View source for Hasan-Jalalyan

{{Short description|Armenian dynasty which ruled Khachen from 1214}}
{{Cleanup|reason=images in infobox|date=December 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Royal house|
|surname        = Hasan-Jalalyan<br />Հասան-Ջալալյաններ
|estate         =
|coat of arms   = [[File:Hasan-Jalal coat of arms.gif|200px]]
|image  = File:Flag of Hasan-Jalalians.svg
|parent house   = [[Aranshahik]]<br />[[Bagratuni dynasty]]<br />[[Artsruni]]<br />[[Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania|Arsacid dynasty]]
|country        = [[Artsakh (historic province)|Artsakh]]
|titles         =
*[[Kingdom of Artsakh|King of Artsakh]]
*[[Kingdom of Syunik-Baghk|King of Artsakh and Baghk]]
*[[Principality of Khachen|Prince of Khachen]]
*[[Principality of Khachen|Prince of Artsakh]]
|founder        = Hasan-Jalal Dawla
|final ruler    = Allahverdi II Hasan-Jalalyan
|current head   =
|founding year  = 1214
|dissolution    =
|cadet branches =
}}
{{History of Armenia|expanded=age3}}
'''Hasan-Jalalyan''' ({{langx|hy|Հասան-Ջալալյաններ)}} is a medieval [[Armenian people|Armenian]] [[dynasty]]<ref>S. Peter Cowe, "Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony," in ''Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia''. eds. A.C.S. Peacock, Bruno De Nicola, Sara Nur Yildiz (London: Routledge, 2016), p. 82. "Under its suzerainty, a new cadre of Armenia aristocratic houses (Dop'ean, Vachutean, Proshean, Hasan-Jalalean) rose to prominence."</ref><ref>Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog. ''The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)''. Leiden: Brill, 2010, p. 34.: "The subjects of Iwanē's family were the Orbelians, Khaghbakians, Dopians, HasanJalalians, and others...The representatives of these major Armenian families entered into direct contact with the Mongols in order to retain their conquered lands, the discussion of which follows in nest chapters."</ref> that ruled over parts of the [[South Caucasus]]. From the early thirteenth century, the family held sway in [[Khachen]] (Greater [[Artsakh (historic province)|Artsakh]]) in what are now the regions of lower [[Karabakh]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], and [[Syunik Region|Syunik]] in modern Armenia.<ref name="Ulubabyan1">{{in lang|hy}} [[Bagrat Ulubabyan|Ulubabian, Bagrat]]. s.v. Hasan-Jalalyanner [Hasan-Jalalyans], [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]], vol. 6, p. 246.</ref> The family was founded by Hasan-Jalal Dawla, an Armenian [[feudal]] [[prince]] from Khachen. The Hasan-Jalalyans maintained their autonomy over the course of several centuries of nominal foreign domination by the [[Seljuk Turks]], [[Persia]]ns and [[Mongols]]. They, along with the other Armenian princes and ''[[melik]]s'' of Khachen, saw themselves as holding the last bastion of Armenian independence in the region.<ref>[[Robert H. Hewsen|Hewsen, Robert H.]] "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," in Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone, eds., ''Medieval Armenian Culture'', University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1984), pp. 52-53.</ref>
Through their patronage of churches and monasteries, Armenian culture flourished in the region. By the late sixteenth century, the Hasan-Jalalyan family had branched out to establish principalities in nearby [[Gülüstan, Goranboy|Gulistan]] and [[Mardakert Region|Jraberd]]. Along with the separately ruled melikdoms of [[Martuni Province|Varanda]] and [[Dizak]], these five principalities formed the Five Melikdoms of Karabakh, also known as the [[Melikdoms of Karabakh|Melikdoms of Khamsa]].<ref>Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study," ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]'' 9 (1972): pp. 299-301.</ref>
==Origins==
Hasan-Jalal traced his descent to the Armenian [[Aranshahik]] dynasty, a family that predated the establishment of the [[Parthia]]n Arsacids in the region.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ulubabian | first = Bagrat | title = Khacheni ishkhanutyune, X-XVI darerum <nowiki>[The Principality of Khachen during the tenth to sixteenth centuries]</nowiki> | publisher =Armenian Academy of Sciences | location= Yerevan | year = 1975 | pages=56–59 |language=hy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Hewsen | first = Robert | author-link =Robert Hewsen | title = Armenia: A Historical Atlas | publisher =University of Chicago Press | location= Chicago | year = 2001 | page= 162}}</ref> Hasan-Jalal's ancestry was "almost exclusively" Armenian according to [[Robert H. Hewsen]]:
{{quotation|In the male line, (1) the princes (who later became kings) of [[Syunik Region|Siunik]]. Through various princesses, who married his ancestors, Hasan-Jalal was descended from (2) the kings of Armenia or the [[Bagratuni dynasty]], centered at [[Ani]]; (3) the Armenian kings of [[Vaspurakan]] of the [[Artsruni]] dynasty, centered in the region of [[Van, Turkey|Van]]; 4) the princes of [[Gardman]]; (5) the [[Sassanid]] dynasty of Persia, and (6) the [[Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania|Arsacids]], the second royal house of Albania, itself a branch of (7) the kings of ancient [[Parthia]].<ref>{{cite book | last = De Waal | first = Thomas | author-link = Thomas de Waal | title =Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War | publisher = New York University Press | year =2003 | location =New York | pages =156–157}}</ref>}}
Hasan-Jalal Dawla's family roots were entrenched in an intricate array of royal marriages with new and old Armenian ''[[nakharar]]'' families. Hasan-Jalal's grandfather was Hasan I (also known as Hasan the Great), a prince who ruled over the northern half of Artsakh.<ref>Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," p. 47.</ref>
In 1182, Hasan I had stepped down as ruler of the region and entered monastic life at [[Dadivank]], dividing his land into two: the southern half (comprising much of Khachen) went to his oldest son Vakhtank II (also known as Tangik) and the northern half went to the youngest, Gregory the Black. Vakhtank II married Khorishah Zakarian, who was the daughter of Sargis Zakarian, the progenitor of the [[Zakarid]] line of princes.<ref name="Ulubabyan2"/> When he married the daughter of Mamkan, the Aranshahik king of Dizak-Balk, Hasan-Jalal also inherited his father-in-law's lands.<ref>Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," p. 49.</ref>
In the late 1960s and into the 1970s, Hasan-Jalal's origins became embroiled in a debate revolving around the history of Artsakh between Soviet Armenian and [[Republic of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]i scholars. Azerbaijani scholars have sought to construct a [[Pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] national past by casting the kingdoms and principalities that were founded on the territory of the modern republic of Azerbaijan during the medieval period as Caucasian Albanian.<ref>V.A. Shnirelman, ''Voiny pamiati: Mify, identinost, i politika v Zakvakaze'' (Moscow: ITsK Akademkniga, 2003).</ref> Based on a dubious rereading and interpretation of primary sources, scholars [[Ziya Bunyadov]] and [[Farida Mammadova]] both argued in their first publications in the 1950s and 1960s that the leaders and inhabitants of [[Caucasian Albania]], a state established in the 2nd century BC, were the direct ancestors of modern Azeris, thereby establishing a link to the ancient past and the Azerbaijanis' indigeneity to Nagorno-Karabakh. In the process, the Armenians, including Hasan-Jalal Dawla, who inhabited the South Caucasus have been written out of the narrative altogether. Mamedova asserted that Hasan-Jalal, based on a specious interpretation of an inscription carved into the [[Gandzasar monastery]] by the prince, was Caucasian Albanian. Her conclusions, and that of the Azerbaijani school, have been roundly rejected by other historians.<ref>De Waal. ''Black Garden'',  pp. 152-156.</ref>
==Prince Hasan-Jalal Dawla==
[[File:Hasan-Jalal Dawla, Gandzasar monastery, 1238.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Hasan-Jalal Dawla, [[Gandzasar monastery]], 1238.<ref>{{cite book |title=MANUSCRIPT HERITAGE OF ARTS‘AKH AND UTIK‘ |date=2022 |publisher=Agbu |page=142 |url=https://www.matenadaran.am/ftp/el_gradaran/MANUSCRIPT_HERITAGE_OF_ARTSAKH_AND_UTIK.pdf}}</ref>]]
===Cultural life===
With the surrender of [[Ani]] in 1045 and [[Kars]] in 1064, the final independent Armenian state in [[Armenian Highland|historic Armenia]], the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni kingdom]], was dissolved and incorporated into the domains of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. However, despite foreign domination of the region, which became more pronounced after the [[Seljuk Turks]] defeated the Byzantines at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071, Armenians in [[eastern Armenia]] were able to maintain autonomy in the two mountainous strongholds in Syunik and [[Kingdom of Lori|Lori]] and in the [[principality of Khachen]].<ref>{{cite book
|last = Bournoutian
|first = George A.
