View source for Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea

{{Short description|Welsh industrialist and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name             = The Lord Swansea
| honorific-suffix =
| image            = Henry Hussey Vivian, Vanity Fair, 1886-06-05.jpg
| imagesize        = 200px
| caption          = "[[Swansea (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea]]". Caricature by "Spy" ([[Leslie Ward]]) published in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' in 1886.
| birth_name       = Henry Hussey Vivian
| birth_date       = 6 July 1821
| birth_place      = [[Swansea]], Wales
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1894|11|28|1821|7|6|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Swansea]], Wales
| office1          = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status1          = Lord Temporal
| term_start1      = 9 June 1893
| predecessor1     = ''Peerage created''
| term_end1        = 28 November 1894
| successor1       = [[Ernest Vivian, 2nd Baron Swansea|The 2nd Baron Swansea]]
| constituency_MP2 = [[Swansea District (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea District]]
| term_start2      = 1885
| term_end2        = 1893
| predecessor2     = [[Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn]]
| successor2       = [[William Williams (Swansea MP)|William Williams]]
| constituency_MP3 = [[Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Glamorganshire]]
| term_start3      = 1857
| term_end3        = 1885
| predecessor3     = [[Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot]]
| successor3       = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency_MP4 = [[Truro (UK Parliament constituency)|Truro]]
| term_start4      = 1852
| term_end4        = 1857
| predecessor4     = [[Humphrey Willyams]]
| successor4       = [[Edward Brydges Willyams]]
| party            = [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] / [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| spouse           = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Jessie Dalrymple Goddard|1847|1848|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|Lady Flora Caroline Elizabeth Cholmeley|1853|1868|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|Averil Beaumont|1870}}
}}
| children         = 9
| parents          = [[John Henry Vivian]]<br />Sarah Jones
}}
[[File:Henry Hussey Vivian.JPG|thumb|Statue of The 1st Baron Swansea in [[Swansea]].]]
'''Henry Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea''' (6 July 1821 – 28 November 1894), known between May 1882 and June 1893 as '''Sir Hussey Vivian, 1st Baronet''', was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] industrialist and politician from the [[Vivian family (baronets and barons)|Vivian family]].
==Biography==
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2023}}
Born at [[Singleton Abbey]], [[Swansea]], Henry was the eldest son of industrialist and [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] [[John Henry Vivian]] and his wife Sarah, daughter of Arthur Jones, of [[Reigate]]. His younger brothers were [[Arthur Vivian]] (who would become an industrialist and MP), [[Glynn Vivian]] (afterwards an art collector and philanthropist) and Graham Vivian. His uncle was [[Richard Hussey Vivian]], first baron Vivian.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Vivian, Henry Hussey}}</ref> He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]] and studied metallurgy in Germany and France from 1838 before entering Trinity College, [[Cambridge]] in 1839.<ref>{{acad|id=VVN838HH|name=Vivian, Henry Hussey}}</ref>
After two years he became manager of the [[Liverpool]] branch of the copper-smelting business founded by his grandfather, [[Vivian & Sons]].  Three years later he became a partner of the firm before coming to Swansea to manage the [[Hafod]] Works during the last ten years of his father's life (1845–1855).  He developed a range of by-products from copper-smelting and diversified into other metallurgical activities.  He is credited with originating the "sliding scale" of miners' wages after the strike of 1889, though other authorities attribute the idea to William Thomas Lewis, afterwards Lord Merthyr.  He was one of the chief promoters of the [[Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway]], helped to further extend the harbour facilities of the town and championed the merits of Welsh coal in Parliamentary debates.  It was largely due to his efforts that Swansea became a major industrial centre.
He served as a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Truro (UK Parliament constituency)|Truro]] (1852–57), [[Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Glamorganshire]] (1857–1885), and [[Swansea District (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea District]], 1885–1893.
In 1889, he became the first chairman of the [[Glamorgan County Council, 1889-1974|Glamorgan County Council]]. He was also a Justice of the Peace, Deputy Lieutenant for Glamorgan and for some years first Lieutenant-Colonel of the 4th Glamorgan Rifle Volunteers.
He was created a [[baronet]] of [[Singleton Park|Singleton]], in the Parish of [[Swansea]] in the [[County of Glamorgan]], on 13 May 1882,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25106 |date=12 May 1882 |page=2221}}</ref> and '''Baron Swansea''', of Singleton in the County of Glamorgan, on 9 June 1893.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26412 |date=13 June 1893 |page=3383}}</ref>
After his death on 28 November 1894, probate was granted to his sons Henry Hussey Vivian and Odo Richard Vivian valuing his estate at £163,707 1s 9d, he was buried in the churchyard of St Paul's Church in [[Sketty]]. There is a bronze statue of Henry wearing a frock coat and gown in St. David's Shopping Centre, Swansea, created by Italian sculptor [[Mario Raggi]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Newman|first2=Stephen R.|last2=Hughes|first3=Anthony|last3=Ward|title=Glamorgan: (Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan and West Glamorgan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpUMspCtpNIC|year=1995|publisher=Penguin Books; University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-14-071056-4|page=601}}</ref> There is also a plaque at St John's Church in Hafod. It was erected by his widow and contains the words 'Life's race well run. Life's work well done. Life's crown well won. Then comes rest'.
