View source for Hejaz

{{Short description|Region of Saudi Arabia}}
{{About|the geographical and historical region|the mountain region|Hijaz Mountains|other uses|Hejaz (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Hejaz
| other_name         = Hijaz
| native_name        = {{lang|ar|ٱلْحِجَاز}}
| official_name      =
| image_skyline      = HAC 2010 KABE VE GÖKDELEN - panoramio.jpg
| caption            = [[Islam]]'s [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest site]], that is ''Al-[[Masjid al-Haram]]'', which surrounds the [[Kaaba]] (middle), in Mecca. Mecca is the city of [[Muhammad]]'s birth and ancestry, and an annual point of [[Pilgrimage#Islam|pilgrimage]] for billions  of [[Muslims]].
| image_map          = Hejaz-English.jpg
| map_caption        = Map of the Hejaz showing the cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], [[Jeddah]], [[Yanbu]] and [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]]. The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] region is outlined in red and the 1923 [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Kingdom]] is in green.
| coordinates        = {{coord|23|N|40|E|display=title}}
| population_est = 10500000
|pop_est_as_of =  2011
| parts_type         = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Regions]]
| parts              = [[Al Bahah Region|Al-Bahah]], [[Mecca Province|Mecca]], [[Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)|Medina]], [[Tabuk Region|Tabuk]], [[Asir]]
| settlement_type    = Region
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
}}
The '''Hejaz''' ({{IPAc-en|h|iː|ˈ|dʒ|æ|z|,_|h|ɪ|ˈ|-}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|h|ɛ|ˈ|-}}; {{langx|ar|ٱلْحِجَاز|al-Ḥijāz|lit=the Barrier}}, {{IPA|acw|alħɪˈdʒaːz}}) is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of [[Saudi Arabia]], covering the cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], [[Jeddah]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], [[Yanbu]], [[Taif]] and [[Baljurashi]]. It is thus known as the "Western Province",<ref name="Mackey">Mackey, p. 101. "The Western Province, or the Hejaz[...]"</ref> and it is bordered in the west by the [[Red Sea]], in the north by [[Jordan]], in the east by the [[Najd]], and in the south by the [['Asir Province|Region of 'Asir]].<ref name="MWGD2001">{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |year=2001 |isbn=0-87779-546-0 n|page=479 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA479 |access-date=17 March 2013 |last=Hopkins |first=Daniel J.|publisher=Merriam-Webster }}</ref> Its largest city is Jeddah, which is the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia, with Mecca and Medina, respectively, being the fourth- and fifth-largest cities in the country.<ref name="di">{{cite book|last1=Leatherdale|first1=Clive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt0-U4cUj9sC&pg=PA12|title=Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925–1939: The Imperial Oasis|year=1983|isbn=9780714632209|page=12|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref>
As the location of the [[Holy city|cities]] of Mecca<ref name="qref|48|22-29|b=y">{{qref|48|22-29|b=y}}</ref> and Medina,<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y">{{qref|9|25-129|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|33|09-73|b=y">{{qref|33|09-73|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|63|1-11|b=y">{{qref|63|1-11|b=y}}</ref> respectively the first and second [[holiest sites in Islam]], the Hejaz is significant in the Arabo-Islamic historical and political landscape. This region is the most populated in Saudi Arabia,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp|title=Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart|quote=The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the [[pilgrim]]s to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there.|access-date=July 8, 2014|archive-date=December 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002857/https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Arabic is the predominant language, as in the rest of Saudi Arabia, with [[Hejazi Arabic]] being the most widely spoken dialect here. Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins,<ref name="di"/> although the vast majority are of [[Arabs|Arab]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yFnAAAAMAAJ |title=Nations Without States: A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-28354-3 |pages=229 |language=en}}</ref>
According to [[Islamic mythology|Islamic tradition]], this region is the birthplace of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]], who was born in Mecca, which is locally considered to have been founded by his ancestors [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]], and [[Hagar in Islam|Hagar]].<ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref><ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |title=Kaaba |encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]] |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref> The area became part of his empire through the [[early Muslim conquests]], and it formed part of successive caliphates, first the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], followed by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], and finally the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. The [[Ottoman Empire]] held partial control over the area; after its dissolution, an independent [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring [[Sultanate of Nejd]], creating the [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]].<ref>{{citation |last=Yamani |first=M. |author-link=Mai Yamani |year=2009 |title=Cradle of Islam: the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-1-84511-824-2}} (Pbk. ed.)</ref> In September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]] and [[Qatif]], creating the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unified]] Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref>[[Madawi Al-Rasheed|Al-Rasheed, M.]] ''A History of Saudi Arabia''. Cambridge, England, UK: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2002. {{verify source |year=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901919097]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/901471271]] cite #2 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref>A Brief overview of Hejaz - [http://www.rogersstudy.co.uk/hejaz/about.html Hejaz history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815012622/http://www.rogersstudy.co.uk/hejaz/about.html |date=August 15, 2018 }} {{verify source |year=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901919097]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/901471271]] cite #3 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]|date=July 2020}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
The name of the region is derived from a verb ''ḥajaza'' ({{lang|ar|حَجَز}}), from the Arabic root ''ḥ-j-z'' ({{lang|ar|ح-ج-ز}}), meaning "to separate",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rutter|first=Eldon|date=February 1931|title=The Hejaz|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=77|issue=2|pages=97–108|doi=10.2307/1784385|jstor=1784385|bibcode=1931GeogJ..77...97R }}</ref> and it is so called as it separates the land of the [[Najd]] in the east from the land of [[Tihamah|Tihāmah]] in the west.