|author-link = George Bournoutian
|title = A Concise History of the Armenian People
|year = 2006
|location = Costa Mesa, CA
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor/page/87 87–88]
|publisher = Mazda
|isbn = 1-56859-141-1
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor/page/87
}}</ref> From the early to mid-12th century, combined [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] and Armenian armies were successful in pushing the Turkic groups out of eastern Armenia, thereby establishing a period of relative peace and prosperity until the appearance of the Mongols in 1236.<ref>Bournoutian. ''Armenian People'', pp. 109-111.</ref>
Khachen had once been a part of Syunik until numerous Turkic invasions severed it from the rest of the kingdom. The reign of the Hasan-Jalalyan family was concentrated around the [[Tartar (river)|Terter]] and the Khachenaget rivers. Hasan-Jalal's birth date is unknown․ His reign began in 1214 and ended with his death sometime between 1261 and 1262 in [[Qazvin]]. His domain encompassed both Artsakh and the surrounding Armenian regions.<ref name="Ulubabyan2">{{in lang|hy}} Ulubabian, Bagrat. s.v., Hasan-Jalal Dawla, Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 6, p. 246.</ref> When his father Vakhtank died in 1214, Hasan-Jalal inherited his lands and took up residence in a castle at Akana in Jraberd.<ref>Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax", p. 50.</ref> He was addressed with the titles ''tagavor'' (king; {{langx|hy|թագավոր}}) or ''inknakal'' (autocrat or absolute ruler; ինքնակալ) but took the official title of "King of Artsakh and Balk" when he married the daughter of the final king of [[Hadrut Region|Dizak]]-Balk.<ref>Hewsen notes that because of Hasan-Jalal's lineage, he could have "At one and the same time...legitimately style himself King of Siwnik [Syunik], King of Balk, King of Arc'ax [Artskah], and King of Albania, not to mention Prince of Gardman, Dizak, and Xac'en [Khachen] - as well as Presiding Prince of Albania - as he chose.": "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," pp. 49-50.</ref> The medieval Armenian historian [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]] extolled Hasan-Jalal in his work ''History of Armenia'', showering him with praise for his piety and devotion to Christianity:
{{quotation|He was...a pious and God-loving man, mild and meek, merciful, and a lover of the poor, striving in prayers and entreaties like one who lived in the desert. He performed matins and [[vespers]] unhindered, no matter where he might be, like a monk; and in memory of the Resurrection of our Savior, he spent Sunday without sleeping, in a standing vigil. He was very fond of the priests, a lover of knowledge, and a reader of the divine Gospels.<ref name="KirakosG 1">[[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]]. ''[http://rbedrosian.com/kg9.htm History of the Armenians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619163602/http://rbedrosian.com/kg9.htm |date=2013-06-19 }}''. Translated by Robert Bedrosian.</ref>}}
[[File:Gandzasar monastic complex NKR.jpg|thumb|The [[Gandzasar monastery]] in present-day [[Martakert]], which went on to serve as the family [[sepulcher]] and religious [[Episcopal see|See]], was completed in 1240.]]
