsky |first13=Oleg |last14=Balanovska |first14=Elena |last15=Rudan |first15=Pavao |date=16 May 2012 |title=Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1275–1282 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.86 |pmc=3499744 |pmid=22588667 |last16=Yepiskoposyan |first16=Levon |last17=Bahmanimehr |first17=Ardeshir |last18=Farjadian |first18=Shirin |last19=Kushniarevich |first19=Alena |last20=Herrera |first20=Rene J |last21=Grugni |first21=Viola |last22=Battaglia |first22=Vincenza |last23=Nici |first23=Carmela |last24=Crobu |first24=Francesca |last25=Karachanak |first25=Sena |last26=Kashani |first26=Baharak Hooshiar |last27=Houshmand |first27=Massoud |last28=Sanati |first28=Mohammad H |last29=Toncheva |first29=Draga |last30=Lisa |first30=Antonella |last31=Semino |first31=Ornella |last32=Chiaroni |first32=Jacques |last33=Cristofaro |first33=Julie Di |last34=Villems |first34=Richard |last35=Kivisild |first35=Toomas |last36=Underhill |first36=Peter A}}</ref>
==Structure==
'''G* (M201)'''
*'''''G1'''''   (M285, M342)
**''G1a''  (P20.1, P20.2, P20.3)
***G1a1 (L201, L202, L203)
**''G1b'' (L830, L831, L832, L834, L835)
*'''''G2'''''  (P287)
**''G2a''   (P15, U5, L31/S149, L149)
***G2a1   (L293'''^''')
****G2a1a   (P16.1, P16.2)
*****G2a1a1   (P18.1, P18.2, P18.3)
***G2a2   (L223'''^''')
****G2a2a   (M286)
****G2a2b   (L91)
*****G2a2b1   (L166, L167)
***G2a3   (L30/S126, L32/S148, L190/M485)
****G2a3a   (M406)
*****G2a3a1   (L14/Page57/S130/U16, L90/S133)
*****G2a3a2   (L645)
****G2a3b   (L141.1)
*****G2a3b1  (P303/S135)
******G2a3b1a    (L140)
*******G2a3b1a1    (U1)
********G2a3b1a1a   (L13/S131/U13, L78/M527)
*********G2a3b1a1a1   (L1263'''^''')
********G2a3b1a1b   (L1266'''^''')
*********G2a3b1a1b1   (L1264'''^''', L1265'''^''', L1268'''^''')
*******G2a3b1a2  (L497, L353.1'''^''',L353.2'''^''')
********G2a3b1a2a   (Z725'''^''')
*********G2a3b1a2a1   (L43/S147)
**********G2a3b1a2a1a  (L42/S146)
*******G2a3b1a3 (Z1903'''^''')
********G2a3b1a3a  (Z724'''^''')
*********G2a3b1a3a1   (L640)
*******G2a3b1a4    (L660, L662)
******G2a3b1b    (L694)
*****G2a3b2   (L177.1, L177.2, L177.3)
**''G2b''   (M377, L72, L183)
***G2b1  (M283)
<small>(Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by [http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpG.html ISOGG]  In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming.)</small>
==Geographic distribution==
===Prehistoric and ancient presence===
{{See also|Anatolian Neolithic Farmers}}
[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1zs0UFYFHAwLTZu4mjm-nsylHxdkUzIWAT1VX4aWxMtk/edit#gid=700732718 Ancient G-M201s with sequencing]{{self-published inline|date=October 2020}}
Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. These Neolithic Europeans were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feldman |first1=Michal |last2=Fernández-Domínguez |first2=Eva |last3=Reynolds |first3=Luke |last4=Baird |first4=Douglas |last5=Pearson |first5=Jessica |last6=Hershkovitz |first6=Israel |last7=May |first7=Hila |last8=Goring-Morris |first8=Nigel |last9=Benz |first9=Marion |last10=Gresky |first10=Julia |last11=Bianco |first11=Raffaela A. |last12=Fairbairn |first12=Andrew |last13=Mustafaoğlu |first13=Gökhan |last14=Stockhammer |first14=Philipp W. |last15=Posth |first15=Cosimo |last16=Haak |first16=Wolfgang |last17=Jeong |first17=Choongwon |last18=Krause |first18=Johannes |title=Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 March 2019 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1218 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7 |pmid=30890703 |pmc=6425003 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1218F |s2cid=83464300 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hofmanová |first1=Zuzana |last2=Kreutzer |first2=Susanne |last3=Hellenthal |first3=Garrett |last4=Sell |first4=Christian |last5=Diekmann |first5=Yoan |last6=Díez-del-Molino |first6=David |last7=Dorp |first7=Lucy van |last8=López |first8=Saioa |last9=Kousathanas |first9=Athanasios |last10=Link |first10=Vivian |last11=Kirsanow |first11=Karola |last12=Cassidy |first12=Lara M. |last13=Martiniano |first13=Rui |last14=Strobel |first14=Melanie |last15=Scheu |first15=Amelie |last16=Kotsakis |first16=Kostas |last17=Halstead |first17=Paul |last18=Triantaphyllou |first18=Sevi |last19=Kyparissi-Apostolika |first19=Nina |last20=Urem-Kotsou |first20=Dushanka-Christina |last21=Ziota |first21=Christina |last22=Adaktylou |first22=Fotini |last23=Gopalan |first23=Shyamalika |last24=Bobo |first24=Dean M. |last25=Winkelbach |first25=Laura |last26=Blöcher |first26=Jens |last27=Unterländer |first27=Martina |last28=Leuenberger |first28=Christoph |last29=Çilingiroğlu |first29=Çiler |last30=Horejs |first30=Barbara |last31=Gerritsen |first31=Fokke |last32=Shennan |first32=Stephen |last33=Bradley |first33=Daniel G. |last34=Currat |first34=Mathias |last35=Veeramah |first35=Krishna R. |last36=Wegmann |first36=Daniel |last37=Thomas |first37=Mark G. |last38=Papageorgopoulou |first38=Christina |last39=Burger |first39=Joachim |title=Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans |journal=bioRxiv |date=25 November 2015 |pages=032763 |doi=10.1101/032763 |s2cid=196682085 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/11/25/032763.full.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the [[European Neolithic]] period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. The oldest skeletons confirmed by [[ancient DNA]] testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the [[Avellaner cave]] burial site, near [[Les Planes d'Hostoles]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]] and were dated by [[radiocarbon dating]] to about 5000 BCE.<ref name="LacanSpain">{{cite journal |last1=Lacan |first1=Marie |last2=Keyser |first2=Christine |last3=Ricaut |first3=François-Xavier |last4=Brucato |first4=Nicolas |last5=Tarrús |first5=Josep |last6=Bosch |first6=Angel |last7=Guilaine |first7=Jean |last8=Crubézy |first8=Eric |last9=Ludes |first9=Bertrand |title=Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=8 November 2011 |volume=108 |issue=45 |pages=18255–18259 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1113061108 |pmid=22042855 |pmc=3215063 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10818255L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as [[Derenburg|Derenburg Meerenstieg II]], in [[Saxony-Anhalt]] [[Germany]], apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the ''Linearbandkeramische Kultur'' ("[[Linear Pottery culture|Linear Band Ceramic Culture]]"; LBK). This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old.  The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.<ref name="Haak, W. 2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Adler CJ, Der Sarkissian CS, Brandt G, Schwarz C, Nicklisch N, Dresely V, Fritsch B, Balanovska E, Villems R, Meller H, Alt KW, Cooper A | title = Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e1000536 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21085689 | pmc = 2976717 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536 | author18 = Members of the Genographic Consortium | editor1-last = Penny | editor1-first = David | doi-access = free }}</ref>
G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from [[Treilles]], the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the [[Southern France]], dated to about 5000 years ago.<ref>Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, François-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubézy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route, ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA'', online May 31, 2011 before print.</ref> The fourth site also from the same period is the [[Ötztal Alps]] where the mummified remains of [[Ötzi the Iceman]] were discovered. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRXiwWpmSbs Interview Dr. Eduard Egarter-Vigl], Head of Conservation and Assistant to research projects of the Archaeological Museum in Bozen. From the Docu-Movie: "Ötzi, ein Archäologiekrimi" [Ötzi, a Archaeology Crime] by Christine Sprachmann. TV-Broadcast by 3sat 10 August 2011 and br-alpha 13 September 2011</ref> (earlier called G2a4). Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their [[short tandem repeat]] (STR) markers.