== History ==
[[File:Hejaz Rail track laying near Tabuk 1906.jpg|thumb|Workers laying tracks for the [[Hejaz Railway]] near [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], 1906]]
=== Prehistoric and ancient times ===
[[File:Al Ula (6708283401).jpg|thumb|The city of [[Al-'Ula]] in 2012. The city's archaeological district is in the foreground, with the [[Hijaz Mountains]] in the background.]]
One or possibly two [[megalith]]ic [[dolmen]] have been found in Hejaz.<ref name="Scheltema2008">{{cite book|author=Gajus Scheltema|title=Megalithic Jordan: an introduction and field guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqUbAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 October 2012|year=2008|publisher=ACOR|isbn=978-9957-8543-3-1}}</ref>
The Hejaz includes both the ''[[Mahd adh Dhahab|Mahd adh-Dhahab]]'' ("Cradle of the Gold") ({{coord|23|30|13|N|40|51|35|E|}}) and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow {{convert|600|mi}} north east to the Persian Gulf via the [[Wadi Al-Rummah|Wādi Al-Rummah]] and [[Wadi al-Batin|Wādi Al-Bātin]] system. Archaeological research led by of [[Boston University]] and the University of Qassim indicates that the river system was active in 2500–3000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name=Sullivan2014>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Walter |title=Science Watch; Signs of Ancient River |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/30/science/science-watch-signs-of-ancient-river.html |access-date=2014-06-25 |work=The New York Times |date=1993-03-30 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921213128/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/30/science/science-watch-signs-of-ancient-river.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to [[Al-Masudi]] the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of ancient Israel,<ref>Ibn Khaldun, "Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar", Dar Al-Fikr publication. Beirut. 1988. volume 2 page 342</ref> and according to [[Butrus al-Bustani]] the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state.<ref>al-Bustani, Butrus. "Daerat Al-Maaref". Dar Al-Marifa Publication. Beirut. volume 11 page 672</ref> The German orientalist [[Ferdinand Wüstenfeld]] believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz.<ref>Wolfensohn, Israel. "Tarikh Al-Yahood Fi Belad Al-Arab". Al-Nafezah Publication. Cairo. 2006. page 68</ref>
The [[Midianites]] of the [[Bible]] lived in Hejaz.<ref>Rothenberg, "Egyptian Chariots, Midianites from Hijaz/ Midian (Northwest Arabia) and Amalekites from the Negev in the Timna Mines: Rock drawings in the Ancient Copper Mines of the Arabah – new aspects of the region's history II," ''Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies'', newsletter no. 23 (2003), p. 12.</ref> The northern part of the Hejaz was part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref name=romans>{{cite web |last=Kesting |first=Piney |title=Saudi Aramco World (May/June 2001): Well of Good Fortune |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200103/well.of.good.fortune.htm |access-date=2014-04-07 |archive-date=October 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023201749/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200103/well.of.good.fortune.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Era of Abraham and Ishmael ====
According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) brought his son [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismāʿīl]] (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. The [[Adnanites]] were a tribal confederation of the [[Ishmaelites|Ishmaelite]] [[Arabs]], who trace their lineage back to [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]] son of the [[Islamic prophet]] and [[patriarch]] [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] and his wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hagar]] through [[Adnan]], who originate from the Hejaz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slife.org/family-tree-of-muhammad/|title = Family Tree of Muhammad|date = 26 December 2018}}</ref> Some people from the [[Yemen]]i tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the ''[[Kaaba|Ka'bah]]'' ('Cube'),<ref name="qref|2|127|t=y|b=y">{{qref|2|127|t=y|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|3|96|t=y|b=y">{{qref|3|96|t=y|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|22|25-37|b=y">{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Lings1983"/><ref name="Glasse1991"/>
For example, in Arab or Islamic belief, the tribe of [[Quraysh]] would descend from Isma'il [[Patronymic#Arabic|ibn]] Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah,<ref name="qref|106|1-4|b=y">{{qref|106|1-4|b=y}}</ref> and include Muhammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]]. From the Period of ''[[Jahiliyyah|Jāhiliyyah]]'' ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of [[Hajj|Pilgrimage]], and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrahim.<ref name="qref|22|25-37|b=y"/> It was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to [[Hegira|migrate]] to Medina, to escape [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|persecution by his opponents in Mecca]].