View source for Hawiye

{{Short description|Somali clan family}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Hawiye<br>بنوهوية
| ethnicity = {{flagicon|Somalia}}[[Somali people|Somali]]
| location = {{flagicon|Somalia}}[[Somalia]]<br>{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}[[Ethiopia]]<br>{{flagicon|Kenya}}[[Kenya]] <br>{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemen]]
| parent_tribe = [[Samaale]]
| language = {{flagicon|Somalia}}[[Somali language|Somali]]<br>{{flagicon|Arab League}}[[Arabic]]
| religion = [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]
| branches = <br>'''Bah Arbera:'''<br />
*[[Karanle]]
*Xaskul
*Raarane
<br>'''Bah Ghirei:'''<br />
*Gorgaarte
*Gugundhabe
*Jambeelle
| type = Somali clan
| image = File:Hawiye_Kingdom_of_the_North_East_in_1570.png
| caption = Medieval Portuguese map of the [[Horn of Africa]]. The Hawiye (Aiaua) held an important polity where the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Red Sea]] converged.
| descended = [[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Sheikh Ahmed (Hawiye)]]
| image_size = 300
| nisba = Al-Hawiyah<br>الحاوية
}}
The '''Hawiye''' ({{langx|so|Hawiye}}; {{langx|ar|بنو هوية}}) are one of the principal and largest of the [[Somali clans]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Violations of the Rules Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts and Their Possible Causes|last=Alasow|first=Omar|year=2010|url=https://i.postimg.cc/qR55wNrr/Screenshot-20220416-201918-Samsung-Internet.png|page=32|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2023-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123064015/https://i.postimg.cc/qR55wNrr/Screenshot-20220416-201918-Samsung-Internet.png|url-status=live}}</ref> tracing their lineage back to [[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Sheikh Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman]], also known as Sheikh Hawiye, the [[Eponym|eponymous]] figure of the clan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> They are considered the earliest documented clan to have settled in the Somali peninsula, as noted in the 12th century by [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Al-Idrisi]], occupying the regions spanning from [[Ras Hafun]] to [[Merca]], which served as their capital.<ref name="Cambridge 137" /> Presently, the Hawiye reside in central and southern [[Somalia]], [[Somaliland]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Further Steps To Somaliland Democracy|last=Aden|first=Abokor|year=2006|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64096513|page=20|oclc=64096513 }}</ref> [[Djibouti]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=African Native Tribes|last=Africa a|first=Collections Of|year=1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcEaAAAAMAAJ&dq=Jibuti&pg=PR17|page=27|access-date=2023-03-09|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405105916/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcEaAAAAMAAJ&dq=Jibuti&pg=PR17|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Somali Region|Somali region of Ethiopia]], [[Harari Region|Harar]],<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=HeU-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U17vHwzx5Jxb0BfOJe463Kr8EXx9A&w=1025 Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas Die materielte Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl (Phillip Paulitschke 1893)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408191637/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=HeU-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U17vHwzx5Jxb0BfOJe463Kr8EXx9A&w=1025 |date=2023-04-08 }}|quote=The tribe of the Hawija (Auîjja), whose members claim to be the purest, so to speak, the cream of the Somâl, is spread over the whole vast terrain from the middle Erer valley of Harar and Karanle along the left bank of the Vêbi Shabêli distributed to the coast of the Indian Ocean between Cape Sîf Tawîl and Maqdishu and Merka.</ref> [[Oromia]], and [[Afar Region|Afar regions]],<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Implication of the Afar-Somali pastoralist conflict on the socio-economic rights of residents in Afar Region Zone Three|last=Berhane|first=Meressa|year=2013|url=http://213.55.95.56/handle/123456789/26211|page=1|type=Thesis }}</ref> as well as [[Kenya]] (specifically the [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|North Eastern Province]] and [[Eastern Province (Kenya)|Eastern Province]]). Furthermore, they represent the majority of the population in the capital city of [[Mogadishu]].<ref>Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia: 2001, Maria Brons, International Books, page 102.          </ref>
The Hawiye have historically exercised authority over large sections of the [[Horn of Africa]] as Sovereign [[Sultan|Sultans]] and [[Imam|Imams]] overseeing crucial trade routes that have existed since the early periods of [[Maritime history of Somalia|Somali maritime history]].<ref name="Abbink 1999 1" /><ref name=":5" /> The coastal regions experienced a vibrant expansion of foreign trade and commerce, with numerous ships traversing between multiple kingdoms and empires in [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], and [[East Africa]] making them very affluent.<ref name=":6" /> This political and economic influence continued to have relevance well into the modern age, with the Hawiye clan playing a pivotal and historically significant role in laying the foundations of the [[Somalia|Somali nation]]. The enduring legacy of the Hawiye's governance and control over trade routes has left a lasting impact on the development and shaping of [[Somalia]].
== Origins and Etymology ==
[[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Sheikh Hawiye]], also known as Ahmed based on oral traditions and Arabic [[Hagiography|hagiologies]], is renowned as a revered [[saint]] and religious figure who bore the epithet "Hawi al 'Uluum", meaning the conservator of knowledge, denoting his mastery of [[Islamic sciences|Islamic knowledge]]. Through the passage of time, this appellation was condensed to just "Hawiyah" or "Hawiye" and subsequently evolved into the [[ethnonym]] of his progeny.<ref name=":3">[https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*cga-7fEGYEVAnszNb28kvg.png Hawiyah, meaning the Conservator of Sciences, his name is Ahmad ibn Irir, (Whose name is Abd al-Rahman) ibn Samaal, (Whose name is Uthman) bin Muhammad ibn Hanbal Bin Mahdi bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Aqeel bin Abi Talib. This (Muhammad) is the one to whom the Darod, whose actual name is Daud, tribes trace their lineage to.] </ref> The [[genealogy]] of [[Sheikh]] Hawiye, as delineated in these oral narratives, Arabic [[Hagiography|hagiologies]], and indigenous manuscripts, can be traced as follows: [[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Ahmed]] (Hawiye) Bin Abdulrahman (Irir) Bin Uthman ([[Samaale]]) Bin Muhammed Bin Hanbal Bin Mahdi Bin Ahmed Bin [[Muhammad ibn Muslim and Ibrahim ibn Muslim|Mohammed]] Bin [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqeel Bin Abu Talib]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=محمود |first=زيلعي، عبد الرحمن شيخ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAIyzgEACAAJ |title=الصومال عروبتها وحضارتها الإسلامية |date=2018 |publisher=قنديل للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، |isbn=978-9948-39-903-2 |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=الشريف عيدروس النضيري العلوي |url=http://archive.org/details/BughiyatalAamalfeTarikhalSomal |title=بغية الآمال في تاريخ الصومال للشريف عيدروس |date=1954 |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=السيد |first=سالم، حمدى |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35o1kgAACAAJ |title=الصومال: قديما وحديثا |date=1965 |publisher=وزارة الاستعلامات |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Somaliprodigy |date=2024-04-18 |title=Etymology and Genesis of the Hawiye |url=https://medium.com/@somaliprodigy/etymology-of-the-hawiye-80d8f92cef1b |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=italiana |first=Società geografica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-538clqklEC&dq=Somail&pg=PA370 |title=Bollettino della Società geografica italiana |date=1893 |publisher=Stab. di Giuseppe Civelli |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Colucci |first=Massimo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kbo0AAAAIAAJ&q=bah+ |title=Principi di diritto consuetudinario della Somalia italiana meridionale: i gruppi sociali, la proprietà con dieci tavole dimostrative, sotto gli auspici del governo della Somalia italiana |date=1924 |publisher=Soc. an. editrice "La Voce" |language=it}}</ref>
It is through these sources that the lineage of [[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Sheikh Hawiye]] can be comprehensively understood and appreciated within the broader historical and cultural contexts. Some scholars consider these genealogical claims as historically untenable, but instead argue that they reflect a longstanding cross cultural exchange between [[Somalia]] and [[South Arabia|Southern Arabia]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wDIYFRncGAC&q=First+footsteps+in+East+Africa%E2%80%9D+by+Richard+Burton |title=First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar |date=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC |title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa |last2=Samatar |first2=Said S. |date=1999 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-280-3 |language=en}}</ref> According to the British [[anthropologist]] and Somali Studies veteran [[Ioan Lewis]], the traditions of descent from noble [[Arabs|Arab]] families related to the Prophet are most probably figurative expressions of the importance of [[Islam]] in [[Somali people|Somali society]]. However, "there is a strong historically valid component in these legends."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC&pg=PA104 |title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society |date=1994 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-93-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&dq=I.M+Lewis+the+galla&pg=PA97 |title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society |date=1998 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-1-56902-103-3 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Olol Dinle.jpg|thumb|[[Olol Dinle|Sultan Olol Dinle]]. Head of the Hawiye [[Ajuran (clan)|Ajuran]] clan.]]
[[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Hawiye]], the eldest son of Irir, is known to have a sibling named Aji, whose actual name is documented in oral traditions and further supported by Al Idrus's work "History of Somalia" as Ismail, the father of [[Dir (clan)|Dir]], also known as Abu-Bakr.<ref name=":0" /> [[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Hawiye]] was married to two women, from whom he had six sons. The first wife, Arbera, hailing from [[Arabs|Arab]] lineage, bore him three sons - [[Karanle]], Xaskuul, and Raarane. On the other hand, his second wife, Ghirei, belonging to the [[Harla people|Harla]], gave birth to Gugundhabe, Gorgarte, and Jambeelle.<ref name="Cerulli" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbink |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsAWAQAAIAAJ&q=arbera |title=The Total Somali Clan Genealogy: A Preliminary Sketch |date=1999 |publisher=African Studies Centre |language=en}}</ref> This genealogical account of Hawiye's family structure is crucial in understanding the historical lineage and heritage of the Hawiye. The oral traditions and written sources provide valuable insights into the familial connections and societal structures prevalent to this day.