[[File:Gandzasar Zhamatun 1261.jpg|thumb|The Gandzasar ''[[Zhamatun]]'', dedicated by Hasan-Jalalyan in 1261.<ref name="EV213"/>]]
A further testament to this devotion included Hasan-Jalal's commissioning of the [[Gandzasar Monastery]]. Construction of the monastery began in 1216 and lasted until 1238. On July 22, 1240, amid great celebration during [[Vardavar]] (Feast of the Transfiguration) celebrations and in the presence of nearly 700 priests including Nerses, the [[Catholicos of Armenia|Catholicos]] of Albania, the church was consecrated. In 1261, Hasan-Jalalyan further completed a [[zhamatun]] next to the church, and left a dedicatory inscription:<ref name="EV213"/>
{{quote|In the year 710 (ie 1261 CE) I, J̌alal Dawlay, son of Vaxt‘ang, Governor of Arc‘ax, and my wife Mamk‘an, granddaughter of the King of Bałk‘, and my son At‘abak-Iwanē, founded (this) [[žamatun]] after the completion of the Church and finished it after much work... And again I, At‘abak, gladly donated a golden cased Gospel and the glorious holy Christ-bearing Sign and... instituted to celebrate the Eucharist for Christ for eight days during the (Feast of ) the Cross.<ref name="EV213">{{cite journal |last1=Vardanyan |first1=Edda |title=The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit‘ Structures in Armenien Architecture |journal=Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris : ACHCByz |date=1 January 2015 |page=213 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42320635/The_%C5%BDamatun_of_Ho%E1%B9%99omos_and_the_%C5%BDamatun_Gawit_Structures_in_Armenien_Architecture?email_work_card=title}}</ref>}}
The monastery went on to become the residence and sepulcher of the family as well as the residence of the catholicos; beginning in the fifteenth century, the family monopolized control over the seat of Catholicos itself, which would thereon pass down from uncle to nephew. Hasan-Jalal's son Hovhannes VII is considered to be the first to have established this practice when he became the Catholicos whereas his nephew, also named Hovhannes, became the second.<ref>Hewsen (1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia", p. 317.</ref>
Despite his Christian faith, Muslim influence in the region had pervaded and influenced the culture and customs of the Christians living in Georgia and Armenia, especially after the Seljuk Turks invaded the Caucasus. [[Antony Eastmond]], for example, notes that "many of the outward manifestations of [Hasan-Jalal's] rule were presented through Islamic customs and titles, most notably in his depiction on his principal foundation of Gandzasar."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Eastmond
| first = Antony
| title =Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond
| publisher = Ashgate
| year =2004
| location =Burlington, VT
| page = 92}}</ref> The image of Hasan-Jalal on the drum of Gandzasar's dome has him sitting cross-legged, which Eastmond remarks was a "predominant device for depicting power at the Seljuq court."<ref>Eastmond, ''Art and Identity'', p. 144.</ref> Hasan-Jalal's name also betrayed Muslim influence: as was the fashion of the time, many Armenians adopted [[Arab]]ic patronymics (''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]'') that lost any "connection with original Armenian names," the Russian orientalist [[Vladimir Minorsky]] noted.<ref>[[Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, Vladimir]]. "Caucasica IV," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' 3 (1953): pp. 504-505.</ref> Hasan-Jalal's Armenian name was Haykaz but the Arabic words in his name, in fact, described his person: thus, Hasan meant handsome; Jalal, grand; Dawla, wealth and governance.<ref name="GandzFound">{{in lang|hy}} [http://www.gandzasar.am/gandzasar.am/index1.html Hasan-Jalalyans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223010246/http://www.gandzasar.am/gandzasar.am/index1.html |date=December 23, 2009 }}. The Hasan-Jalalyans, Charitable, Cultural Foundation of Country Development. Accessed December 24, 2007.</ref>
===The Armenian Synaxarion===
Gandzasar served as a [[scriptorium]], and was where the first completed ''Haysmavurk'' ([[Synaxarion]]), a calendar collection of short lives of saints and accounts of important religious events, was completed in Armenia. Medieval chroniclers attributed the production of the new and better organized Haysmavurk to Hasan-Jalal, who asked Father Israel (Ter-Israel), a disciple of an important Armenian medieval philosopher and Artsakh native known as Vanakan Vardapet, to undertake the work. The Haysmavurk was further developed by Kirakos Gandzaketsi. Ever since the Haysmavurk ordered by Hasan-Jalal became known as "Synaxarion of Ter-Israel"; it was mass printed in Constantinople in 1834.<ref>{{in lang|hy}} Avdalbekian, M. s.v., "Haysmavurk," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 6, pp. 202-203.</ref>
===Mongol invasion===
[[File:Xoxanaberd.JPG|thumb|left|290px|The remains of Hasan-Jalal's fortress of [[Khokhanaberd]], as seen from Gandzasar, are on the mountain on the left.]]