During the [[Chalcolithic age|Chalcolithic]], haplogroup G was considered ubiquitous in Anatolia, constituting a significant amount of local Y-DNA haplogroups, along with haplogroup J. It remained common throughout the Chalcolithic, Bronze and [[Classical Anatolia|pre-Roman]] ages.<ref>Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Acar A, Açıkkol A, Agelarakis A, Aghikyan L, Akyüz U, Andreeva D, Andrijašević G, Antonović D, Armit I, Atmaca A, Avetisyan P, Aytek Aİ, Bacvarov K, Badalyan R, Bakardzhiev S, Balen J, Bejko L, Bernardos R, Bertsatos A, Biber H, Bilir A, Bodružić M, Bonogofsky M, Bonsall C, Borić D, Borovinić N, Bravo Morante G, Buttinger K, Callan K, Candilio F, Carić M, Cheronet O, Chohadzhiev S, Chovalopoulou ME, Chryssoulaki S, Ciobanu I, Čondić N, Constantinescu M, Cristiani E, Culleton BJ, Curtis E, Davis J, Demcenco TI, Dergachev V, Derin Z, Deskaj S, Devejyan S, Djordjević V, Duffett Carlson KS, Eccles LR, Elenski N, Engin A, Erdoğan N, Erir-Pazarcı S, Fernandes DM, Ferry M, Freilich S, Frînculeasa A, Galaty ML, Gamarra B, Gasparyan B, Gaydarska B, Genç E, Gültekin T, Gündüz S, Hajdu T, Heyd V, Hobosyan S, Hovhannisyan N, Iliev I, Iliev L, Iliev S, İvgin İ, Janković I, Jovanova L, Karkanas P, Kavaz-Kındığılı B, Kaya EH, Keating D, Kennett DJ, Deniz Kesici S, Khudaverdyan A, Kiss K, Kılıç S, Klostermann P, Kostak Boca Negra Valdes S, Kovačević S, Krenz-Niedbała M, Krznarić Škrivanko M, Kurti R, Kuzman P, Lawson AM, Lazar C, Leshtakov K, Levy TE, Liritzis I, Lorentz KO, Łukasik S, Mah M, Mallick S, Mandl K, Martirosyan-Olshansky K, Matthews R, Matthews W, McSweeney K, Melikyan V, Micco A, Michel M, Milašinović L, Mittnik A, Monge JM, Nekhrizov G, Nicholls R, Nikitin AG, Nikolov V, Novak M, Olalde I, Oppenheimer J, Osterholtz A, Özdemir C, Özdoğan KT, Öztürk N, Papadimitriou N, Papakonstantinou N, Papathanasiou A, Paraman L, Paskary EG, Patterson N, Petrakiev I, Petrosyan L, Petrova V, Philippa-Touchais A, Piliposyan A, Pocuca Kuzman N, Potrebica H, Preda-Bălănică B, Premužić Z, Price TD, Qiu L, Radović S, Raeuf Aziz K, Rajić Šikanjić P, Rasheed Raheem K, Razumov S, Richardson A, Roodenberg J, Ruka R, Russeva V, Şahin M, Şarbak A, Savaş E, Schattke C, Schepartz L, Selçuk T, Sevim-Erol A, Shamoon-Pour M, Shephard HM, Sideris A, Simalcsik A, Simonyan H, Sinika V, Sirak K, Sirbu G, Šlaus M, Soficaru A, Söğüt B, Sołtysiak A, Sönmez-Sözer Ç, Stathi M, Steskal M, Stewardson K, Stocker S, Suata-Alpaslan F, Suvorov A, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Szeniczey T, Telnov N, Temov S, Todorova N, Tota U, Touchais G, Triantaphyllou S, Türker A, Ugarković M, Valchev T, Veljanovska F, Videvski Z, Virag C, Wagner A, Walsh S, Włodarczak P, Workman JN, Yardumian A, Yarovoy E, Yavuz AY, Yılmaz H, Zalzala F, Zettl A, Zhang Z, Çavuşoğlu R, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, Reich D, Davtyan R. The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe. Science. 2022 Aug 26;377(6609):eabm4247. doi: 10.1126/science.abm4247. Epub 2022 Aug 26. PMID 36007055; PMCID: PMC10064553.</ref> A 2004 paper found significant correlation between the [[Hattians|Hattian]] and [[Kaskians|Kaskian]] cultures, with the presence of haplogroup G, noting however that higher variances of the G2-P15 subclade exist towards western Anatolia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cinnioglu |first1=Cengiz |last2=King |first2=Roy |last3=Kivisild |first3=Toomas |last4=Kalfoglu |first4=Ersi |last5=Atasoy |first5=Sevil |last6=Cavalleri |first6=Gianpiero L. |last7=Lillie |first7=Anita S. |last8=Roseman |first8=Charles C. |last9=Lin |first9=Alice A. |last10=Prince |first10=Kristina |last11=Oefner |first11=Peter J. |last12=Shen |first12=Peidong |last13=Semino |first13=Ornella |last14=Cavalli-Sforza |first14=L. Luca |last15=Underhill |first15=Peter A. |date=2004-01-01 |title=Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 |journal=Human Genetics |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=127–148 |doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 |pmid=14586639 |issn=0340-6717}}</ref>
===Modern presence===
{{Main|Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) by country}}
In '''Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia''', members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world – even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. The [[Madjars|Madjar]] and [[Argyn]] tribes (or clans) of [[Kazakhstan]] were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. Amongst the Madjars, [[haplogroup G1|G1]] was found at a rate of 87%. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. In the Russian [[North Caucasus]] the [[Kabardinian]] and [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. [[Digora]], North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.<ref name="Nasidze, I, et al 2003 255–61">{{cite journal |last1=Nasidze |first1=Ivan |last2=Sarkisian |first2=Tamara |last3=Kerimov |first3=Azer |last4=Stoneking |first4=Mark |title=Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome |journal=Human Genetics |date=14 December 2002 |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4 |pmid=12596050 |s2cid=13232436 }}</ref>  Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs.