{{Somali clans}}
The tomb of [[Ahmed Bin Abdulrahman Bin Uthman|Shiekh Hawiye]] can be found in [[Kundudo|Qundhuro]], situated within the [[East Hararghe Zone|Haraghe]] region, which served as his primary residence for the later years of his life as a revered [[Sheikh]] who dedicated himself to the propagation of the teachings of [[Islam]]. Alongside Shiekh Hawiye rests his eldest son, [[Karanle]], in a burial site. <ref name=":1" />The Hawiye furthered the spread of [[Islam]] in the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref name="African Institute for Contemporary Mission and Research incorporating Festo Olang' Resource Centre"/>
==Distribution==
[[File:UN Clan Map of Somalia.png|thumb|UN Clan map of Somalia]]
The Hawiye are believed to be the largest Somali clan and comprise the majority in Somalia as well as the majority in the NFD region of Kenya according to respective censuses. The origin and traditional homeland of the Hawiye is believed to be in the Somali Region of Ethiopia,<ref name="Harold G Marcus">{{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies|last= Marcus|first=Harold|year= 1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXoMAQAAMAAJ&dq=QALLAFO&pg=PA104|page= 104}} </ref> where he was preceded by the arrival of his Samaale ancestors in the areas between Djibouti and Somaliland,<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=po4MSDrHoCsC&pg=PA11&img=1&pgis=1&dq=dominazione+agiuran&sig=ACfU3U1TspPINykduvRZwWc0seJR85Kq1A&edge=0 La Somalia italiana nei tre anni del mio governo Giacomo Di Martino (1912)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210162948/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=po4MSDrHoCsC&pg=PA11&img=1&pgis=1&dq=dominazione+agiuran&sig=ACfU3U1TspPINykduvRZwWc0seJR85Kq1A&edge=0 |date=2023-12-10 }}|quote="And the first that presents itself, that of the Abgal, boasts an ancient, and for these people, glorious origin. And in fact it was the one that rose up against the domination of the Agiuran, with which the Hauia common lineage (one of the great tribes of the Somali stock that populates East Africa) it had.
Both the Agiuran and the Abgal were therefore of the same origin, that is, of the region of Djibouti, whence the Agiuran, nearly five centuries ago had come to conquer Somalia, occupying and extending their domination over almost the entire current territory of the Colony."</ref> before descending southeast and along the Shabelle Valley.
In Somalia, Hawiye subclans inhabit the fertile lands along the [[Shabelle River]] of [[Beledweyne]] located in the [[Hiran, Somalia|Hiran]] region. Their territory stretches from the coastline just south of [[Mogadishu]] to the north of the historic port town of [[Hobyo]] in the central [[Mudug]] region. The Hawiye constitute the majority in the [[Hirshabelle]] state of Somalia, with the [[Abgaal]] clan being present while in Galmudug Hawiye are the majority as well. The Hawiye also have a second majority presence in the [[South West State of Somalia|South West State]] region, They can also be found in [[Jubbaland]]. The Fiqishini subclan of the Habar Gidir<ref>{{Cite book|last=Höhne|first=Markus Virgil|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/976483444|title=Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision|date=2015|isbn=978-1-907431-13-5|location=London|page=99|oclc=976483444}}  </ref> inhabit the [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]] region of [[Somaliland]].
[[File:Somali Clans Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya iyo Ethiopia Qabilooyiinka Soomalida.jpg | thumb|NRC clan map of Greater Somalia|220x124px | left]]
The Hawiye also live in their traditional birthplace Ethiopia, holding a sizeable population in the [[Somali Region]] of Ethiopia as well as cities like [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] in the Oromia region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/8812/OdowaLiban2006LocalConflictsSomaliOromoPeopleEthiopia.pdf |title=Local conflicts between Somali and Oromo people in the context of political decentralization in Ethiopia; Comparative case study on Ma'eso and Babile Districts |access-date=2023-04-08 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408212931/https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/8812/OdowaLiban2006LocalConflictsSomaliOromoPeopleEthiopia.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the southern parts of the [[Somali Region]], Hawiye can be found in many zones, and are majority in 3/9 of the zones, namely the [[Liben Zone|Liben]] zone and the [[Shabelle Zone|Shabelle]] zone. They can also be found in many other zones, such as the [[Afder Zone|Afdheer]], [[Dollo Zone|Dollo]], [[Sitti Zone|Sitti]], [[Erer Zone|Erer]], [[Faafan Zone|Faafan]] and [[Korahe Zone|Korahe]] zone.
In Kenya, the Hawiye can also be found in the [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)]] region of Kenya where the [[Degoodi]] sub-clan is 3rd majority out of Somali clans in Kenya and the majority in the [[Wajir]] region, followed by another Hawiye sub-clan, the [[Ajuran (clan)|Ajuran]] and then the [[Murule]] who are the majority of the [[Mandera]] region as shown in the Kenyan census.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cabdulqaadir Cusmaan Maxamuud|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50295281|title=Sababihii burburka Soomaaliya|date=1999|publisher=Neelo Printing|isbn=0-9681259-1-3|location=Toronto|page=101|oclc=50295281}}</ref><ref>The Somali, Afar and Saho groups in the Horn of Africa by I.M Lewis</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=UN Somalia Clan Map|year=1998|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/130213_Somalia_Clan-Map1_A3.pdf|page=1|access-date=2021-06-22|archive-date=2021-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612154225/https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/130213_Somalia_Clan-Map1_A3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=ACCORD Somalia Clan Map|year=1999|url=https://www.slideshare.net/Johanwesterholm/accord-reportclansinsomaliarevisededition20091215|page=30|access-date=2021-06-26|archive-date=2022-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419092541/https://www.slideshare.net/Johanwesterholm/accord-reportclansinsomaliarevisededition20091215|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>First Footsteps in East Africa by Richard Burton, pg 73</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Earth and Its Inhabitants of South and East Africa|year=1876|url=https://i.postimg.cc/Yq4JjjHV/Screenshot-20230219-093325-Samsung-Internet.png|page=398|access-date=2023-02-19|archive-date=2023-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219093855/https://i.postimg.cc/Yq4JjjHV/Screenshot-20230219-093325-Samsung-Internet.png|url-status=live}}</ref>
Major Hawiye cities inhabited by the Hawiye clan consist of the capital of Somalia, [[Mogadishu]], along with various other cities such as [[Beledweyne]], [[Galkayo]], [[Babile (town)|Babile]], [[Dusmareb]], [[Jowhar]], [[Wajir]] and [[Mandera]].
== Sultanates ==
The Hawiye has produced various sultanates, some of which ruled large parts of the [[Horn of Africa]]. Some of these include:
The '''Ajuran Sultanate''', which was led by the [[Ajuran (clan)|Ajuran]] sub-clan of the Hawiye. Specifically the Ajuran are said to be part of the Jambelle Hawiye<ref name="Abbink 1999 1">{{Cite book|title=The Total Somali clan Geneaology|last=Abbink|first=Jon|year=1999|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/592016fa4.html|page=1|access-date=2023-11-22|archive-date=2023-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915213651/https://www.refworld.org/docid/592016fa4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Bollettino della Società geografica italiana|last=Geographica Italiana|first=Società|year=1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g64yAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA970|access-date=2023-10-03|archive-date=2023-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030141336/https://books.google.com/books?id=g64yAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA970|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Liiqliiqato 1986 18">{{Cite book|title=Taariikhda Soomaaliya dalkii filka weynaa ee punt|last=Liiqliiqato|first=Maxamed|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkOAQAAMAAJ&dq=Caalim&pg=PA18|page=18|access-date=2023-04-01|archive-date=2023-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401225240/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgkOAQAAMAAJ&dq=Caalim&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> but became displaced from modern Hawiye territories in the late 17th to early 18th centuries due to historical conflict particularly in South Central Somalia.<ref name="Abbink 1999 1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam in Africa|last=Brelvi|first=Mahmud|year=1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rt0PAQAAIAAJ&dq=Hawiya+Ajuran&pg=PA189|page=189|access-date=2023-11-22|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406145730/https://books.google.com/books?id=rt0PAQAAIAAJ&dq=Hawiya%20Ajuran&pg=PA189|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Somalia a country study|last=Nelson|first=Harold|year=1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQCZwLAsGVYC&dq=AJURAN+RULE&pg=PA11|page=11|access-date=2023-11-22|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419013613/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQCZwLAsGVYC&dq=AJURAN+RULE&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Somali Kenya relations in True Perspective|last=Foreign Affairs|first=Ministry of|year=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2T9obcU0ksC&dq=Hawiye+Ajuran+state&pg=PA15|page=15|access-date=2023-11-22|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406145730/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2T9obcU0ksC&dq=Hawiye+Ajuran+state&pg=PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> Lee Cassanelli in his 1982 book "''The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900''" often refers to the Ajuran as former leaders of a Hawiye clan dynasty.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=IFRA Nairobi relations|last=de recherche en afrique|first=institut francais|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrUtAQAAIAAJ&dq=Gurqate&pg=RA4-PA25|page=25|access-date=2023-11-22|archive-date=2023-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418231736/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrUtAQAAIAAJ&dq=Gurqate&pg=RA4-PA25|url-status=live}}</ref> They belonged to the [[Somali people|Somali]] [[Muslim]] [[sultanate]] that ruled over large parts of the [[Horn of Africa]] in the [[Middle Ages]]. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of [[Maritime history of Somalia|Somali maritime enterprise]] were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Europe]], the [[Near East]], [[North Africa]] and [[East Africa]]. The Ajuran Empire's sphere of influence in the [[Horn of Africa]] was one of the largest in the region. The empire covered much of southern [[Somalia]] and eastern [[Ethiopia]], with its domain extending from [[Hobyo]] in the north, to [[Kelafo|Qelafo]] in the west, to [[Kismayo]] in the south.