<ref name="Ishaq">{{cite book |last=Ibn Ishaq |first=Muhammad |author-link=Ibn Ishaq |editor-last=Guillaume |editor-first=Alfred |editor-link=Alfred Guillaume |title=Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |pages=88–589 |year=1955 |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n67/mode/1up |isbn=978-0-1963-6033-1}}</ref><ref name="armstrong">{{cite book |page=11 |title=Islam: A Short History |author=Karen Armstrong |isbn=0-8129-6618-X |year=2002|publisher=Random House Publishing }}</ref><ref name="Firestone1990">{{cite book|last=Firestone |first=Reuven |title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis |year=1990 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=[[Albany, New York]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C |isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0}}</ref><ref name=Tabari1987>{{cite book |author=al-Tabari |editor-first=William M. |editor-last=Brinner |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 2: Prophets and Patriarchs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQNtV--kD5sC&pg=frontcover |year=1987 |publisher=State University of NY Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-87395-921-6}}</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar">{{cite book |author=Mubarakpuri, S. R. |author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |title=Ar-Raḥīq Al-Makhtūm ''("The Sealed Nectar")'' |chapter=The Compensatory ‘Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage) |chapter-url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210422172520/https://www.webcitation.org/614HglZOe?url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s4.html |archive-date=2021-04-22 |year=2002 |access-date=2014-10-06 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960-899-55-1 |pages=127–47}}</ref><ref name="Haykal 1976">{{citation |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC |first=Husayn |last=Haykal |year=1976 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |pages=217–18}}</ref>
==== Era of Saleh ====
{{Main|Hegra (Mada'in Salih)}}
[[File:Qasr al Farid.JPG|thumb|The rock-carved ''Qaṣr Al-Farīd'' at ''Al-Ḥijr'' (Hegra) or ''Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ'' ("Cities of [[Salih|Saleh]]")]]
Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first [[World Heritage Site]] that was recognized by the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] is that of [[Al-Hijr Archaeological Site|Al-Hijr]]. The name ''Al-Ḥijr'' ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in the [[Quran|Qur'an]],<ref name="qref|15|80-84|b=y">{{qref|15|80-84|b=y}}</ref> and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to [[Petra]].<ref name="LonelyPlanet2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA316|title=Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula|author1=Butler, J. W. S.|author2=Schulte-Peevers, A.|author3=Shearer, I.|date=2010-10-01|publisher=Lonely Planet|pages=316–333|isbn=9781741791457}}</ref><ref name=unesco>{{cite web |title=Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293 |access-date=2014-04-07 |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction of the structures is credited to the people of [[Thamud]]. The location is also called ''Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ'' ("Cities of Saleh"),<ref name="qref|7|73-79|b=y">{{qref|7|73-79|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|11|61-69|b=y">{{qref|11|61-69|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|26|141-158|b=y">{{qref|26|141-158|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|54|23-31|b=y">{{qref|54|23-31|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|89|6-13|b=y">{{qref|89|6-13|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|91|11-15|b=y">{{qref|91|11-15|b=y}}</ref> as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet [[Saleh (prophet)|Saleh]] was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under the influence of other people, such as the [[Nabataeans]], whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by [[Islamic pilgrimage|Muslim Pilgrims]] going to Mecca.<ref name=romans/><ref name=hidden>{{cite web |last=Hizon |first=Danny |title=Madain Saleh: Arabia's Hidden Treasure – Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/06-11/madain-saleh-arabias-hidden-treasure-madain-saleh-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=2009-09-17 |archive-date=July 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111644/http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/06-11/madain-saleh-arabias-hidden-treasure-madain-saleh-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=whs>{{cite web |title=ICOMOS Evaluation of Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) World Heritage Nomination |publisher=World Heritage Center |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1293.pdf |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115061602/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293/documents/%23ABevaluation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=info>{{cite web |title=Information at nabataea.net |url=http://nabataea.net/medain.html |access-date=2009-09-17 |archive-date=December 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216211236/http://nabataea.net/medain.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Era of Muhammad ====
{{Main|Muhammad in Islam}}
[[File:MasjidNabawi.jpg|thumb|[[Prophet's Mosque|Muhammad's Mosque]] in [[Medina]], his place-of-residence after the ''[[Hegira|Hijrah]]'' (Migration) from Mecca, 2010]]