In '''Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran''', haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations.  Among [[Turkish people|Turkish]] males 11% of the population is G.<ref name="Cinnioglu2004">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA | title = Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 114 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–48 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14586639 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 | s2cid = 10763736 | display-authors = 1 }}</ref> In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country.  While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the [[Bakhtiari people|Bakhtiari]], [[Talysh people]], [[Gilaki people|Gilaki]], [[Mazandarani people|Mazandarani]] and [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Iranian Azeris]], it is closer to 5% among the Iranian [[Arabs]] and in some large cities.<ref name="Nasidze2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M | title = Close Genetic Relationship Between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking Groups in Iran | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 241–52 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18205892 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00413.x| s2cid = 5873833 | display-authors = 1}}</ref> Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from [[Abazinia]], 31% from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], 18% from [[Azerbaijan]] and 11% from [[Armenia]] appear to be G samples.
In '''Europe''' west of the [[Black Sea]], Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupgproject/geographical-distribution|title=G-Z7941 - Haplogroup G Project|website=google.com}}</ref> The concentration of G falls below this average in [[Scandinavia]], the westernmost former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] republics and [[Poland]], as well as in [[Iceland]] and the [[British Isles]].  There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe.  In [[Wales]], a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England.
In the [[Tyrol (state)|Tirol]] (Tyrol) of western [[Austria]], the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", [[Ötzi]]. In the northern and highland areas of the island of [[Sardinia]] off western [[Italy]], G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study<ref>
{{cite journal | vauthors = Zei G, Lisa A, Fiorani O, Magri C, Quintana-Murci L, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS | title = From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 802–07 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14512971 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201040 | display-authors = 1 | doi-access = free }}
</ref> and reached 21% in the town of [[Tempio]] in another study. In the Greek island of [[Crete]], approximately 7%<ref>
{{cite journal | vauthors = Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA, Gayden T, Moschonas NK, Chow CE, Conti S, Mamolini E, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ | title = Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 485–93 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17264870 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769 | display-authors = 1 | doi-access = free }}
</ref> to 11%<ref>
{{cite journal | vauthors = King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CE, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA | title = Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 205–14 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18269686 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x | s2cid = 22406638 | display-authors = 1 }}</ref> of males belong to haplogroup G.
In north-eastern [[Croatia]], in the town of [[Osijek]], G was found in 14% of the males.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Battaglia |first1=Vincenza |last2=Fornarino |first2=Simona |last3=Al-Zahery |first3=Nadia |last4=Olivieri |first4=Anna |last5=Pala |first5=Maria |last6=Myres |first6=Natalie M |last7=King |first7=Roy J |last8=Rootsi |first8=Siiri |last9=Marjanovic |first9=Damir |last10=Primorac |first10=Dragan |last11=Hadziselimovic |first11=Rifat |last12=Vidovic |first12=Stojko |last13=Drobnic |first13=Katia |last14=Durmishi |first14=Naser |last15=Torroni |first15=Antonio |last16=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first16=A Silvana |last17=Underhill |first17=Peter A |last18=Semino |first18=Ornella |title=Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=24 December 2008 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=820–830 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.249 |pmid=19107149 |pmc=2947100 }}</ref> The city is on the banks of the river [[Drava]], which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G.
In '''South Asia''', haplogroup G is rare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Mugdha |last2=Sarkar |first2=Anujit |last3=Nandineni |first3=Madhusudan R. |date=2018-10-18 |title=A comprehensive portrait of Y-STR diversity of Indian populations and comparison with 129 worldwide populations |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=15421 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-33714-2 |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free |pmid=30337554 |pmc=6194109 |bibcode=2018NatSR...815421S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eaaswarkhanth |first1=Muthukrishnan |last2=Haque |first2=Ikramul |last3=Ravesh |first3=Zeinab |last4=Romero |first4=Irene Gallego |last5=Meganathan |first5=Poorlin Ramakodi |last6=Dubey |first6=Bhawna |last7=Khan |first7=Faizan Ahmed |last8=Chaubey |first8=Gyaneshwer |last9=Kivisild |first9=Toomas |last10=Tyler-Smith |first10=Chris |last11=Singh |first11=Lalji |last12=Thangaraj |first12=Kumarasamy |date=March 2010 |title=Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=354–363 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.168 |issn=1018-4813 |pmc=2859343 |pmid=19809480}}</ref> Some ethnic minorities possess it at considerable concentrations, including approximately 18%<ref name = "Firasat2007" /> to 20%<ref name="Sengupta2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA | title = Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 202–21 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16400607 | pmc = 1380230 | doi = 10.1086/499411 | display-authors = 1 }}</ref> of [[Kalash people|Kalash]], approximately 16% of [[Brahui people|Brahui]],<ref name="Sengupta2006"/> and approximately 11.5% of sampled [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]],<ref name = "Firasat2007">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q | title = Y Chromosomal Evidence for a Limited Greek Contribution to the Pathan Population of Pakistan | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 121–26 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17047675 | pmc = 2588664 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 }}