The '''Hiraab Imaamate''', also known as the '''Yacquubi Dynasty''', which was governed by the [[Hiraab]] sub-clan of the Hawiye. It was founded by Imam Omar who successfully rebelled and defeated the [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran]] and established an independent kingdom.<ref name=":5">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=%22hiraab+imamate%22&pg=PA62 | title=Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1| isbn=9781909112797| last1=Abdullahi| first1=Abdurahman| date=2017-09-18| publisher=Adonis and Abbey Publishers}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Maino|first=M|title=Somalia d'oggi|date=1956|publisher=Coloniale Italiano|page=34|url=https://ibb.co/nRS3QJs|access-date=2023-11-22|archive-date=2023-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122233100/https://ibb.co/nRS3QJs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://runeberg.org/nfaa/0307.html Nordisk Familjebok 1876-1899 (Runeberg 1876)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231060959/https://runeberg.org/nfaa/0307.html |date=2023-12-31 }}|quote=Ajan, better Adjan, former name of the eastern coast of Africa between Cape Guardafui and the equator, inhabited of Somali and Galla tribes, who are ruled by independent so-called Imams. Now it makes up part of the land of Somali.</ref> By 1700, the Hiraab and other clans occupied a large territory stretching the interior from the Shabelle valley to the arid lands of Mudug and to the coastal areas of Mogadishu towards Hobyo. After the immediate fall of the Ajuuraan, the Hiraab established an independent rule for at least two centuries. It was called ''Regno di Magadozo'' or the Kingdom of Magadoxo in official medieval bulletins, and at their peak, they would go on to dominate what became Greater Benadir.
These sultanates both ruled over present-day Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia. Minor Hawiye sultanates throughout these periods include the southern reigns of the Lama Jidle (Afgoi) Sultanate of the [[Silcis]] and the El Amir (Merca) dynasty of the Wadalaan. In the north, minor sultanates of the [[Sultanate of Bale]] and the [[Imamate of Aussa]] (preceded by Hubat and Harar principalities), were led by members of the Ajuran and the Karanle, respectively. Under these major and minor sultanates, Somalia flourished and various key port cities and towns were created. Explorer [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] arrived in southern [[Somalia]] in 1873 during a period of great economic prosperity with the region being dominated by the Imamate and the [[Geledi Sultanate]]. Kirk met Imam Mahmood who reigned over Mogadishu. Trade between the Hiraab of [[Mogadishu]] and the [[Geledi Sultanate]] led by [[Ahmed Yusuf Mahamud|Ahmed Yusuf]] was flourishing. Kirk noted a variety of other things. Roughly 20 large dhows were docked in both Mogadishu and [[Merka]] respectively filled with grain produced from the farms of the Geledi in the interior with much of the trade being destined for [[Zanzibar]].
==Role and Influence in Somalia==
[[File:Abdiqasimsalad.jpg|thumb|242x242px|Former Somali President [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan|Abdiqasim salad Hassan]]]]
The Hawiye have historically played an important role in Somalia. The majority of Somalia's founding fathers hailed from the Hawiye. At Independence in 1960, the first President, Prime Minister, Parliamentary Speaker and the Father of the Somali Military were all Hawiye. [[Aden Adde]] the first President and Speaker was Udeejeen. The first Prime Minister [[Abdullahi Issa]] was Habar Gidir. The father of the Somali Military [[Daud Abdulle Hirsi]] was Abgaal. As was the initiator of the October revolution coup d'état in 1969, Brigadier General [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]]. The military leader to overthrow and exile the successor of the coup President [[Siad Barre]] of the [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Council]] in 1991 before fighting and defeating subsequent US occupying forces (1993-1995) was General [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]], a Habar Gidir.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kingsley|first=Charles|title=A Vet in Somalia|date=2012|publisher=Libre UK|page=224|isbn=9781477102848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UmNAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|access-date=2023-10-03|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031044533/https://books.google.com/books?id=7UmNAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then the Hawiye have produced five more Presidents and four more Prime Ministers.
The Hawiye elite played a leading role during the [[Somali Rebellion]] in opposing the post civilian era dictatorship of President [[Siad Barre]] under the auspices of [[SODAF]], the [[Somali Salvation Democratic Front|SSDF]] and the [[Somali National Movement]] (SNM) before converging to form their own branch the infamous [[United Somali Congress]] (USC). The long-standing clan conflicts that had engulfed other clans in the rest of the country under the ex dictatorship continued unabated into the late 90s with its eventual victors setting up autonomous regional states (Somaliland and Puntland) while Mogadishu underwent a new Civil War starting in late 1991 with the city divided between warring Hawiye factions of [[Aidid]] and Abgaal President [[Ali Mahdi]]. Despite 2 interim governments built from [[Djibouti]] and supplanted in the capital with its elected Hawiye Presidencies in [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]] in 1991 and [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan]] (Habargidir) a decade later, 14 national peace conferences throughout their tenures and a 3-year UN/US humanitarian & peacekeeping intervention (1992-1995), the Mogadishu Civil War remained a stalemate until 2006 which saw the rise of the popular [[Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU), a predominately Hawiye-based Islamic Fundamentalist Organisation that ended the rule of factional warlords and their chiefdoms, with the ICU promoting religious reform while conquering large parts of the country. But even with its moderate leadership and revolutionary appeal, the International Community, encouraged by the US global War on Terror campaign, endorsed a historically damaging Ethiopian Occupation to overthrow the ICU and prop the weak internationally recognised interim federal government (TFG) of President [[Abdullahi Yusuf]], a [[Darod]] Majerteen, which was built in Kenya in 2004 and based there before moving into the city of [[Baidoa]]. With the TFG reliant on neighbours Ethiopia and Kenya, adopting their principles of federalism and in particular imitating the state structure of the [[Federal Republic of Ethiopia]], the moderate ICU leadership moved to Djibouti and Eritrea in exile, eventually returning to power under a new name, the [[Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia]] (ARS) and successfully ending the Ethiopian occupation. A coalition of sorts in later successive governments have since been formed, with new challenges posed by radical offshoots [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]], an [[Alqaeda]] affiliate takfeer group notorious for bomb attacks that hasn't spared the old, the women or the children though claiming to solely fight the Government and its partners from the African Union peacekeeping forces.
The Hawiye figure prominently in many important fields of Somali society such as the Business & Media sector. For example, [[Abdirahman Yabarow]], the editor-in-chief of VOA Somali is kin. [[Yusuf Garaad Omar]] who was the Chairman of BBC Somali for over a decade and helped pioneer its rise during his tenure, is also a member. As are the heads of major national corporations - [[Jubba Airways]] and [[Hormuud Telecom]].
Currently the Hawiye play a leading role in the regional states of Galmudug, Hirshabelle and Benadir (Mogadishu), but also in Somalia and among the Somali people as a whole.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=5MM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA55&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U17eCLU5Ux_bivBkXyDBopiE-bJiw&w=1025 Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas (Paulitschke 1893)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707191841/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=5MM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA55&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U17eCLU5Ux_bivBkXyDBopiE-bJiw&w=1025 |date=2023-07-07 }}|quote=The tribes of the Hawiya, whose members consider themselves the purest, so to speak and the cream of the Somâl, is spread over the whole vast terrain from the middle Erer valley from Harar and Karanle along the left bank of the Vêbi Shabêli distributed to the coast of the Indian Ocean between Cape Sîf Tawîl and Maqdishu and Merka.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=DuI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA394&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2xefTmaqf7Onxs8nXwiBVaxvSOCw&w=1025 La colonizzazione Europea nell'Est Africa Italia, Inghilterra, Germania (Gustavi Chiesi 1909)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408235350/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=DuI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA394&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2xefTmaqf7Onxs8nXwiBVaxvSOCw&w=1025 |date=2023-04-08 }}|quote=The populations of people in the area of Uarsceik to Ras Elhur to Mustahil on the Uebi Schiavelli, belong to the purest type and character of the Somali breed. Physically and aesthetically counted among the best, most perfect specimens of their race - they are examples of beauty, grace and the elegance of ancient Greek statues. Undoubtedly these Somalis of this region, we will say so, pure, proud, haughty, protective of their own individual and collective freedom; suspicious of our civilisation, our intentions and therefore most difficult to those not governing cross breeds or polluted by the blood of Galla and Suaheli in the southernmost part.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=TOoxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&img=1&pgis=1&dq=Sono+Vili&sig=ACfU3U1B1Av2j3qqGVSGVTry-Pzu_vDXlg&edge=0 Somalia e Benadir (Robbecchi Bricchetti 1899)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408233850/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=TOoxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&img=1&pgis=1&dq=Sono+Vili&sig=ACfU3U1B1Av2j3qqGVSGVTry-Pzu_vDXlg&edge=0 |date=2023-04-08 }}|quote=The character of the Somalis is not so easy to describe. They are cowardly, scheming, liars, selfish, avenging, suspicious, traitors. The Auijja, who are more expansive, cheery, kinetic and energetic of a lively and penetrating spirit, do not consider theft as a crime if done on a large scale at gunpoint and by way of conquest, always ready for any discomfort, even if to be able to satisfy their revenge.