In 1236, the [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanate Mongol]] armies invaded the Caucasus. Prior to them entering Khachen, Hasan Jalal and his people were able to take refuge at Ishkhanberd (located directly south of Gandzasar; also known by its Persian name of Khokhanaberd). Given its formidable location atop a mountain, the Mongols chose not to besiege the fortress and sued for negotiations with Hasan-Jalal: they exchanged his loyalty and military service to the Mongol Empire in return for some of the immediate lands adjacent to Khachen that they had conquered.<ref name="KirakosG 1"/> In 1240–1242, Hasan Jalal struck coins of common Mongol types in Khachen on the mints of "Qarabāgh" (in Khokhanaberd) and "Lajīn" (in Havkakhaghats berd).<ref>Akopyan, A. V. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506120101/https://www.academia.edu/10287188/On_the_earliest_coins_of_Khachen_Qarabagh_ On the Earliest Coins of Khachen (Qarabagh)]," ''Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society'' 222 (Spring 2015): 6-11.</ref>
Feeling the need to preserve his power, Hasan-Jalal twice undertook a journey to [[Karakorum]], the capital of the Mongol empire, where he was able to obtain special autonomy rights and privileges for himself and the people under his domain from the ruling ''[[Khan (title)|khan]]''.<ref name="Ulubabyan2"/> Despite this arrangement, the Mongols viewed many of the people of the region with contempt and taxed them excessively. Arghun Khan, the regional Mongol ''[[ostikan]]'' at the time, placed so many restrictions against Armenians that it prompted Hasan-Jalal in 1256 to travel to the capital once more to protest against the encroachments upon Catholicos Nerses. In response, [[Batu Khan]] drafted a document "guaranteeing freedom for Lord Nerses, Katolikos of Albania, for all his properties and goods, that he be free and untaxed and allowed to travel freely everywhere in the dioceses under his authority, and that no one disobey what he said."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Lane
| first = George E.