As the land of Mecca<ref name="qref|48|22-29|b=y"/> and Medina,<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/><ref name="qref|33|09-73|b=y"/><ref name="qref|63|1-11|b=y"/> the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic ''Ummah'' of followers, bore [[Sabr|patience]] with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, [[Sunnah|preached or implemented]] his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here, a number of battles or [[List of expeditions of Muhammad|expeditions]] were carried out in this area, like those of ''[[Battle of the Trench|Al-Aḥzāb]]'' ("The Confederates"), [[Battle of Badr|Badr]]<ref name="qref|3|110-128|b=y">{{qref|3|110-128|b=y}}</ref> and [[Battle of Hunayn|Ḥunayn]]. They involved both Makkan [[Sahabah|companions]], such as [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], [[Ubayda ibn al-Harith]] and [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]], and Madani companions.<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/><ref name="buk55774">{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|5|57|74}}</ref><ref name=pre-badr>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927031129/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s4.html Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"]</ref> The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire.<ref name="Lings1983"/><ref name="Ishaq"/><ref name="Firestone1990"/><ref name=Tabari1987/><ref name="EOIATMW">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world }}</ref><ref name="Holt (1977) p, 57">Holt (1977), p. 57</ref><ref name="Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32">Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32</ref>
=== Subsequent history ===
{{Further|Rashidun Caliphate|Umayyad Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate|Fatimids|Ayyubids|Mamluk Sultanate}}
[[File:Codice Casanatense Arabian Merchants.jpg|thumb|Hejazi Arabian merchant and wife (''[[Códice Casanatense]]'', c. 1540)]]
Due to the presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz, the region was ruled by numerous empires. The Hejaz was at the center of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 [[Common Era|ACE]]. The region was then under the control of regional powers, such as [[Egypt]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], throughout much of its later history. After the Ottomans lost control of it, Hejaz became an independent state.
==== Brief independence ====
{{Main|Kingdom of Hejaz}}
After the end of the Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]] became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hourani|first=Albert|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|year=2005|isbn=978-0-571-22664-1|pages=315–319|publisher=Faber & Faber }}</ref> In 1924, [[Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]] succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then [[Ibn Saud]] succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]] from 1926 to 1932.
==== In modern Saudi Arabia ====
{{Main|Regions of Saudi Arabia}}
On 23 September 1932, the two [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd|kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd]] were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Britannica history">{{cite encyclopedia|title=History of Arabia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia}}</ref> This day is commemorated as the [[Saudi National Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Saudi Arabia. ( The Saudi National Day 23, Sep )|url=https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866|access-date=21 September 2018|website=Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University|archive-date=December 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206142313/https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Culture ==
[[File:1قرية ذي عين.jpg|thumb|The village of Dhi 'Ain in [[Al-Bahah Province]]]]
=== Religion ===
The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by [[Islamic culture|that of Islam]], especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. Moreover, the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia, and the [[Sharia]] is the main legal source. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is not just adhered politically by the government but also it has a great influence on the people's culture and everyday life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia – Religion|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia|access-date=February 5, 2019|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503055449/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525348/Saudi-Arabia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Islam {{!}} The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/islam|access-date=February 5, 2019|website=www.saudiembassy.net|archive-date=March 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330021849/https://www.saudiembassy.net/islam|url-status=live}}</ref> The society is in general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family-oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage.
=== Cuisine ===
Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia, Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like [[Saleeg]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-11|title=Saleeg — a Saudi dish that won't let you down|url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/464223|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Arab News|language=en|archive-date=September 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922055749/https://www.arabnews.com/news/464223|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Dishes were imported from other cultures through Saudis of different origins, like [[Manti (food)|Mantu]] ({{lang|acw|منتو}}), Yaghmush ({{lang|acw|يَغْمُش}}) and [[Pilaf|Ruz Bukhāri]] ({{lang|acw|رُز بُخاري}}) from Central Asia, [[Börek|Burēk]] ({{lang|acw|بُريك}}) and [[Tsoureki|Šurēk]] {{lang|acw|شُريك}} and Kabab almīru ({{lang|acw|كباب الميرو}}) from Turkey and the Balkans, [[Mandi (food)|Mandi]] ({{lang|acw|مَنْدي}}) and [[Murtabak|Mutabbag]] ({{lang|acw|مُطَبَّق}}) from Yemen, [[Biryāni]] {{lang|acw|برياني}} and Kābli ({{lang|acw|كابلي}}) rice dishes from [[South Asia]]. Grilled meat dishes such as [[shawarma]] and [[kebab]] are well-known in Hejaz. The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice.