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=B1IWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA233&img=1&pgis=1&dq=hawiya&sig=ACfU3U2DvNIOPxSZZrVvyQ5SRwuFHmX--w&edge=0 The Modern History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa; A Select and Annotated Bibliography (Harold Marcus)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033246/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=B1IWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA233&img=1&pgis=1&dq=hawiya&sig=ACfU3U2DvNIOPxSZZrVvyQ5SRwuFHmX--w&edge=0 |date=2023-06-04 }}|quote=The Hawiya are among the most devout and fundamentalist Muslims of the Somali.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=8o0eAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA470&img=1&pgis=1&dq=hawiya&sig=ACfU3U3ks14wrNAIvqhoq-ki6EaCICcxfQ&edge=0 The Crown Colonist (1946)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603155129/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=8o0eAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA470&img=1&pgis=1&dq=hawiya&sig=ACfU3U3ks14wrNAIvqhoq-ki6EaCICcxfQ&edge=0 |date=2023-06-03 }}|quote=The Somalis are divided into rers and fakidas (clans or tribes); of the Hawiya, the most fanatical Muslims. No Italian dared to travel far from Mogadishu without a large armed escort.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=IHHLTf4btbsC&pg=PA157&img=1&pgis=1&dq=Confermato&sig=ACfU3U3znnpXLPoIA1nHXWIjpdG4n-XkNQ&edge=0 Bollettino della Società geografica italiana (Civelli 1919)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412162916/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=IHHLTf4btbsC&pg=PA157&img=1&pgis=1&dq=Confermato&sig=ACfU3U3znnpXLPoIA1nHXWIjpdG4n-XkNQ&edge=0 |date=2023-04-12 }}|quote=The Hawiya would be the first result of a crossing of Somalis with other populations, as is also confirmed by the current opinion that considers the Hawiya the most noble group, for the fact that they were the earliest followers of Muslim influence.</ref>
==History==
According to 12th-century author [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Al-Idrisi]], the Hawiye clan occupied the coastal areas between [[Ras Hafun]] and [[Merca]], as well as the lower basin of the lower [[Shebelle River|Shabelle]] river. Al-Idrisi's mention of the Hawiye is the first documentary reference to a specific Somali group in the Horn of Africa. Later Arab writers also make references to the Hawiye clan in connection with both [[Merca]] and the lower Shabelle valley. [[Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi|Ibn Sa'id]] (1214–74), for instance, considered Merca to be the capital of the Hawiye, who lived in fifty villages on the bank of a river which he called "the nile of Mogadishu, a clear reference to the [[Shabelle]] river.<ref name="Cambridge 137">{{Cite book|title = The Cambridge history of Africa: Fage, J. D|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&q=hawiya+still+form+one+of+the+most+important+tribes+of+the+somal&pg=PA137|page = 137|isbn = 9780521209816|last1 = Fage|first1 = J. D.|last2 = Oliver|first2 = Roland|last3 = Oliver|first3 = Roland Anthony|last4 = Clark|first4 = John Desmond|last5 = Gray|first5 = Richard|last6 = Flint|first6 = John E.|last7 = Roberts|first7 = A. D.|last8 = Sanderson|first8 = G. N.|last9 = Crowder|first9 = Michael|year = 1975|publisher = Cambridge University Press|access-date = 2020-11-05|archive-date = 2024-05-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135829/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&q=hawiya+still+form+one+of+the+most+important+tribes+of+the+somal&pg=PA137#v=snippet&q=hawiya%20still%20form%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20tribes%20of%20the%20somal&f=false|url-status = live}}</ref>
<blockquote>One must mention the Hawīya and Garğēda who are also represented as clan families or clans among the Somali. Both groups seem to have been long established in the [[Sultanate of Bale]]: the early immigrants from Merca started from a Hawiya-occupied region and oral traditions relate the Garğēda with the time of the "holy war" in the 1530s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Braukämper|first=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia|date=1992|publisher=Litt|page=136|isbn=9783825856717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA136|access-date=2023-02-22|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404152743/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
Along with [[Rahanweyn]], the Hawiye clan also came under the [[Ajuran Empire]] control in the 13th century that governed much of southern [[Somalia]] and eastern [[Ethiopia]], with its domain extending from [[Hobyo]] in the north, to [[Kelafo|Qelafo]] in the west, to [[Kismayo]] in the south.<ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.</ref>
Known to medieval writers as the [[Ajan Coast]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Il mondo e sue parti cive Europa, Affrica, Asia et America|year=1596|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1W5YAAAAcAAJ&q=Aiaua&pg=PA193|page=193|last1=Rosaccio|first1=Gioseppe|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405105911/https://books.google.com/books?id=1W5YAAAAcAAJ&q=Aiaua&pg=PA193|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=I Nomi antichi et moderni delle provincie, regioni, città dell'Europa, Africa et Asia America|year=1567|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g88AAAAcAAJ&q=Aiaua&pg=PP232|page=50|last1=Toscanella|first1=Orazio|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404152742/https://books.google.com/books?id=9g88AAAAcAAJ&q=Aiaua&pg=PP232|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=VANDERMAELEN 1827 Map of Côte D'Ajan|year=1827|url=https://www.alamy.com/afrique-cte-dajan-37-somalia-ethiopia-mogadishu-vandermaelen-1827-map-image446966730.html|page=1|last1=Marie|first1=Phillipe|access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314182221/https://www.alamy.com/afrique-cte-dajan-37-somalia-ethiopia-mogadishu-vandermaelen-1827-map-image446966730.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Harold Marcus credits the role of the Hawiye-led commonwealth alliance<ref>{{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies|year=1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXoMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Allied+Hawiyya+clans&pg=PA102|page=102|last1=Marcus|first1=Harold|access-date=2023-04-05|archive-date=2023-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425235200/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXoMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Allied+Hawiyya+clans&pg=PA102|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Journey of the Historical Society of Africa|year=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu90AAAAIAAJ&dq=Hawiyya&pg=PA120|page=120|last1=N|first1=HS|access-date=2023-04-05|archive-date=2023-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425235202/https://books.google.com/books?id=eu90AAAAIAAJ&dq=Hawiyya&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref> in expanding and islamizing the communities of what is now southeast Ethiopia and southern Somalia during the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name="African Institute for Contemporary Mission and Research incorporating Festo Olang' Resource Centre">{{Cite book|title=AICMAR Bulletin An Evangelical Christian Journal of Contemporary Mission and Research in Africa|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMXYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Axmed+Guray&pg=PA21-IA2|page=21|access-date=2021-11-17|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135949/https://books.google.com/books?id=hMXYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Axmed+Guray&pg=PA21-IA2|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Hawiye are also featured in the early history of the northern [[Ifat Sultanate]] during the reign of Emperors [[Zara Yaqob]]<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=eu90AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA120&img=1&pgis=1&dq=Hawiyya&sig=ACfU3U0tJ-hNL6QIU6x8tr4aNlU2-ovTag&edge=0 The Journal of the Historical Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401233925/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=eu90AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA120&img=1&pgis=1&dq=Hawiyya&sig=ACfU3U0tJ-hNL6QIU6x8tr4aNlU2-ovTag&edge=0 |date=2023-04-01 }}|quote="The greatest Zaidite backwash had flown into Somalia when Imam Yahya ibn Husain was killed. By the end of the 15th century Zaidite Muslims sympathetic to their deceased monarch as religious and political dissidents were among the Hawiyya Somali clan; the Mashafa Milad an Ethiopic work composed during the reign of Zara Yacob records that Muslims under the command of Shaikh Abu Bakr ibn' Umar, Sultan of Makdishu, who were Zaidites, fought against the Ethiopian Negus."</ref> and [[Amda Seyon I]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732663 MÄLÄSAY: SELBSTBEZEICHNUNG EINES HARARINER OFFIZIERSKORPS UND IHR GEBRAUCH IN ÄTHIOPISCHEN UND ARABISCHEN CHRONIKEN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309223503/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732663 |date=2022-03-09 }} Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde
Bd. 36, Afrika-Studien II (1990), p.116</ref> Sabr ad-Din of Ifat who declared war on Amda Seyon, had summoned 15 notables for the battle, the 8th notable was the King of [[Harla]] and the 9th notable was the King of [[Hubat]]. According to best known travel and tourism handbook "Guide to Ethiopia" by author Phillip Briggs and ecologist professor Marco Viganó, the [[Kundudo]] (''Qundhura'') mountain ranges which sits at the mouth of [[Gursum, Somali (woreda)]] and easiest to access via [[Babille, Somali (woreda)|Babile]] was the locality of ancient Hubat,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Kundudo, Deri and Dire and ancient Hararge forts|year=1994|url=https://www.ilcornodafrica.it/ten-forts-in-addis-and-six-in-hararge-of-advanced-military-might-on-the-emplacement-of-barara-capital/|page=1|last1=Viganó|first1=Marcof|access-date=2023-04-08|archive-date=2023-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074741/https://www.ilcornodafrica.it/ten-forts-in-addis-and-six-in-hararge-of-advanced-military-might-on-the-emplacement-of-barara-capital/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Guide to Ethiopia|year=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqJyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA479|page=479|last1=Briggs|first1=Phillip|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781784770990|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818224503/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqJyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA479|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dilebo|first=Lapiso|title=An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D|date=1500|publisher=International conference of Ethiopian Studies|page=1|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_and_Eastern_Ethiopia_in_the_middle_ages.jpg|access-date=2023-10-14|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140329/https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_and_Eastern_Ethiopia_in_the_middle_ages.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> an early Hawiye settlement area pre-dating and surrounding Harar particularly towards the South East and also historically inhabited by nomadic highland Hawiye clans who had turned to farming and cultivation during the rainfall season according to J.Spencer's "Islam in Ethiopia" where they later repelled and neighboured the [[Oromo Invasions]].