| title =Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance
| publisher = Routledge
| year =2003
| location =London
| page =63}}</ref>
Hasan-Jalal also attempted to strengthen his alliances with the Mongols by having his daughter Rhuzukan marry Bora Noyan, the son of a Mongol leader.<ref name="George Lane">Lane. ''Early Mongol Rule'', p. 259.</ref> Relations between Armenians and Mongols deteriorated, however, and the document issued by the khan failed to safeguard Hasan-Jalal's rights.<ref name="George Lane"/>
Finally, in 1260, Hasan-Jalal decided to ally himself with the forces of the Georgian king [[David VI of Georgia|David Narin]], who was leading an insurrection against Mongol rule. He was captured several times by the Mongols yet his family was able to free him by paying a ransom. The insurrection eventually failed and on the orders of Arghun Khan, Hasan-Jalal was arrested once more and taken to [[Qazvin]], (now in [[Iran]]). According to Kirakos Ganzaketsi, Rhuzukan appealed to the [[Hulagu Khan]]'s wife [[Doquz Khatun]], to pressure Arghun to free her father. Upon learning of this, however, Arghun Khan had Hasan-Jalal tortured and finally executed.<ref name="Ulubabyan2"/><ref name="KirakosG 2">Kirakos Gandzaketsi. ''[http://rbedrosian.com/kg12.htm History of Armenia, Chapter 63: The death of pious prince Jalal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014012737/http://rbedrosian.com/kg12.htm |date=October 14, 2007 }}'', [g389-392]</ref> Hasan Jalal's son Atabek sent several of his men to Iran to retrieve his father's dismembered body, which had been tossed into a well. After it was brought back, the body was given a funeral and buried at Gandzasar monastery.<ref name="KirakosG 2"/>
==Later family rule==
[[File:Prince Vakht‘ang (Hasan-Jalal’s grandson) Relic of the New Testament, 13th century, Ms 155, f. 106v.jpg|thumb|Prince Vakhtank (Hasan-Jalal’s grandson) Relic of the New Testament, 13th century, Ms 155, f. 106v.<ref>{{cite book |title=MANUSCRIPT HERITAGE OF ARTS‘AKH AND UTIK‘ |date=2022 |publisher=Agbu |page=162-163, 216 |url=https://www.matenadaran.am/ftp/el_gradaran/MANUSCRIPT_HERITAGE_OF_ARTSAKH_AND_UTIK.pdf}}</ref>]]
Following his death, the family shortened Hasan-Jalal's official title to just "Princes of Artsakh."<ref name="Hewsen p. 53">Hewsen. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax", p. 53.</ref> Atabek was ordered by Hulegu to take over his father's position and held the post until 1306. His cousin Vakhtank (died 1347), whose descendants would become the Melik-Avanyan family, was given control over the region of Dizak. As a method of showing their relation to Hasan-Jalal, his descendants adopted Hasan-Jalal as their [[surname]] and appended the suffix -yan at the end.<ref name="GandzFound"/> The family funded numerous architectural and cultural projects which continue to stand today, including Gandzasar monastery and the adjacent Church of St. John the Baptist. In the late 16th century, the family branched out and established ''[[melik]]doms'' in settlements in [[Mardakert Region|Jraberd]], Khachen and [[Gülüstan, Goranboy|Gulistan]].<ref name="Ulubabyan1"/><ref>{{cite book
| last =Hacikyan
| first =Agop Jack
|author2=Gabriel Basmajian |author3=Edward S. Franchuk
| title =The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times, vol. 3
| publisher =Wayne State University
| year =2005
| location =Detroit
| page = 470}}</ref>
===Ottoman-Persian Wars===
During the [[Ottoman Empire|Turko]]-[[Persia]]n wars of the seventeenth century and eighteenth century, the meliks fiercely resisted and fought back against incursions made by both sides. In the last quarter of the 18th century, they aided the invading imperial [[Russia]]n armies to help clear the region of both the Turks and Persians. The Hasan-Jalalyans were one of the most prominent of the melik families that took up the cause to liberate the region from foreign control; the foremost among them being Catholicos Yesayi Hasan-Jalalyan (? - 1728).<ref name="SAE 3">{{in lang|hy}} Svazian, H., s.v., "Yesayi Hasan-Jalalyan," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 3, pp. 523-524.</ref> In 1677, Armenian Catholicos Hakob of [[Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)|Julfa]] had held a secret meeting with the meliks of Karabakh, proposing that a delegation journey to Europe to garner support for the liberation of the region.<ref>Bournoutian. ''Armenian People'', pp. 236-237.</ref> In 1711, Yesayi, accompanying [[Israel Ori]], traveled to Russia to gather support for the formation of an Armenian army under [[Peter the Great]]. Ori, however, died on the way, and Yesayi soon took over as the lead figure of the movement. He continued negotiations with Peter, and in a letter sent to him in 1718, promised the support of a 10–12,000-man Armenian army as well as support from neighboring Georgian forces.<ref name="SAE 3"/> His entreaties continued until 1724, when the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1724)]] was signed by [[Peter the Great]] that gave the Muslim-populated regions in eastern Transcaucasia to Russia and Christian-populated western regions to the Turks. Both had just finished conquering swaths of [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] territory comprising large parts of the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia while the Safavid realm was disintegrating in a civil war.