== Geography ==
[[File:Harrat Khaybar Space.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harrat Khaybar]], as seen from the [[International Space Station]]]]
The region is located along the Red Sea Rift. It is also known for its [[Wareqan Mountain|darker]], more [[volcano|volcanic]] [[sand]]. Depending on the previous definition, the Hejaz includes some of the [[Sarawat Mountains|mountains of the Sarat range]], which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah. [[Bdellium]] plants are also abundant in the Hejaz. Saudi Arabia, and in particular the Hejaz, is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tourists Guide To The 10 Amazing Volcanoes in Saudi Arabia|url=https://insidesaudi.com/the-tourists-guide-to-the-10-amazing-volcanoes-in-saudi-arabia/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=insidesaudi.com|language=en|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414012152/https://insidesaudi.com/the-tourists-guide-to-the-10-amazing-volcanoes-in-saudi-arabia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lava fields in the Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of ''ḥarrāt'' ({{lang|ar|حَرَّات}}, singular: ''ḥarrah'' ({{lang|ar|حَرَّة}})), form one of Earth's largest [[alkali basalt]] regions, covering some {{cvt|180,000|km2}}, an area greater than the state of [[Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=VOLCANIC ARABIA: It started with tremors|url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200602/volcanic.arabia.htm|access-date=2021-01-09|website=archive.aramcoworld.com|language=en|archive-date=February 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211015935/https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200602/volcanic.arabia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Flags ==
<gallery>
File:Flag of Afghanistan pre-1901.svg|Flag of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–661)
File:WhiteFlag.png|Flag of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750)
File:BlackFlag.svg|Flag of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (750–1258)
File:Fatimid flag.svg|Flag of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (909–1171)
File:Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg|Flag of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1254)
File:Mameluke Flag.svg|Flag of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] (1254–1517)
File:Ottoman Flag.svg|Flag of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (1517–1916)
File:Flag of Upper Asir.svg|[[Sheikdom of Upper Asir]] (1916-1920)
File:Ottoman red flag.svg|Provisional flag of the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] from 1916 to 1917
File:Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] (1917–1920)
File:Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] and the [[Sharifian Caliphate]] (1920 to 1926)
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.svg|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]] (1926 to 1932)
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|Flag of the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] (1973–present)
</gallery>
== Cities ==
[[File:DL1W7080.jpg|thumb|The [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|old city]] of [[Jeddah]] on the coast of the Tihamah]]
[[Al Bahah Region]]:
* [[Al Bahah|Al-Bāḥah]]<ref name="Al-Bahah City Profile">{{cite web |publisher=The Saudi Network |title=Al-Baha City Profile |url=http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/baha/Al%20Baha%20City%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172204/http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/baha/Al%20Baha%20City%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)|Medina]]:
* ''Al-Madīnah Al-Munawwarah'' ([[Medina]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
* [[Badr, Saudi Arabia|Badr]]<ref name="BadrMadinah">بـتـصـرف عـن مـجـلـة الأمـانـة الـعـدد عـشـرون شـوال 1419 تـصـدر عـن أمـانـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090107062046/http://imaratalmadinah.gov.sa/portal/page/portal/Emara/about%20emara/5 إمـارة مـنـطـقـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة]
</ref>
* ''Yanbuʿ al-Baḥr'' ([[Yanbu]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
[[Mecca Province]]:
* [[Taif|Aṭ-Ṭāʾif]]<ref name="Ta'if Municipality">{{Cite web |title=Brief about Ta'if City |website=Ta'if City |publisher=Taif Municipality |url=http://www.taifcity.gov.sa/pages/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81-57.aspx |language=ar |access-date=2016-04-26 |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180640/http://www.taifcity.gov.sa/pages/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81-57.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Jiddah'' ([[Jeddah]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
* ''Makkah'' ([[Mecca]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