<ref>[https://ibb.co/F5VrFbc Acta Geographica 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026084205/https://ibb.co/F5VrFbc |date=2023-10-26 }}|quote="The Hawia played a grand historical role, having constituted the majority of the Somali who pushed back the Oromo, caused by pressure of the expansion of the Oromo from the 15th century towards southern and central Ethiopia."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Trimingham|first=J.Spencer|title=Islam in Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|page=206|isbn=978-1-136-97022-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA206|access-date=2023-10-30|archive-date=2023-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123021449/https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA206|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethiopian Journal of Development Research|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9bqAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hawiye&pg=RA2-PA43|page=43|last1=Development Research|first1=Institute Of|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818224501/https://books.google.com/books?id=W9bqAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hawiye&pg=RA2-PA43|url-status=live}}</ref> Many old towns and villages bearing Hawiye ancestral names can still be found in the modern Eastern Hararghe region today.<ref>{{cite book|last=Institute of Mineralogy|first=Hudson|title=Hawīya, East Hararghe Map|date=2010|publisher=Mindat|page=1|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-334843.html|access-date=2023-04-08|archive-date=2023-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408150125/https://www.mindat.org/feature-334843.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gallery|first=Maphill|title=Hawīya, East Hararghe Map|date=2010|publisher=Maphill|page=1|url=http://www.maphill.com/ethiopia/oromiya/east-harerghe/hawiya/|access-date=2023-04-08|archive-date=2023-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408150126/http://www.maphill.com/ethiopia/oromiya/east-harerghe/hawiya/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=CSA|first=Ethiopia|title=Harari Zone Kebeles|date=2010|publisher=EthioStats|page=1|url=https://www.ethiostats.com/population/Harari|access-date=2023-04-08|archive-date=2023-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408150126/https://www.ethiostats.com/population/Harari|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Ajuuraan_&_Adal_map.png|thumb|Ajuuraan & Adal map]]With [[Adal Sultanate]] succeeding [[Ifat Sultanate]], the Hawiye figured prominently as leaders and soldiers in what culminated to become the 16th century conquest of Ethiopia (''Futuh Al-Habasha''). The most famous and widely read Public Historian of Ethiopia, former Minister of Education, Arts & Culture and Dean of the National Library under [[Haile Selassie]], Takla Sadiq Mekuria, author of the "History of Ethiopia; Nubia, Aksum, Zagoe till the Time of the Reign of Aşe Yækunno Amlak",<ref>{{cite book|last=Uhlig|first=Siegburt|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica O-X|date=2003|publisher=Eisanbrauns|page=29|isbn=9783447062466|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8VHAQAAIAAJ&dq=TSTarik+I-IV&pg=PR27|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818224503/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8VHAQAAIAAJ&dq=TSTarik+I-IV&pg=PR27|url-status=live}}</ref> had state devoted the largest study - a 950-page book in 1961 to the life and times of [[Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] (known as Ahmed Gurey or Mohamed Gragne, the Atilla of Africa and the King of Zeila) as well as the history of the elite core family-unit of the [[Malassay]] Army in his rough monograph on the Gragn Wars called "Ya Gragn Warara" (The Conquests of Gragn), in it he draws on the evidence from Arab Faqih Sihab Uddin and the chronicles of Sarsa-Dengel. Through the mediation of Dagazmac Wargnah he interviewed Ahmed Ali Shami, the most senior authoritative scholar of [[Harar]] to have produced the concise manuscript history of Harar (in his Fatah Madinat Harar manuscript) for several European institutions and maintains several preserved Arabic manuscripts, which all provide the only extensive family tree and genealogical known tradition of 8 generations of the father and relatives of Gragne's lineage from the [[Karanle]] Hawiye branch with his mother stated to be of the ethnic [[Harla]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732663 MÄLÄSAY: SELBSTBEZEICHNUNG EINES HARARINER OFFIZIERSKORPS UND IHR GEBRAUCH IN ÄTHIOPISCHEN UND ARABISCHEN CHRONIKEN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309223503/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732663 |date=2022-03-09 }} Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde
Bd. 36, Afrika-Studien II (1990), p.112</ref> This is also found in the Aussa chronicles and books authored by Manfred Kropp, Layla Sabaq and Berhanu Kamal and others. Gragne's wife was also the daughter of Emir [[Mahfuz]], an important relative,<ref>{{cite book|last=Faqih|first=Arab|title=The Conquest of Abyssinia|date=2003|publisher=Tsehai Publishers and Distributors|page=9|isbn=9780972317269|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ&dq=Zayla&pg=PA9|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818224506/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ&dq=Zayla&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islamisation and Comparative Perspectives from History|date=2017|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|page=15|isbn=9781474417143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818224504/https://books.google.com/books?id=VjZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240|url-status=live}}</ref> ruler of [[Zeila]] and a Balaw, a Karanle subclan also listed as a group of tribes from Bale<ref>[https://ibb.co/5n84pLv Futuh Al Habesha - The Conquest of Ethiopia (Shihabuddin Arab Fekih)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229230727/https://ibb.co/5n84pLv |date=2023-12-29 }}|quote="The plural use of tribes demonstrates a large group of native nomadic kinsmen. For comparison, Somalis are counted as plural tribes (where Hawiye is a tribe, Marehan is a tribe etc.) while the Harla are also counted as multiple tribes for having an equally significant contribution. This also shows the ethnic Belewta individuals from other regions at the time of Sa'ad ad-Din after 1350AD would not constitute plural tribes hence the term emphasis relating to nomadic gallantry which Amharic historian Mekuria picks up on as does the synaraxium of Alexandria and other accounts. The founder of Awsa and relative of Gragn, Imam Mohamed Gasa, according to Awsa chronicles, would leave the Bale region (a traditional Hawiye homeland) to later form a dynasty beyond the Awash river evading the Oromo while having minimal to no contact with natives from Eritrea or Sudan even while the Ottomans recognised the Belewta Chiefs of Massawa to rule that Port on their behalf from 1554 onwards."</ref> and a commonly Ethiopian mistranslation of the Coptic Christian ''synaxarium of Alexandria's'' "Muslim badawī (bedouin/nomadic descent)" for Muslims in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia and the Red Sea Gulf. See example - Ethiopian chronicles of 10th century Muslim convert Saint George the Egyptian Balaw.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TZqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 Christian Martyrs Under Islam - Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World (C.S. Sahner 2020)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140522/https://books.google.com/books?id=TZqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2024-05-22 }}|quote="The Ethiopian synaraxium refers to him as a "Muslim from the Balaw" which may be a mistranslation of the ''synaxarium of Alexandria's'' "Muslim badawi."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cesi|first=Federico|title=IV Congresso Internazionale Di Studi Etiopici|date=1974|publisher=Accademia nazionale dei Lincei|page=615|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sb4KAQAAIAAJ&dq=balaw&pg=PA615|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818224507/https://books.google.com/books?id=sb4KAQAAIAAJ&dq=balaw&pg=PA615|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Levtzion|first=Nehemia|title=The History of Islam in Africa|date=2000|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=229|isbn=9780821444610|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&pg=PA229|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814130126/https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&pg=PA229|url-status=live}}</ref> Weakened by centuries of northern conflict, a fraction of the Hawiye of the post Adal [[Harar Emirate]] continued to remain powerful in the Somali interior<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ui7NMn4YO4QC&pg=PA362&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U3gSfxnck16BRLrYr2GxafSZqOiTw&w=1025 Atti del primo congresso geographico italiano tenuto in Genova (Società Geografica Italiana 1893)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225113954/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=ui7NMn4YO4QC&pg=PA362&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U3gSfxnck16BRLrYr2GxafSZqOiTw&w=1025 |date=2023-02-25 }}|quote="At the Battle of Harmale in 1891, the Hawiya alone, led by Garad Omar Abdi faced 15,000 of Menelik's raiders into the Ogaden, defeated only in the wake of less numbers and arms, though not of value."</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=obA9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA398&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2xJqMxPaO6pIbyFPJK_-gv9aI3vA&w=1025 The Earth and Its Inhabitants ...: South and east Africa (1876)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408201303/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=obA9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA398&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2xJqMxPaO6pIbyFPJK_-gv9aI3vA&w=1025 |date=2023-04-08 }}|quote="The Hawiyas, who are dominant in Ogaden, that is, the great central territory of Somali Land, are certainly the most powerful of all the Somali people. M. Revoil describes them as less bellicose than the other branches of the race, but at the same time more fanatical and more dangerous to foreigners. They belong to a distinct Mohammedan sect, which, to judge from their practices, seems in some way akin or analogous to that of the Wahabites in Central Arabia."</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=l03qgaNVU3oC&pg=PA68&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1KQfeK_IKpNX5RyXTMAymQBSRe1Q&w=1280 Rulers, Guns, and Money - The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408202805/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=l03qgaNVU3oC&pg=PA68&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1KQfeK_IKpNX5RyXTMAymQBSRe1Q&w=1280 |date=2023-04-08 }}|quote="The British Vice Consul at Harar, writing of the Hawiya tribe in the Ogaden, who were in revolt against the Ethiopians, reported that they had always been powerful, but had become much stronger after being furnished with a good supply of arms from Djibouti. He anticipated that all the Somali tribes would be so well armed in the near future that the Ethiopians would have great difficulty in preserving their rule in Harar."