<ref name=martin>{{cite book |title=Uralic And Altaic Series |last=Martin |first=Samuel Elmo |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |pages=47 |isbn=9780700703807 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWYdLuA34OQC&q=%2B1724+%2Btreaty+%2Bottoman+%2Brussia&pg=PA49 |access-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506120058/https://books.google.com/books?id=UWYdLuA34OQC&q=%2B1724+%2Btreaty+%2Bottoman+%2Brussia&pg=PA49 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Russian interest in the Caucasus soon waned after Peter's death in 1725 as its leaders pulled their forces back across the [[Terek River]].<ref>Bournoutian. ''Armenian People'', pp. 237-238.</ref> The territories gained by Russia in the North and South Caucasus were ceded back to Iran (now led by [[Nader Shah]]) per the treaties of [[Treaty of Resht|Resht]] and [[Treaty of Ganja|Ganja]] of 1732 and 1735, respectively.
While the Ottomans temporarily gained the Christian regions of the disintegrating Safavid realm, Yesai was blamed for this failure by some of the leaders of the Armenian army as they were forced to fend for themselves against the Turkish invasions.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}{{vague|date=May 2015}}
From the seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, several cadet branches of the Hasan-Jalalyans were established, including the Melik-Atabekyan family, who became the last rulers of the principality of Jraberd. Allahverdi II Hasan-Jalalyan, who died in 1813, was the final melik of Khachen when the Russian Empire gained control of the region in 1805 during the [[Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)|Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813]].<ref name="Hewsen p. 53"/> In 1828, following the end of the second [[Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)|Russo-Persian War]] and the cession of Persia's last territories in the [[South Caucasus]] to Russia according to the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]], the Russians dissolved the Catholicosate of Albania, although a member of the Hasan-Jalalyan family, Balthasar, became Primate of Artsakh, which was tantamount of the position of Catholicos of Albania in all but name.<ref>Hewsen (1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia," p. 318.</ref>
==Hasan-Jalalyans today==
[[File:Hasan Jalal flag.jpg|thumb|290px|The flag of the Hasan-Jalalyan family today.]]
At the time of the publication of Hewsen's initial article in 1972 in the journal ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]'', the author was unable to trace any survivors of the house but did note that the final two Catholicos of Albania, Hovhannes XII (1763–1786) and [[Sargis II Hasan-Jalalyan|Sargis II]] (1794–1815), had a dozen brothers altogether, all who left a "numerous progeny by the middle of the nineteenth century." He was also able to identify a woman named Eleanora Hasan-Jalalian who was living in [[Yerevan]] as an [[artist]] at the turn of the 19th to 20th century.<ref>Hewsen (1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia", pp. 328-329.</ref> In later years, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sources also listed the biography of Ruben Hasan-Jalalyan (1840–1902), an Armenian writer, poet and lawyer who lived in the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>{{in lang|hy}} Saghian, M. s.v. "Ruben Hasan-Jalalian," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 7, p. 246.</ref> One person, a man named Stepan Hasan Jalalyan from [[Drmbon]], [[Martakert Region]] of [[Nagorno Karabakh]], served as a deputy in the [[National Assembly (Armenia)|Armenian National Assembly]] as a member of the [[Heritage (Armenia)|Heritage Party]] and fought in the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritage.am/en/stepan-hasan-jalalyan |title=Stepan Hasan-Jalalyan |access-date=July 30, 2016 |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193435/http://www.heritage.am/en/stepan-hasan-jalalyan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/55434/Hovannisian-re-elected-heritage-party-leader.html|title=Hovannisian Re-elected Heritage Party Leader|date=June 28, 2014 |access-date=August 12, 2018|archive-date=March 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329082444/http://hetq.am/eng/news/55434/hovannisian-re-elected-heritage-party-leader.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Several artifacts of the Hasan-Jalalyans survive until today, including Hasan-Jalal's personal [[dagger]], complete with an Armenian inscription, which is currently on display at the [[Hermitage Museum]] in St Petersburg.<ref>De Waal. ''Black Garden'', pp. 151-152.</ref>
==See also==
{{History of Nagorno-Karabakh}}
*[[Armenian nobility]]
*[[Principality of Khachen]]
*[[Nagorno Karabakh Republic]]
*[[Artsakh (historic province)|Artsakh]]
*[[Nagorno Karabakh]]
*[[Culture of Nagorno-Karabakh]]
*[[History of Nagorno-Karabakh]]
*[[List of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
* [http://www.gandzasar.com/ Gandzasar.com: Gandzasar Monastery, Nagorno Karabakh Republic]
*{{in lang|hy}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091223010246/http://www.gandzasar.am/gandzasar.am/index1.html The Hasan-Jalalyans, Charitable, Cultural Foundation of Country Development].