</ref> all of whom native to the easternmost regions of the [[Iranian Plateau]], while it only appears in about 3% of the general [[Pakistan]]i population.<ref name = "Firasat2007" /> In a study of 936 [[Indian people|Indians]], haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested north-western Indian population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sahoo|first1=Sanghamitra|last2=Singh|first2=Anamika|last3=Himabindu|first3=G.|last4=Banerjee|first4=Jheelam|last5=Sitalaximi|first5=T.|last6=Gaikwad|first6=Sonali|last7=Trivedi|first7=R.|last8=Endicott|first8=Phillip|last9=Kivisild|first9=Toomas|last10=Metspalu|first10=Mait|last11=Villems|first11=Richard|date=2006-01-24|title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=103|issue=4|pages=843–848|doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16415161|pmc=1347984|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S|doi-access=free}}</ref> In one study, about 6% of the samples from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Malaysia]] were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the [[Indian Ocean]] or [[Pacific Ocean]] in Asia.<ref name="Hammer2006">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, Omoto K, Harihara S, Stoneking M, Horai S | title = Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common Ground for Hunter-Gatherer and Farmer Y-Chromosomes | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–58 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16328082 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 | display-authors = 1  | doi-access = free }}</ref> G-M201 has been described as "almost absent"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khusnutdinova |first=E. K. |last2=Ekomasova |first2=N. V. |last3=Dzhaubermezov |first3=M. A. |last4=Gabidullina |first4=L. R. |last5=Sufianova |first5=Z. R. |last6=Khidiyatova |first6=I. M. |last7=Kazantseva |first7=A. V. |last8=Litvinov |first8=S. S. |last9=Nurgalieva |first9=A. Kh |last10=Prokofieva |first10=D. S. |date=2023 |title=Distribution of Haplogroup G-P15 of the Y-Chromosome Among Representatives of Ancient Cultures and Modern Populations of Northern Eurasia |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/distribution-of-haplogroup-g-p15-of-the-y-chromosome-among-representatives-of-ancient-cultures-and-modern-populations-of-northern |journal=Opera Medica et Physiologica |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=57–72 |issn=2500-2295}}</ref> and "virtually absent" in India, with the G2a-P15 subclade in particular being considered to be negligible, indicating unique dispersal events from Western Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sengupta |first1=Sanghamitra |last2=Zhivotovsky |first2=Lev A. |last3=King |first3=Roy |last4=Mehdi |first4=S. Q. |last5=Edmonds |first5=Christopher A. |last6=Chow |first6=Cheryl-Emiliane T. |last7=Lin |first7=Alice A. |last8=Mitra |first8=Mitashree |last9=Sil |first9=Samir K. |last10=Ramesh |first10=A. |last11=Usha Rani |first11=M. V. |last12=Thakur |first12=Chitra M. |last13=Cavalli-Sforza |first13=L. Luca |last14=Majumder |first14=Partha P. |last15=Underhill |first15=Peter A. |date=February 2006 |title=Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=202–221 |doi=10.1086/499411 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1380230 |pmid=16400607}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/srep19157|title=Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup|year=2016|last1=Singh|first1=Sakshi|last2=Singh|first2=Ashish|last3=Rajkumar|first3=Raja|last4=Sampath Kumar|first4=Katakam|last5=Kadarkarai Samy|first5=Subburaj|last6=Nizamuddin|first6=Sheikh|last7=Singh|first7=Amita|last8=Ahmed Sheikh|first8=Shahnawaz|last9=Peddada|first9=Vidya|last10=Khanna|first10=Vinee|last11=Veeraiah|first11=Pandichelvam|last12=Pandit|first12=Aridaman|last13=Chaubey|first13=Gyaneshwer|last14=Singh|first14=Lalji|last15=Thangaraj|first15=Kumarasamy|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|page=19157|pmid=26754573|pmc=4709632|bibcode=2016NatSR...619157S}}</ref>
In the '''Middle East''', haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas.<ref name="Flores2005">In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%.
{{cite journal | vauthors = Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM | title = Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 50 | issue = 9 | pages = 435–41 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16142507 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 | display-authors = 1 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Cadenas2008">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ | title = Chromosome Diversity Characterizes the Gulf of Oman | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 374–86 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17928816 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 | display-authors = 1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Among the [[Druze]] mostly residents of [[Israel]] 10% were found to be haplogroup G.<ref name="Shlush2008">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Shlush LI, Behar DM, Yudkovsky G, Templeton A, Hadid Y, Basis F, Hammer M, Itzkovitz S, Skorecki K | title = The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = e2105 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18461126 | pmc = 2324201 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002105 | editor1-last = Gemmell | bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.2105S | editor1-first = Neil John | display-authors = 1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Around 10% of [[Jews|Jewish]] males are Haplogroup G.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
In '''Africa''', haplogroup G is rarely found in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] or south of the [[horn of Africa]] among native populations. In [[Egypt]], studies have provided information that pegs the G percentage there to be between 2% and 9%.<ref name = "Wood2005">Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret ''et al.'', "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)</ref><ref name="Luis2004">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ | title = The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 532–44 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14973781 | pmc = 1182266 | doi = 10.1086/382286 | display-authors = 1}}</ref><ref name="El-Sibai2009">
{{cite journal | vauthors = El-Sibai M, Platt DE, Haber M, Xue Y, Youhanna SC, Wells RS, Izaabel H, Sanyoura MF, Harmanani H, Bonab MA, Behbehani J, Hashwa F, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA | title = Geographical Structure of the Y-Chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A Coastal-Inland Contrast | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 73 | issue = Pt6 | pages = 561–81 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19686289 | pmc = 3312577 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x}}</ref>  3% of North African [[Berber people|Berbers]] were found to be haplogroup G.<ref name="Alonso2005">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Alonso S, Flores C, Cabrera V, Alonso A, Martín P, Albarrán C, Izagirre N, de la Rúa C, García O | title = The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 1293–1302 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16094307 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201482 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 2% of Arab [[Moroccans]] and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.<ref name="Cruciani2002">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA | title = A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics| volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 1197–1214 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11910562 | pmc = 447595 | doi = 10.1086/340257 | display-authors = 1 }}</ref>
In the '''Americas''', the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated.  It is not found among [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. It has been found in Mexican mestizos.