</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=rq9yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&img=1&pgis=1&dq=aqa+Gabru+Hawiya&sig=ACfU3U213LqF-V2Cf18tajlSzMvEHpIBmQ&edge=0 L'ultimo impero cristiano politica e religione nell'Etiopia contemporanea (1916- 1974)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408203529/https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=rq9yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59&img=1&pgis=1&dq=aqa+Gabru+Hawiya&sig=ACfU3U213LqF-V2Cf18tajlSzMvEHpIBmQ&edge=0 |date=2023-04-08 }}|quote="The Hawiya chiefs who together with their sons, participated in the plans of Lij Jasu only aggravated the violence on both sides. The Hawiyas, in revenge, destroyed the crops around Harar in order to create a scorched earth policy and raided numerous cattle, which were partly owned by Aqa Gabru. The punitive expedition led by the Amhara faced an entire coalition made up of Geri Somali and Ogaden soldiers, but led by the Hawiya."</ref> and would later form a dynasty of jurists in early modern [[Zeila]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Richard|title=First Footsteps in East Africa - An Explanation of Harar|date=1856|publisher=Green Longmans|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA65|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2023-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818224505/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref>
<blockquote>Since sections of the Hawiyya were migrating southward before and during Gragn's jihad, it is not inconceivable that they brought certain theocratic notions with them. Indeed, the Ajuran maintained a wakil (governor) in the region around Qallafo. This area was not only the traditional Hawiyya homeland, but also stood midway geographically between the emirates of Harar and the Benaadir, an ideal link for the transmission of political and religious ideas.</blockquote>
Enrico Cerulli, an Author on key Somali social development and early history, mentions the following passage on the birth and succession of the Ajuran Sultanate.<ref name="Cerulli">Enrico Cerulli, ''Come viveva una tribù Hawiyya'', ( A Cura dell'Amministrazione Fiduciaria Italiana della Somalia ; Instituto poligrafico dello Stato P.V 1959)</ref>
<blockquote>The oral sources also provide us with recurrent themes that point to certain structural features of Ajuran rule. The descendants of the Ajuraan (among which are the Gareen imams) can therefore be understood to have inherited the spiritual (Islamic)  and the secular (numerical) power provided by the alliance of the first three Hawiyya "brothers".  Ajuran power reposed on the twin pillars of spiritual preeminence and Hawiyya kinship solidarity, a potent combination in the Somali cultural context. In historical terms, a theocratic ideology superimposed on an extensive network of Hawiyya-affiliated clans helped uphold Ajuran dominance over a wide region. The Darandoolle, it should be noted, were part of the Gurqaate, a clan section collateral to the Jambelle Hawiyya from whom Ajuran (and Gareen) is said to have been descended. Intermarriage among the descendants of these uterine brothers on the one hand helped reinforce the solidarity of the Hawiyya. On the other hand, competition between collateral lines was very common in Somalia, particularly where the titular leadership of a larger clan-confederation was at stake. Such a struggle for the dominant place within the Hawiyya-dominated Ajuran confederation may also be reflected in the rise of the Silcis and El Amir  in the later years of Ajuran rule. Both are said to have been descendants of Gurqaate Hawiyya, as were the Abgaal Darandoolle. Thus it can be argued that the dominant groups which appeared toward the end of the Ajuran era—the Darandoolle near Muqdisho, the Silcis near Afgooye, and the El Amir in Marka—represent the partition of the Ajuran imamate among collateral Hawiyya sections. Or perhaps one branch of the Hawiyya—namely the Gurqaate—forcibly replaced another (the Jambelle) as leaders of the clan.</blockquote>
The [[Hiraab Imamate]] was the main successor state of the [[Ajuran Sultanate]]. The reason for their rebellion was the Ajuran rulers, in the end, became extremely prideful, neglected the sharia law, and imposed a heavy tax on their subjects which was the main reason for the rebellion.<ref name="Cassanelli 124">{{Cite book|title= The Shaping of Somali Society|last= Cassanelli|first= Lee|year= 1982|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhyAAAAMAAJ&q=The+shaping+of+Somali+society|page= 124|publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn= 9780812278323|access-date= 2020-11-11|archive-date= 2024-05-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140334/https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhyAAAAMAAJ&q=The+shaping+of+Somali+society|url-status= live}}</ref> Other groups would follow in the rebellion which would eventually bring down Ajuran rule in the inter-riverine region and Benadir coast.<ref>Lee V. Cassanelli, Towns and Trading centres in Somalia: A Nomadic perspective, Philadelphia, 1980, pp. 8-9.</ref>[[File:Hiraab_Imamate.png|thumb|Hiraab Imamate map in 1700]]Lee Cassanelli in his book, ''The Shaping of Somali society'', provides a historical picture of the Hiraab Imamate. He writes:
<blockquote>"According to local oral tradition, the Hiraab imamate was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the [[Ajuran Empire]] and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.<ref name="Cassanelli1982">{{cite book|author=Lee V. Cassanelli|title=The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600 to 1900|year=1982|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3}}</ref>
The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the [[Habar Gidir]] and [[Duduble]], a Fiqhi/Qadi of [[Sheekhaal]], and the Imam was reserved for the [[Mudulood]] branch who is believed to have been the first born. Once established, the Imamate ruled the territories from the Shabeelle valley, the Benaadir provinces, the [[Mareeg]] areas all the way to the arid lands of [[Mudug]], whilst the ancient port of [[Hobyo]] emerged as the commercial border and [[Mogadishu]] being its capital for the newly established Hiraab Imamate in the late 17th century.<ref name="Cassanelli1982"/>
Hobyo served as a prosperous commercial centre for the Imamate.  The agricultural centres of [[El Dher District|El Dher]] and [[Harardhere]] included the production of sorghum and beans, supplementing with herds of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, whilst the aromatic woods and raisins were the primary exports as rice, other foodstuffs and clothes were imported. Merchants looking for exotic goods came to Hobyo to buy textiles, precious metals and pearls. The commercial goods harvested along the [[Shabelle]] river were brought to Hobyo for trade. Also, the increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southerly cities such as [[Mogadishu]] further boosted the prosperity of [[Hobyo]], as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their supplies.<ref name="Cassanelli1982"/>
The economy of the Hawiye includes the predominant nomadic pastoralism, and to some extent, cultivation within agricultural settlements in the riverine area, as well as mercantile commerce along the urban coast. At various points throughout history, trade of modern and ancient commodities by the Hawiye through maritime routes included [[leather|cattle skin]], [[slave]]s, [[ivory]] and [[ambergris]].<ref>Kenya's past; an introduction to historical method in Africa page by Thomas T. Spear</ref><ref name="Cassanelli1982"/>
</blockquote>
Richard Burton, a famous 19th century British explorer said to have been the first European to reach the Holy Islamic sites of Mecca and Medina in secrecy, on visiting the country of the Somalis in 1854 noted among other authors at the time, the northern and southern expansion of the Hiraab prior to the Imamate's deeper conflicts with the advent of Colonialism, said the following;
<blockquote>
To the south the Nogal valley touches the Hawiyah, the Marehan and some small neighbouring countries. The Hawiyah are doubtless of ancient origin; they call all Somal except themselves Hashiyah (Aji) and thus claim to be equivalent to the rest of the nation. The antiquity of the Hawiyah is proved by its present widely scattered state; it is a powerful tribe in the Mijjarthayn country and yet it is found in the hills of Harar. It should be noted that the movement towards the South West is faster for the more northerly Hawiyah tribes and therefore further away from the rivers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Richard|title=First footsteps in East Africa|date=1854|publisher=DigiUK|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsSjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5553|access-date=2023-10-03|archive-date=2023-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026083523/https://books.google.com/books?id=UsSjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5553|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cora|first=Guido|title=Cosmos comunicazioni sui progressi più recenti e notevoli della geografia e delle scienze affini|date=1873|publisher=DigiUK|page=334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LmFqzkMo7cC&pg=PA334|access-date=2023-10-03|archive-date=2023-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026084016/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LmFqzkMo7cC&pg=PA334|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rossini|first=Carlo|title=Etiopia e genti di Etiopia|date=1937|publisher=Bemporad|page=334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pY8bAAAAIAAJ&dq=Orma&pg=PA290|access-date=2023-10-03|archive-date=2023-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026084000/https://books.google.com/books?id=pY8bAAAAIAAJ&dq=Orma&pg=PA290|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
Soon afterwards, the entire peninsula was snapped up by Colonial powers and it led to the birth of a Modern Somalia. However, the Hiraab hereditary leadership has remained intact up to this day and enjoys a dominant influence in national Somali affairs.
==Clan tree==
Due to antiquity and oldened traditions, there are sometimes no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures or many lineages are omitted. Ali Jimale Ahmed outlines his genealogical clan tree of the Hawiye in ''The Invention of Somalia''.<ref name="ali_jimale_ahmed">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC&q=Mudulood&pg=PA123|title=The Invention of Somalia|publisher=Red Sea|year=1995|isbn=0-932415-98-9|location=[[Lawrenceville, New Jersey|Lawrenceville]], [[New Jersey|NJ]]|page=123|author=Ali Jimale Ahmed|author-link=Ali Jimale Ahmed|access-date=2020-10-17|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140435/https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC&q=Mudulood&pg=PA123#v=snippet&q=Mudulood&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Hawiye clan tree.jpg|thumb|Hawiye clan tree (simple version).]]