==Further reading==
;Primary Sources
{{refbegin|indent=yes|35em}}
*Esayi Hasan Jalaleants. ''A Brief History of the Aghuank Region'', trans. by [[George Bournoutian]]. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2009.
*[[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]]. ''[http://rbedrosian.com/kg1.htm History of Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801061607/http://rbedrosian.com/kg1.htm |date=August 1, 2013 }}''. Trans. Robert Bedrosian.
;Secondary and Tertiary Sources
*{{in lang|ru}} [[Joseph Orbeli|Orbeli, Joseph]]. ''Асан Жалал дoла, Kниаз Xaчeнcки'' [Hasan-Jalal Dawla, Prince of Khachen]. ''Izvestiia Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk'' 3 (1909). Reprinted in his ''Izbrannii Trudi''. Yerevan, 1963.
*{{in lang|ru}} [[Raffi (poet)|Raffi]]. ''[http://armenianhouse.org/raffi/novels-ru/khamsa/meliks1_14.html The Melikdoms of Khamsa]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219213642/http://armenianhouse.org/raffi/novels-ru/khamsa/meliks1_14.html |date=December 19, 2007 }}''. Yerevan: Nairi, 1991.
*{{in lang|fr}} [[Cyril Toumanoff|Toumanoff, Cyril]]. ''Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie)''. Edizioni Aquila, Roma, 1976.
*[[Robert H. Hewsen|Hewsen, Robert H.]] "The Kingdom of Arc'ax," in Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone, eds., ''Medieval Armenian Culture'', University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1984.
*Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study." ''[[Revue des Études Arméniennes]]'' 9 (1972): pp.&nbsp;255–329.
* Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: II." ''Revue des Études Arméniennes'' 10 (1973–1974): pp.&nbsp;281–303.
*Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: III." ''Revue des Études Arméniennes'' 11 (1975–1976): pp.&nbsp;219–243.
*{{in lang|hy}} [[Bagrat Ulubabyan|Ulubabian, Bagrat]]. ''Khacheni ishkhanutyune, X-XVI darerum'' [The Principality of Khachen during the tenth to sixteenth centuries]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1975.
*{{in lang|hy}} Ulubabian, Bagrat. "Hasan-Jalal Dawla" and "Hasan-Jalalyan Family" in [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. vol. 6. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1980.
*{{in lang|hy}} Ts. P. Aghaian et al., eds., "Hay zhoghovurde feodalizmi vayrejki zhamanakashrjanum, XVI-XVIII dd." [The Armenian People and the Period of Decline of Feudalism from the Fourteenth to Eighteenth Century] in ''Hay zhoghovrdi patmutyun''. vol. 5. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976.
{{refend}}
{{Royal houses of Armenia}}
{{Good article}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:House Of Hasan-Jalalyan}}
[[Category:Bagratuni dynasty]]
[[Category:Armenian noble families]]
[[Category:Princes of Khachen]]