* [[Rabigh|Rābigh]]<ref name="GeoNamesRabigh">{{cite web |publisher=GeoNames |title=Rābigh |url=http://www.geonames.org/103035/rabigh.html |access-date=2017-11-28 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803015323/https://www.geonames.org/103035/rabigh.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HajjUmrahPlanner, Al-Juhfah">{{Cite web |url=http://hajjumrahplanner.com/al-juhfah/ |title=Al-Juhfah {{!}} Hajj & Umrah Planner |website=hajjumrahplanner.com |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-04-10 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921220523/https://hajjumrahplanner.com/al-juhfah/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Tabuk Region]]:
* [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabūk]]<ref name="TheSaudiNetwork, Tabouk">{{cite web |title=Tabouk City Profile, Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/tabouk/Tabouk%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |website=The Saudi Network |access-date=2017-05-04 |language=en |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419152202/http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/tabouk/Tabouk%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Umluj]]
== International touristic development ==
[[File:Al Wajh Beach.jpg|thumb|Beach promenade in [[Al Wajh|Al-Wajh]]]]
As a component of [[Saudi Vision 2030]], a touristic destination with an area of {{convert|28,000|km2|abbr=off}} is under development,<ref name="Zawya 02-2019">{{cite news |newspaper=Zawya |url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Construction_underway_on_Saudi_Red_Sea_project_site-SNG_138916601/ |title=Construction underway on Saudi Red Sea project site |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001645/https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Construction_underway_on_Saudi_Red_Sea_project_site-SNG_138916601/ |url-status=live }}</ref> between the towns of [[Umluj]] ({{coord|25|3|0|N|37|15|54.36|E}}) and [[Al Wajh|Al-Wajh]] ({{coord|26|14|11.76|N|36|28|8.04|E}}), on the coast of the Red Sea. The project will involve "the development of 22 of the 90+ islands"<ref name="SaudiGazette 09-2017">{{cite news |newspaper=The [[Saudi Gazette]] |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/557422 |title=Red Sea project master plan wins approval |date=17 September 2017 |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922082622/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/557422 |url-status=live }}</ref> that lie along the coast to create a "fully integrated luxury mixed-use destination",<ref name="ArabNews 01-2019">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1441476/saudi-arabia |title=Hospitality is 'anchor' of Red Sea project |date=27 January 2019 |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922065421/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1441476/saudi-arabia |url-status=live }}</ref> and will be "governed by laws on par with international standards".<ref name="USAToday 08-2017">{{cite news |newspaper=The [[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/08/04/saudi-arabia-allow-women-wear-bikinis-new-beach-resort/538407001/ |title=Saudi Arabia to allow women in bikinis at new beach resort |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-14 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809193816/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/08/04/saudi-arabia-allow-women-wear-bikinis-new-beach-resort/538407001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Demographics ==
The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia,<ref name=":0" /> containing 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia Population Statistics 2011 (Arabic)|url=http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051640/http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|archive-date=November 15, 2013|page=11|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Most people of Hejaz are [[Sunni]]s with a [[Shia]] minority in the cities of Medina, Mecca and Jeddah. Many consider themselves more cosmopolitan because Hejaz was for centuries a part of the great empires of Islam from the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Riedel|first=Bruce|year=2011|title=Brezhnev in the Hejaz|url=http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=The National Interest|volume=115|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051640/http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|archive-date=November 15, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> People of Hejaz, who feel particularly connected to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, have probably the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Beranek2009">{{cite journal |last=Beranek |first=Ondrej |title=Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia |journal=Middle East Brief |date=January 2009 |volume=33 |pages=1–7 |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB33.pdf |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810232954/https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB33.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Taif Mountains (8355942584).jpg|[[Sarawat Mountains|Mountains]] near [[Taif|At-Ta'if]], 2012
File:Mina 2.JPG|The camp of [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] on the outskirts of Mecca, where [[Pilgrimage#Islam|Muslim pilgrims]] gather for the ''[[Hajj]]'' (Greater Pilgrimage). ''[[Masjid Al-Khayf]]'' is visible to the right.