==G1 (M285 or M342)==
{{Main|Haplogroup G1 (Y-DNA)}}
Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at [[short tandem repeat]] (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNP]] mutation which characterizes this group. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1.
subclades of G1a, G1a1, G1b exist.
The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subclades in a single country is in [[Iran]], with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west.
There are distinctive [[Ashkenazi]] Jewish and [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] subclades based on STR marker value combinations.
==G2 (P287)==
{{anchor|G2}}{{anchor|G-P287}}
Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men.  P287 was identified at the [[University of Arizona]] and became widely known in late 2007.  Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories.
===G2a (P15)===
Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. P15 was identified at the [[University of Arizona]] and became widely known by 2002.  Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, [[Bavaria]], Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.<ref name="Vanek2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vanek D, Saskova L, Koch H | title = Kinship and Y-Chromosome Analysis of 7th Century Human Remains: Novel DNA Extraction and Typing Procedure for Ancient Material | journal = Croatian Medical Journal | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 286–95 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19480023 | pmc = 2702742 | doi = 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.286 }}</ref>
There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15.  They are—with accompanying Y-chromosome locations—U5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148).  Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category.
===G2a1 (FGC7535)===
{{Main|Haplogroup G-FGC7535}}
Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] area. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at [[Short tandem repeat|STR]] marker DYS392. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons.
The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of [[Russia]] belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. The South Ossetians and [[Svans]] generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided.
The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined.
[[Ashkenazi]] Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. Men from the Caucasus and men from eastern Europe also form distinctive STR clusters.
===G2a2a (PF3147)===
G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation.  L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G.  L223 was first identified in samples at [[23andMe]] in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at [[Family Tree DNA]] in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label.  It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including:
G-L91 was identified in 2009. Its members include "[[Ötzi]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Ötzi the Iceman: What we know 3 decades after his discovery |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/otzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-3-decades-after-his-discovery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527222809/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/otzi-the-iceman-what-we-know-3-decades-after-his-discovery |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Premium |language=en}}</ref> the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years [[before present|BP]] in the European Alps. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in [[Armenia]]. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. The forward primer is {{DNA sequence|GTATTGAACTTACAATTCACGTCCC}}, and the reverse is {{DNA sequence|CTCTCCAAATCGGGTTTCCT}}. The mutation involves a change from C to T.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A point mutation which involves change A → G, C → T, C → G and T → A in DNA are |url=https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/a-point-mutation-which-involves-change-arightarrow-g-c-rightarrow-t-c-rightarrow-g-and/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Toppr Ask |language=en-in}}</ref> L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806.
The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. Samples  have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait.  The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases.  M286 was first identified at [[Stanford University]] at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A.
The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker.  The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C.
=== G2a2b (L30, PF3267, S126, U8)===
G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b, previously G2a3)
Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the [[Linear Pottery culture]], known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),<ref name="Haak, W. 2010"/> but was not tested for G2a3 subclades.
===G2a2b1 (M406)===
{{Main|Haplogroup G-M406}}
G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in [[Turkey]] and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe.  In Europe—except in [[Italy]] – G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. G2a2b1 so far has seldom surfaced in northern Africa or southern Asia, but represents a small percentage of the G population in the Caucasus Mountains region and in [[Iran]].
A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390.  The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11.  If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1.
=== G2a2b2 (CTS2488) ===
G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at [[Family Tree DNA]]. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. Samples from persons with British Isles, Sicilian and Turkish ancestry have been identified.  L141 persons who do not belong to any L141 subclade so far have the value of 11 at STR marker DYS490 — a finding rare in other G categories.  The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.<ref>[http://ymap.ftdna.com/cgi-bin/gb2/gbrowse_details/hs_chrY?ref=ChrY;start=2948607;end=2948607;name=L141;class=Sequence;feature_id=41210;db_id=ymap%3Adatabase ymap.ftdna.com]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
===G2a2b2a (G-P303)===
{{Main|Haplogroup G-P303}}
G-P303*, also known as G2a2b2a* (previously G2a3b1*), and its subclades are now concentrated in southern [[Russia]]  and the [[Caucasus]], as well as, at lower levels, other parts of Europe and [[South West Asia]], especially an area including Turkey, Iran and the Middle East where G2a2b2a may have originated. G2a2b2a is also found in India.