{{tree list}}
*[[Samaale]]
**Irir
***Hawiye
****[[Karanle]]
*****Kaariye
*****Gidir
*****Sexawle
******Baad
*****[[Murusade]]
******[[Sabti]]
*******[[Abu Bakr Sabti|Abakar Sabti]]
*******[[Abdalla Sabdi|Abdalla Sabti]]
*******Idinle Sabti
*******Ibrahim Sabti
******Foorculus
*******Habar Ceyno
*******Habar Maxamed
****Gugundhabe
*****Molkaal (Molcal)
******[[Badi Ade]]
*******Afgaab
*******Maamiye
*******Subeer
******Baydisle
******Saransoor<ref name="Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana">{{Cite book|title=Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana|year=1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GREUAAAAIAAJ&dq=Gogondov%C3%B2&pg=PA1130|page=1130|access-date=2023-02-22|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404152746/https://books.google.com/books?id=GREUAAAAIAAJ&dq=Gogondov%C3%B2&pg=PA1130|url-status=live}}</ref>
*******[[Gaaljecel]]
********Barsane
********Sooranle
*********Doqondiide
*********Dirisame
*********Dar-Waaq
**********Abtisame
**********Lahube
***********Aloofi
***********Makahiil Omar
*******[[Degoodi]]
********Fai
********Dumaal
*******Ciise
*******Masarre
*****Jidle alias [[Murule]]
******Abdi (Yabarsein)
******Kuulow
******Sharmarke
******Nacabsoor
*****Jijeele
******Reer Faqay
******Reer Wabar
****Gorgaarte
*****Maxamed ([[Madhibaan]])
*****Hiraab
******Mudulood
*******[[Udejeen]]
********Kheyre Macalin
********Adan Yacqub
*******Cabdi Sheikh ([[Sheekhaal]])
*******Darandole
********Hilibi
*********Cismaan
**********[[Wa'daan]]
***********Maalinle
***********Samakaay
*********Moobleen
**********Magacle
**********Abidig
*********Ilaaway
*********[[Abgaal]] (Cali)
**********Harti
***********Warsangeli
***********Suul Harti
************Maxamed Caroone
*************Agoonyar
*************Owbakar
**************Reer Imaam
*************Yabar Maxamed
************Nugaale (Habar Nugaal)
************Cabdalla Caroone
*******Ciise Harti
**********Wa'budhan
***********Galmaax Yonis
************Yusuf Galmaax
*************Maxamed Muuse
************Cumar Galmaax
*************Celi Cumar
*************Reer Mataan (Abdulle)
************Abdulle Galmaax
********Xuseen Yonis
*********Sahal Koraaye
********Adan Yonis
***********Kabaale Wacbudhan
************Saleeban Muse
************Xeyle Muse
***********Dauud
************Isaaq Dauud
************Yusuf Dauud
*************Reer Ugaas
**********Wa'aysle (Warculus)
***********Saleeban Waceysle
***********Cumar Saleeban
************Dhagaweyne Cumar
************Faqay Cumar
************Cabdalle Cumar
*************Cali Gaaf
*************Absuge
*************Macalin Dhiblaawe
***********Abdirahman Saleban
***********Jibraail Waceysle
***********Haaruun Waceysle
******[[Duduble]] (Maxamuud Hiraab)
*******Maxamed Camal
*******Maqlisame
*******Owradeen
******[[Sheekhaal]]<ref name="Bricchetti 1899 174">{{Cite book|title=Somalia e Benadir|last=Bricchetti|first=Robbecchi|year=1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmUMAQAAIAAJ&dq=Martille+Herab&pg=PA174|page=174|access-date=2023-02-22|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404173812/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmUMAQAAIAAJ&dq=Martille+Herab&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref>
*******Loobage
********Maxamed Cagane
*******Aw-Qudub
******[[Habar Gidir]]
*******[[Sacad]]
*******Saleebaan
*******[[Ayr|Cayr]]
*******Saruur
*****Wadalaan
*****[[Silcis]]
*****[[Hawadle]]<ref name="Somalia Etnografia">{{Cite book|title=Somalia Etnografia|year=1957|url=https://ibb.co/TqsxNzY|page=60|access-date=2023-02-10|archive-date=2023-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210032129/https://ibb.co/TqsxNzY|url-status=live}}</ref>
******Samatalis
*******Dige Samatalis
*********Ciise Dige
**********Ibrahim Ciise
**********Madaxweyne Ciise
***********Ali Madaxweyne
***********Yabar Madaxweyne
***********Abdalle Madaxweyne
************Agoon Abdalle
*********Yabar Dige
**********Adan Warsame
*******Cabdalle Samatalis
*******Faramage Samatalis
********Reer Ugaas
*******Yusuf Samatalis
********Abdi Yusuf
****Jambeelle
*****Hintire
*****[[Ajuran (clan)|Ajuran]]<ref name="Geographica Italiana 1892 970">{{Cite book|title=Bollettino della Società geografica italiana|last=Geographica Italiana|first=Società|year=1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g64yAQAAMAAJ&dq=Giambelle+&pg=RA1-PA970|page=970|access-date=2022-08-19|archive-date=2022-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819030015/https://books.google.com/books?id=g64yAQAAMAAJ&dq=Giambelle+&pg=RA1-PA970|url-status=live}}</ref>
******Gareen
******Waalamage
****Xaskul
*****Owsaan
****Raarane Hawiye
{{tree list/end}}
'''NOTE''': The Sheekhaal, Xawaadle and Saransoor (Gaaljecel, Dagoodi, Ciise, Masarre, Tuuf Garre) are historically counted as Hawiye lineages under Hiraab,<ref name="Bricchetti 1899 174"/> Gorgaarte<ref name="Somalia Etnografia"/> and Gugundhabe<ref name="Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana"/> respectively. The Ajuuraan are similarly descendants of Jambeelle.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gli Annali dell'Africa Italiana|last=Giuseppi|first=Civelli|year=1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g64yAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA970|access-date=2023-10-03|archive-date=2023-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030141336/https://books.google.com/books?id=g64yAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA970|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Liiqliiqato 1986 18"/>
==Notable Hawiye figures==
===Rulers and Nobility===
[[File:Imaam Ahmed Gurey.jpg|thumb|Imam Ahmed Gurey statue in Mogadishu]]
* Dirre [[Sheikh Hussein (saint)]], 13th Century Muslim Saint of East Africa and Ruler of the [[Sultanate of Bale]]<ref>[https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/1027/5/43_I.M.%20LEWIS%20-%20Keeping%20the%20birds%20at%20Bay%20in%20the%20Bay%20area%20of%20Somalia.pdf Saints and Somalis Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society - Keeping the Birds at Bay in the Bay Area of Somalia (I.M. Lewis 1988)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626055358/https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/1027/5/43_I.M.%20LEWIS%20-%20Keeping%20the%20birds%20at%20Bay%20in%20the%20Bay%20area%20of%20Somalia.pdf |date=2023-06-26 }}|quote=The Haran Madare are represented in old Somali oral traditions as a branch of the saintly Walamogge (Ajuran) lineage, descended according to the same sources, from the famous Sheikh Huseen Baliale, the patron saint of the Islamic Population of Ethiopia (Andredrewzji 1975; Braukamper 1977; Lewis 1980)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books/content?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA105&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U1KzXCepGPXg21OBevmzBY0hoCb3g&w=1280 Saints and Somalis Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society (I.M. Lewis 1998)]|quote=According to sources, the Haran Madare Walamogge are direct lineal descendants (rather than affines) of the Ajuran.</ref>
* [[Abadir Umar ar-Rida]], Patron Saint and Ruler of Harar<ref>{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Ewald|title=Legende und Geschichte d. Fatḥ madīnat Harar|date=1978|publisher=Deutsche Morgenländische Ges.|page=33|isbn=978-3-515-02714-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFkOAAAAYAAJ&dq=Au+Hu%E1%B9%ADub&pg=PA33|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2024-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140335/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFkOAAAAYAAJ&dq=Au+Hu%E1%B9%ADub&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Garad [[Abun Adashe]], Emir of Adal, Paternal Uncle of [[Ahmed Gurey]]
* [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] nicknamed "[[Ahmed Gurey]]", Somali [[Imam]], General of the [[Adal Sultanate]] and Conqueror of Ethiopia
* [[Wazir Abbas]], Grand Vizier, the Bahr Negash of [[Adal Sultanate]]
* Sultan [[Talha ibn Abbas]], succeeding Sultan of Adal
* [[Muhammad Gasa]], First Ruler of the [[Imamate of Aussa]]
*[[Caaqil Dheryodhoobe]], Legendary Warrior Chief of Central Somalia and Strategic Thinker
*[[Mowlana Abd al-Rahman Nurow]], Late Renaissance Era Religious Reformist of East Africa
* Malaakh [[Hassan Geedi Abtow]], Traditional leader of Mogadishu
* [[Sheikh Hassan Barsane]], National Anti Colonial leader
* Laashin [[Ahmed Gabyow]], Somali Patriot and Fighter Poet of the Benadir Coast
[[File:Somali Delegation to Rome, 1938.png|thumb|Somali Hawiye Delegation to Rome including [[Olol Dinle]], [[Hersi Gurey]], [[Haji Farah Ali Omar]] and others, 1938]]
* [[Olol Dinle]], Last Sultan of the Ajuran Sultanate
* Capo [[Sandhool Guure]], Traditional leader of Hiiraan
* Capo [[Hersi Gurey]], Traditional leader of Mudug
* Nabadoon [[Mohamed Hassan Xaad]], Chairman of Hawiye Elders Council
===Politicians===
* [[Abdullahi Issa]], Prime Minister of Somalia, 1956–1960
* [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar]], President of Somalia, 1960–1967
* [[Haji Farah Ali Omar]], Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister  of Somalia, 1967–1969<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archiveoct00/001129601.htm|title=De-classified Documents: Foreign Relations of the United States 1964-1968, Volume XXIV Africa:346. Memorandum From the Under Secretary of State (Katzenbach) to President Johnson: March 12, 1968|date=November 29, 200|publisher=Somali Watch (source: US Department of State, Washington)|access-date=1 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120130117/http://www.somaliawatch.org/archiveoct00/001129601.htm|archive-date=20 November 2010}}</ref>
* [[Hussein Kulmiye Afrah]], Vice President of Somalia, 1971–1990
* [[Mohamed Ibrahim Liqliiqato]], President of the National Assembly, 1982–1989
* [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], President of Somalia, 1991–2000[[File:Aden Abdulle Osman Daar.jpg|thumb|200px| The first President of Somalia [[Aden Abdulle Osman Daar]]]]
* [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan]], President of Somalia, 2000–2004
* [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]], Prime Minister of Somalia, 2004–2007
* [[Nur Hassan Hussein]], Prime Minister of Somalia, 2007–2009
* [[Sharif Ahmed]], President of Somalia, 2009–2012