File:Pilgrims must spend the time within a defined area on the plain of Arafat. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Muslim pilgrims gathering at the plain of [[Mount Arafat]]
File:جبل أحد.jpg|[[Mount Uhud]] in the area of [[Medina]]
File:Kaust-night-view.jpg|[[King Abdullah University of Science and Technology]] (KAUST) campus at night
File:Albaha.JPG|[[Al Bahah|Al-Bahah City]], located {{convert|2,155|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level
</gallery>
== <span id="Notable Hijazis"></span>Notable Hejazis ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2016}}
* Salih of Thamud<ref name="LonelyPlanet2010"/>{{efn|[[Quran]]: 7:73–79;<ref name="qref|7|73-79|b=y"/> 11:61–69;<ref name="qref|11|61-69|b=y"/> 26:141–158;<ref name="qref|26|141-158|b=y"/> 54:23–31;<ref name="qref|54|23-31|b=y"/> 89:6–13;<ref name="qref|89|6-13|b=y"/> 91:11–15.<ref name="qref|91|11-15|b=y"/>}}
=== Al-Abwa' ===
{{Further|Al-Abwa'}}
* [[Musa al-Kazim]] ibn Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, descendant of Muhammad<ref name="Sheikh al Mufid">{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/7thimam.html |title=The Infallibles Taken from Kitab al Irshad By Sheikh al Mufid |access-date=2008-11-20 |work=al-islam.org |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004015144/http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/7thimam.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Mecca ===
==== Pre–6th century CE ====
* [[Qusai ibn Kilab]] ibn [[Murrah ibn Ka'b]] ibn [[Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib]] ibn [[Fihr ibn Malik]] ibn [[An-Nadr ibn Kinanah]]<ref name="ruqaiyyah3">{{cite web |last=Maqsood |first=Ruqaiyyah Waris |url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily3.htm |title=The Prophet's Line Family No 3 – Qusayy, Hubbah, and Banu Nadr to Quraysh |publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213139/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily3.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan|Ma'add ibn Adnan]] the descendant of Isma'il ibn Ibrahim ibn [[Terah|Azar]] ibn [[Nahor, son of Serug|Nahor ibn Serug]] ibn [[Reu]] ibn [[Peleg]] ibn [[Eber]] ibn [[Salah (biblical figure)|Shelakh]],<ref name="Cite Genesis, Chapters 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 25">[[Book of Genesis]], Chapters 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 25</ref><ref name="Cite 1 Chronicles, Chapter 1">[[1 Chronicles]], Chapter 1</ref> Chief of the Tribe of [[Quraysh]], and an ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="IbnHisham">{{cite book |author=Ibn Hisham |title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad |volume=1 |page=181 }}</ref>
* [[Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai|Qusai's son Abd-al-Dar]]<ref name="SunyPress2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=53377|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912005228/http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=53377|url-status=dead|title=SUNY Press :: History of al-Tabari Vol. 39, The<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=September 12, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Masud">{{cite web |publisher=Masud |title=Adab of Islam |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/adab_of_islam.htm |access-date=2017-08-08 |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805234823/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/adab_of_islam.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the father of Uthman the father of Abdul-Uzza the father of [[Barrah bint Abdul Uzza|Barrah]] the maternal grandmother of Muhammad
* [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]], paternal ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="Ruqaiyyah4">{{cite web |last=Maqsood |first=Ruqaiyyah Waris |url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm |title=The Prophet's Family Line No. 4 – Amr (Hashim), the Founder of the Hashimites |publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213146/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai|Abdul-Uzza, son of Qusai]], and an ancestor of Barrah bint Abdul-Uzza
* [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim, son of Abd Manaf]], paternal great-grandfather of Muhammad, and the progenitor of Banu Hashim in the tribe of Quraysh
* [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn Hashim, paternal grandfather of Muhammad
* [[Hubbah bint Hulail]] ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Kaʿb ibn Amr al-[[Banu Khuza'ah|Khuzaʿi]], wife of Qusai, and an ancestor of Muhammad
* [[Atikah bint Murrah]] ibn Hilal ibn Falij ibn Dhakwan, wife of Abd Manaf, and an ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="Ruqaiyyah4"/>
==== Since ====
* [[Muhammad]] ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/>
* [[Abu Bakr]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> Abdullah ibn [[Uthman Abu Quhafa]]h ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn [[Taym ibn Murrah]] ibn Ka'b, father-in-law of Muhammad, and [[Caliph]]
* [[Umar]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> ibn [[Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl]] ibn Abdul-Uzza the descendant of [[Banu 'Adiy|Adi]] ibn [[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy]], father-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
* [[Ali]] ibn Abi Talib,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
* Hamzah, son of Abdul-Muttalib, and a paternal uncle of Muhammad, and other ''[[Muhajirun]]''<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/> or Makkan followers of Muhammad, including Ubaydah and Sa'd<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/><ref name="buk55774"/>