A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*
The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388.  The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13.  There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. Members of this group have been found in [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name=pmid22588667/>
The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation.  But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b).  The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains.
The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568.  A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724.
The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of [[Ibiza]] off the eastern Spanish coast. This group has been linked with the [[Crypto-Judaism|''Crypto-Jewish'']] population which fled to the island during the time of the [[Spanish Inquisition]], of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA | title = The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula | pmid = 19061982  | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 | pmc=2668061 | volume=83 | issue = 6 | date=December 2008 | pages=725–36}}</ref>
=== G2a2b2b (PF3359)===
G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by [[ISOGG]] in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp".<ref name="isogg2017g"/><ref>L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at [[Family Tree DNA]] in 2009. The L177.1 component is found at Y chromosome position 23397163; L177.2 at 25030912; L177.3 at 25750264. See: http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft&parent=20173662 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018093248/http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft&parent=20173662 |date=2010-10-18 }} .</ref>
Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.<ref name="isogg2017g"/>
The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist.
The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupgproject/project-roster|title=..Project Rosters - Haplogroup G Project|website=google.com|access-date=2011-12-09|archive-date=2013-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127011822/https://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupgproject/project-roster|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=October 2020}} The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret.
=== G2b1 (M377) ===
{{Main|Haplogroup G-M377 (Y-DNA)}}
G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c.  A clade of closely related [[Ashkenazi Jews]] represent virtually all [[Haplogroup G2c (Y-DNA)|G2b]] persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one [[Turkish people|Turk]] from [[Kars]] in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]], and one [[Burusho people|Burusho]] in Pakistan.
The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the [[Achaemenid| Achaemenid Persian Empire]], conquered by [[Alexander the Great]], and then formed a part of the [[Greco-Bactria|Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]). These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations — this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East.
All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the [[DYS425]] [[list of Y-STR markers|marker]], (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic [[list of Y-STR markers|STR]]), the result of a [[RecLOH]] event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes.  Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study.<ref name="Hammer2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, Zhivotovsky LA, Rosset S, Skorecki K | title = Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 126 | issue = 5 | pages = 707–17 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19669163 | pmc = 2771134 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5 | display-authors = 1 }}</ref>
Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. This is likely due to a local founder effect.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288|date=March 28, 2012|pmc=3314501|author=Habe, M|display-authors=etal|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=3|page=e34288|pmid=22470552|bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Defining SNPs==
The [[International Society of Genetic Genealogy]] (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/index.html|title=ISOGG 2015 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree|author=Copyright 2015 ISOGG|website=isogg.org}}</ref>  These classifications are based on shared SNP mutations.  The discovery of new [[SNPs]] can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories.  There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made.  Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes.  Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the [[University of Arizona]] (P designations), [[Stanford University]] (M designations) or the [[University of Central Florida]] (U designations). Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at [[Family Tree DNA]] (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations).  These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at [[23andMe]] to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests.  In 2009–10, Family Tree DNA's Walk through the Y Project, sequencing certain Y-chromosome segments, provided a number of new G SNPs with the L designation.  In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from [[1000 Genomes Project]] data began to appear.
Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category.  Categories have alternating letters and numbers.  But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at [[short tandem repeat]] markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories.
The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at [[Stanford University]] and was first reported in 2001.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL | title = The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 65 | issue = Pt1 | pages = 43–62 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11415522 | doi = 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x | s2cid = 9441236 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The technical specifications of M201 are given as:  refSNPid is rs2032636.....Y chromosome location of 13536923....forward primer is {{DNA sequence|tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc}}.....reverse primer is {{DNA sequence|gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg}}.....the mutation involves a change from G to T.
A number of [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNPs]] have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons.   In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G.  There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201.
The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. P257 was first reported in 2008.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF | title = New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree | journal = Genome Research | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 830–38 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18385274 | pmc = 2336805 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7172008 }}</ref> L240 was identified in 2009.<ref>http://ymap.ftdna.com/cgi-bin/gbrowse_details/hs_chrY?name=L240;class=Sequence;ref=ChrY;start=3191153;end=3191153;feature_id=40369{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.<ref name="Sims 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J | title = Improved Resolution Haplogroup G Phylogeny in the Y Chromosome, Revealed by a Set of Newly Characterized SNPs | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 1–5 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19495413 | pmc = 2686153 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005792 | editor1-last = Batzer | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.5792S | editor1-first = Mark A. | display-authors = 1| doi-access = free }}</ref>
In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201.  These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome.  No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names.