* [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]], President of Somalia, 2012–2017, 2022–Current
* [[Hassan Ali Khaire]], Prime Minister of Somalia, 2017–2020
* [[Mohamed Hussein Roble]], Prime Minister of Somalia, 2020–2022
* [[Abdulrahman Kinana]], First Ever Speaker of the East African Community (EAC) Legislative Assembly, 2001–2006; Former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Defence of Tanzania
* [[Sheikh Ali Jimale]], Cabinet Minister, First Opposition Party Secretary-General and Runners Up in the 1961 Presidential Elections
* [[Hassan Nur Elmi]], 1960s Governor of Benadir, Permanent Representative to the United Nations
* [[Abdirahman Haji Mumin]], SYL Party Secretary General, Minister of Defence from 1962 to 1965
* [[Abdullahi Ahmed Addow]], 1963-1970 Governor of the Central Bank, Minister of Economic Affairs, later Somali Ambassador to the United States 1970–1980
* [[Mohamed Sheikh Osman]], 1970s-1980s Former Minister of Finance, Commerce and Industry
* [[Omar Hassan Mohamud "Istarliin"]], 1960s Mayor of Mogadishu and Chairman of the Somali Rebellion [[SODAF]]
* [[Ali Mohamed Osoble]] "Wardhigley", MP Elected from Mogadishu, Minister of Information, Health and Labour, Vice Chairman of SNM, Chairman of USC
* [[Mohamed Afrah Qanyare]], Politician, Businessman, Chairman of the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT)
* [[Abukar Umar Adani]], Islamist, Tycoon, Owner of the El-Ma`an Port which served as Mogadishu's temporary Port since its closure in 1995
* [[Abdullahi Mohamed Ali]] "Sanbaloolshe", Politician, Diplomat, Secretary of State for National Security and Intelligence Chief (NISA)
* [[Shaaban Ali Issack]], Former Member of Kenyan National Assembly/Parliament, Assistant Minister for Urban Development, 1995–2007
* [[Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab]], Mayor of Mogadishu, Chief of the Somali Supreme Court, 2012–2016
* [[Mohamed Nur]], Popular Mayor of Mogadishu, 2009–2012, famously nicknamed ''Tarzan''
* [[Mohamed Hussein Ali]], Former Member of Kenyan National Assembly/Parliament, 2007–2013
===Military personnel===
* [[Daud Abdulle Hirsi]], First Commander-In-Chief of the Somali National Forces in 1960, Commanding Officer of the [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]]
* [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]], Brigadier General, Father of the 1969 ''Kacaan'' Revolution
* General [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]], Chairman of the [[United Somali Congress]] that toppled Dictator [[Siad Barre]], battled US Delta forces and UNOSOM during Operation Restore Hope and a self-declared President of Somalia before his Death, 1987–1996
*[https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-55882728 General Galal], Frunze Trained Major General, Former Deputy Defence Minister, Chief Architect of the [[1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War]] and the [[Ogaden War|Ogaden War 1977]], Commander of the 1990 [[Somali Rebellion]] in Mogadishu, [[Transitional National Government of Somalia]] Head of National Commission for Security and [[Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a]] Paramilitary Advisor, Four Time War Hero
* [[Dahir Adan Elmi]], Chief of Somali Armed Forces, Major General and the Commander of Qabdri-Daharre Battalion in Somalia-Ethiopian War in 1977 and awarded a Medal of Honour. He is regarded as the longest serving General in the Somali Army
*Mohamud Barre Faytaan, First Chief of the Somali Air Defence Corps and later [[Somali Airlines]]
*Mohamed Ali Dhagaxtuur, SYL Horseed Militia leader, Martyr of the 1948 Four-Power Commission Hanoolaato riots in Mogadishu named after the Dhagaxtuur Monument
*Mohamed Abdulle Halane, Posthumous Gold Medallist of the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War commemorated in the Halane Elite Training Camp and [[Daljirka Dahsoon]] (Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Monument)
*Ahmed Sheikh Mao, Cayr, First Commander of the [[Somali Air Force]]<ref>[https://www.allceegaag.com/fiinyarebackup/Qoraalada/2007/Aug%202007/taariikhdii_ciidanka_cirka_soom.htm Taariikhda Ciidanka Cirka (Somali Air Force Chief Mohamud Sheikh Ali "Dable Beylood" on "SNA Radio" channel on YouTube/Facebook on the 15th of February 2022)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829154543/https://www.allceegaag.com/fiinyarebackup/Qoraalada/2007/Aug%202007/taariikhdii_ciidanka_cirka_soom.htm |date=2023-08-29 }}|quote=According to SAF Chief Mohamud Ali at the 62nd anniversary of the Somali Air Force, Ahmed as the first fully trained Somali pilot was appointed Commander on 15/02/60 for 11 months until a fatal accident.</ref>
*Osman Sheikh Mao, Cayr, First Commander of the [[Somali Navy]]
* Colonel [[Ahmed Maxamed Xasan]], Abgaal, Award Winner fighter jet pilot who famously refused government orders to bomb [[Somaliland]] in the lead up to the Civil War, 1988–1991
* General Ahmed Jila'ow Adow, former Director of the Somali Secret Services and a Mayor of Mogadishu in 1991
* [[Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid]], Longest reigning Police Commissioner, dubbed ''Tiger Abdi'' in the infamous [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Black Hawk Down]]
*[[Mohammed Hussein Ali]], Former Commissioner of the Kenya Police.
* [[Hassan Dahir Aweys]], Decorated Colonel of the [[Ogaden War]], Founder of the [[Islamic Courts Union]]
* [[Mohamed Abdi Hassan]], Entrepreneur, Somalia's "Pirate Kingpin" who captured the [[MV Sirius Star]] Ship, 2008
===Leading intellectuals===
[[File:Salaad Gabayre.jpg|thumb|General Salad Gabeyre who organised the 1969 Coup D'état]]
* [[Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare]], Linguist, Author of the 1952 Kaddariya script
* [[Ismail Jim'ale Osoble]], Human Rights Lawyer, Journalist, Cabinet Minister, Author of the 1990 Somali Manifesto
* [[Abdulkadir Yahya Ali]], Peace Activist, Founder of the Center for Research and Dialogue<ref>{{Cite web|title=CRD Somalia|url=http://www.crdsomalia.org/yahya.shtml|publisher=Center for Research and Dialogue|date=2005-07-12|access-date=2010-10-12|archive-date=2011-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725202337/http://www.crdsomalia.org/yahya.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Elmi Ahmed Duale]], Director General of Somali Public Health, [[World Health Organization]] East Africa Programme Coordinator, Permanent Representative of Somalia to the United Nations
* [[Ahmed Mumin Warfa]], Senior Government Advisor, Philanthropist, Scientist and Rector of the [[Zamzam University of Science and Technology]], discovered the ''[[Cyclamen|Cyclamen somalense]]'' species
* [[Farah Weheliye Addo]], Politician, Chairman of the [[Somali Football Federation|Somali Football Association]], [[Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations]], [[Somali Olympic Committee]] and vice-president of the [[Confederation of African Football|African Football Confederation]] (CAF)
* [[Yusuf Garaad Omar]], Editor-in-Chief of the BBC Somali Service
* [[Abdi Mohamed Ulusso]], Writer, Historian, 2004 Presidential Candidate
* [[Ali Jimale]], Educator at the City University of New York
* [[Ali Sheikh Ahmed]], Dual President of Mogadishu University and Al-Islaah
* [[Elman Ali Ahmed]], Entrepreneur and Social Activist
* [[Hilowle Imam Omar]], Chairman of the Somali Civil War Reconciliation Program
* [[Ibrahim Hassan Addou]], Former Professor of Washington University, Foreign Minister of the [[Islamic Courts Union]] in 2006
* [[Hussein Ali Shido]], SYL Politician, Ambassador and later founding member of the United Somali Congress
* [[Hawa Abdi]], Haskul subclan, Humanitarian, Physician, Writer, 5 time Award Winner and Nobel Peace Prize Nominee in 2012
===Music, Literature, Culture and Sports===
[[File:K'naan Potrait.jpg|thumb|K'naan wins a Grammy Award in 2024, the first of a Somali achievement]]
* [[Axyaa Waddani]], SYL Poet
* [[Farah Gololeey]], Poet, Political Bard
* [[Abdi Bashiir Indhobuur]], Poet and Composer
* [[Abdulle Raage Tarawiil]], Poet and Actor
* Abshir Bacadle, Poet and Philanthropist
* [[Abdukadir Osman]] (Aroma), Story Writer, Historian
* [[Hasan Adan Samatar]], Famous Musician in the 1970s and 1980s
* [[K'naan]], Somali-Canadian Poet, Rapper and Musician
* [[Magool]] (Halima Khalif Omar), Musician
* [[Ali Said Hassan]], Somali Film Producer
* [[Abdullah Noor Wasughe]], Somali Olympian
* [[Ayub Daud]], International Footballer, Son of National Somalia Team Captain
==Political factions and organizations==
* [[Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU), an Islamic Revolutionary Group and rival administration to the Transitional Federal Government.
* [[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism]] (ARPCT) a Somali alliance created by various faction leaders and entrepreneurs
* [[Hizbul Shabaab]], the Youth Movement wing of the ICU before ceding the organisation to its first leader [[Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow"]] who hails from the [[Habar Gidir]]
* [[Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a]], a rival moderate Sufi paramilitary to Hizbul Shabaab
* [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (JVA), primary opponent of the Somali Patriotic Movement
* [[Somali National Alliance]] (SNA), formed by Mohamed Farrah Aidid
* Somali Salvation Army (SSA), the [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]] branch of the United Somali Congress
* [[United Somali Congress]] (USC), formed in 1987, played a leading role in the ouster of the dictatorship
==See also==
* [[Somali aristocratic and court titles]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
===Sources===
*{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|year=1961|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780852552803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|date=1994|title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society|location=Lawrencewill, NJ|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=0-932415-93-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Rubin|first1=Uri|author1-link=Uri Rubin|date=2009|title=ʿAqīl b. Abī Ṭālib|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three]]|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23073}}
[[Category:Hawiye clan| ]]
[[Category:Somali clans in Ethiopia]]