* [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib, son of Abdul-Muttalib]],<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> chief of [[Banu Hashim]], paternal uncle of Muhammad, and the father of Ali
* [[Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]],<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> Chief of Bani Hashim, and the paternal grandfather of Muhammad
* [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]<ref name="Chittick1981">{{cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C. |title=A Shi'ite Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMnFZOHkurcC&pg=PA138 |year=1981 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-87395-510-2}}</ref> ibn [[Asad ibn Abdul-Uzza ibn Qusai]], and other Meccan [[wives of Muhammad]]
* [[Fatima]]h,<ref name="Chittick1981"/> other [[Children of Muhammad|daughters of Muhammad]], and other [[Muhajirun|Muhajir women]]
* Umm [[Ammar ibn Yasir|Ammar]] [[Sumayyah bint Khayyat]], wife of [[Yasir ibn Amir|Yasir ibn Amir ibn Malik al-Ansi]], believed to be the first [[martyr]] from the followers of Muhammad
* [[Aminah]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/><ref name="IbnHisham"/> bint [[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]] ibn Murrah, wife of Abdullah, and the mother of Muhammad
=== Medina ===
==== Pre–6th century CE ====
* [[Salma bint Amr|Salmah, daughter of Amr]], wife of Hashim, and a great-grandmother of Muhammad<ref name="Ruqaiyyah4"/>
==== Since ====
* Caliph [[Hasan ibn Ali|Al-Hasan]],<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> and other [[Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|sons of Ali]] and [[Family tree of Muhammad|grandsons of Muhammad]] born in Medina<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* Caliph [[Umar II|Umar]] ibn [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan|Abdul-Aziz ibn Marwan]] ibn [[Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As]] ibn [[Umayyah ibn Abd Shams]] ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, great-grandson of Umar ibn Al-Khattab
* Al-[[Hasan of Basra]]
* [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] ibn [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zaynul-Abidin]], grandson of Hasan and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] the grandsons of Muhammad<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd ibn Ali Zaynul-Abidin]] ibn Husayn ibn Fatimah bint Muhammad, half-brother of Muhammad al-Baqir
* [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansari women]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/>
* [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ibn Muhammad al-Baqir<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* [[Malik ibn Anas|Malik the son of Anas ibn Malik ibn Abi Amir]] al-Asbahi (not [[Anas ibn Malik|Anas the companion of Muhammad]])
* [[Ali al-Rida]] ibn Musa al-Kadhim ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* [[Fatima bint Musa]] ibn Ja'far al-Maʿsumah of [[Qom|Qum]],<ref name="Jaffer2003">{{cite book |last=Jaffer |first=Masuma |title=Lady Fatima Masuma (a) of Qom |publisher=Jami'at al-Zahra: Islamic Seminary for Women |location=Qum, [[Iran]] |url=http://www.al-islam.org/masumaqum/ |year=2003 |access-date=June 5, 2018 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015202007/http://www.al-islam.org/masumaqum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> sister of Ali al-Ridha
* Abu [[Ali al-Hadi|Ali]] [[Muhammad al-Jawad]] ibn Ali al-Ridha<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
=== Ta'if ===
==== 6th–7th centuries CE ====
* [[Uthman]] ibn [[Affan ibn Abi al-As|Affan]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> ibn [[Abu al-'As ibn Umayyah]] ibn [[Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf]], son-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
* [[Urwah ibn Mas'ud]],<ref name="Ishaq"/> chief of [[Banu Thaqif]]
* [[Nafi ibn al-Harith]], [[physician]]<ref name="Browne2002">{{citation |last=Browne |first=Edward G. |author-link=Edward Granville Browne |title=Islamic Medicine |year=2002 |page=11 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=81-87570-19-9}}</ref>
==== Since ====
* [[Sharif Ali]] ibn Ajlan ibn Rumaithah ibn Muhammad, son-in-law and successor of [[Sultan Ahmad of Brunei]], father of [[Sulaiman (Brunei)|Sultan Sulaiman]], and a descendant of Muhammad<ref name=history-centre>{{cite web |title=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |url=http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |language=ms |publisher=www.history-centre.gov.bn |access-date=2016-08-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Saudi Arabia|History|Asia}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Al Baydha Project]]
* [[Desert of Paran]]
* [[Hejaz Vilayet]]
* [[Hejazi turban]]
* [[Hijazi script]]
* [[Midian]]
* [[Syria (region)#Sham|Relationship between the Hijaz, Shaam and Yemen]]
* [[Sharifate of Mecca]]
* [[History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia]]
{{div col end}}
== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mackey |first=Sandra |year=2002 |title=The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom |edition=Updated |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company |isbn=0-393-32417-6 |ref=none}} PBK, first edition: 1987.
== External links ==
{{commons category|Hejaz}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hejaz |short=x}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Middle Eastern megaliths}}
{{Regions of the world}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hejaz| ]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Red Sea]]
[[Category:Geographical regions of the Arabian Peninsula]]