==Prominent members of G==
{{See also|List of genetic results derived from historical figures}}
* The man known as "[[Ötzi]]" – whose remains, dating from the [[4th millennium BCE]], were found on the modern border between Austria and Italy – is a member of G-L91 (G2a2b).
* Many members of the so-called [[Bure kinship]], a [[clan]]-like group that traces its descent from an individual born in Sweden in the late 14th or early 15th century, reportedly belong to G-Y12970 (also known as G-Y12971 and G-Z30735), also known as G2a2b2a1a1b1a1a2a1c2a~ (according to the 2017 [[ISOGG]] tree; previously G2a3b1a2).<ref name="isogg2017g">[https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpG.html ISOGG, 2017, ''Y-DNA Haplogroup G and its Subclades - 2017''] (17 May 2017).</ref>
* King [[Richard III of England]], who was [[Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England|exhumed in 2012]], was a member of G2 (G-P287).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Identification of the remains of King Richard III|doi=10.1038/ncomms6631|pmid=25463651|journal=Nat. Commun.|year=2014|volume=5|page=5631|pmc=4268703|vauthors=King TE, Fortes GG, Balaresque P, Thomas MG, Balding D, Maisano Delser P, Neumann R, Parson W, Knapp M, Walsh S, Tonasso L, Holt J, Kayser M, Appleby J, Forster P, Ekserdjian D, Hofreiter M, Schürer K|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5631K}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Stalin]] (born Ioseb Besarionis dzе Jugashvili) was, according to a genetic test on one of his grandsons (Alexander Burdonsky), a member of Y-DNA haplogroup G2a1a (FGC595/Z6553).<ref name="isogg2017g" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.runewsweek.ru/theme/?tid=96&rid=1567 |title = The Daily Beast}}</ref>
* [[Al Capone]] was an American gangster and businessman who, according to [[Geni.com]], was a member of Y-DNA haplogroup G-P303.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/projects/G-P303-Y-DNA/9839 |title = G-P303 (Y-DNA)}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=October 2020}}
* [[Yuya]] one of [[Tutankhamun]]'s maternal great-grandfathers. Predicted haplotype G2a, based on ancient Y-STR profiles. Yuya served as a key adviser for Amenhotep III, and held posts such as "King's Lieutenant" and "Master of the Horse"; his title "Father-of-the-god" possibly referred specifically to his being Amenhotep's father-in-law. In his native town of Akhmin, Yuya was a prophet of Min, the chief "god" of the area, and served as this deity's "Superintendent of Cattle".<ref>[https://haplogroup.info/all-ancient-dna-full.xlsx Ancient DNA list]</ref>
* [[Larry Bird]] is an American professional basketball executive, former coach and former player for the Boston Celtics, has been shown to belong to haplogroup G-Z6748 based on the testing of several relatives descending from Thomas Bird at the Haplogroup G-L497 Y-DNA Project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maciamo |title=Eupedia |url=https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/famous_y-dna_by_haplogroup.shtml |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=Eupedia |language=en}}</ref>
* Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier [[Phillip Hamman]], Phillips's 5th great-grandson [[Shane Hamman]], a US Olympic weightlifter,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.brian-hamman.com/Hamman_Y_chromosomeResults.htm | title=Results from the Hamman Family Y-Chromosome DNA Tests | access-date=2022-04-14 | archive-date=2023-02-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202213817/http://brian-hamman.com/Hamman_Y_chromosomeResults.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> US politician [[Linn Banks]], physicist [[John G. Cramer]], American actors [[James Franciscus]] and [[Jake Gyllenhaal]], American businessman [[Najeeb Halaby]], US lawyer and administrator [[Newton Minow]], and US lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence [[Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)|Richard Stockton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_G2a_Y-DNA.shtml |title = Haplogroup G2a (Y-chromosomal DNA) - Eupedia}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=October 2020}}
== See also ==
*[[Jews with Haplogroup G]]
*[[Genetic history of Europe]]
*[[Genetic genealogy]]
*[[Prehistory of Anatolia]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus]]
*[[Magdalenian]]
*[[Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Haplogroup G of Y-DNA}}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupgproject/ Haplogroup G Project Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731201816/https://sites.google.com/site/haplogroupgproject/ |date=2014-07-31 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061116235645/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my034 Spread of Haplogroup G], from ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090616065507/http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=15 Haplogroup G tutorial from Genebase]
* [http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpG.html Y-DNA Haplogroup G and its subclades from the current year ISOGG haplotree]
* [http://www.ysearch.org/haplosearch_results.asp?haplo=G&region=&submit=Search&uid= Y-Search Users with Haplogroup G]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.britishislesdna.com/ British Isles DNA Project]
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/G-YDNA/default.aspx?section=yresults Haplogroup G Project in Family Tree DNA]
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/garabia/default.aspx?section=yresults G Arabia Project in Family Tree DNA]
{{Y-DNA}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup G (Y-Dna)}}
[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|G]]
[[Category:Richard III of England]]
[[Category:Joseph Stalin]]
[[Category:Al Capone]]
[[Category:Ötzi]]