Lord Swansea's younger brother [[Arthur Vivian|Sir Arthur Vivian]] was also a Liberal politician.
==Marriages and children==
Lord Swansea married, on 15 April 1847, to Jessie Dalrymple Goddard (c. 1825 – 28 February 1848), the daughter of [[Ambrose Goddard (Cricklade MP)|Ambrose Goddard]], of the Lawn, Swindon. His wife died of childbed fever a few weeks after the birth of their only child.
* [[Ernest Vivian, 2nd Baron Swansea|Ernest Ambrose Vivian, 2nd Baron Swansea]] (11 February 1848 – 17 July 1922); died unmarried
On 14 July 1853, he married [[Cholmondeley (surname)|Lady Flora Caroline Elizabeth Cholmeley]] (died 25 January 1868), daughter of [[Sir Montague Cholmeley, 2nd Baronet]]. They had one son;
* The Hon. John Aubrey Vivian (23 July 1854 – 1 March 1898); died unmarried
Lord Swansea took as his third wife, on 10 November 1870, Averil Beaumont (1841 – 14 January 1934), daughter of Capt. Richard Beaumont, R.N., and granddaughter of the [[Godfrey Macdonald, 3rd Baron Macdonald of Slate|3rd Baron Macdonald of Slate]]. He and his third wife had seven children;
* Violet Averil Margaret Vivian (3 December 1871 – 30 March 1943)
* Henry Hussey Vivian (5 February 1873 – 11 December 1898); died unmarried
* [[Odo Vivian, 3rd Baron Swansea|Odo Richard Vivian, 3rd Baron Swansea]] (22 April 1875 – 16 November 1934)
* Averil Vivian (4 December 1876 – 1 February 1959); married [[George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon]]
* Alexandra Gladys Vivian (c. 1879 – 17 July 1966)
* Alberta Diana Vivian (10 February 1883 – 1968)
* a daughter (10 February 1883)<ref>{{cite news |title=Births |work=The Cornishman |issue=241 |date=22 February 1883 |page=7}}</ref>
==Arms==
{{Emblem table
|image = [[File:Coat of arms of Vivian, Barons Swansea.svg|250px]]
|escutcheon = Or on a Chevron Azure between three Lions' Heads erased proper as many Annulets Gold on a Chief embattled Gules a Wreath of Oak Or between two Martlets Argent
|crest = 1st:  a Lion's Head erased proper charged with two Bezants palewise and gorged with a Collar Gules thereon three Annulets Or with a Chain of the last;  2nd:  issuant from a Bridge of one arch embattled and having at each end a Tower proper a Demi-Hussar in the uniform of the 18th Regiment holding in his right hand a Sabre and in his left a Red Pennon flying to the sinister
|supporters = Dexter:  A Dragon wings elevated Gules gorged with a Collar Or charged with three Torteaux;  Sinister:  A Horse Argent Saddle and Bridle proper Trappings Gules gorged with a Collar Sable charged with three Bezants
|motto = Vive Anima Dei (Live by the spirit of God)
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Rayment|date=February 2012}}
*{{Rayment-hc|date=February 2012}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Burke |first=Sir Bernard |author2=Burke, Ashworth P. |title=Burke's Peerage |publisher=Burke's Peerage Ltd |year=1928 |location=London }}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Norman Lewis |title=The Story of Swansea's Districts and Villages |publisher=The Guardian Press (Neath) Ltd. |year=1966 |location=Neath }}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Henry Hussey Vivian}}
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-henry-vivian | Henry Vivian }}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Ennis Vivian]]|before2=[[Humphrey Willyams]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Truro (UK Parliament constituency)|Truro]]|years=1852–1857|with=[[John Ennis Vivian]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Augustus Smith (politician)|Augustus Smith]]|after2=[[Edward Brydges Willyams]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot]]|before2=[[George Tyler (Royal Navy officer)|Sir George Tyler]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Glamorganshire]]|with=[[Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot]]|years=1857–1885}}
{{s-non|reason=Constituency abolished}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Swansea District (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea District]]|years=1885–1893}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Williams (Swansea MP)|William Williams]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Swansea]]|years=1893–1894|lords=1893–1894}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ernest Vivian, 2nd Baron Swansea|Ernest Vivian]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Swansea|Baronet]]|creation=of Singleton|years=1882–1894}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ernest Vivian, 2nd Baron Swansea|Ernest Vivian]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivian, Henry}}
[[Category:1821 births|Swansea, Henry Vivian, 1st Baron]]
[[Category:1894 deaths|Swansea, Henry Vivian, 1st Baron]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:British industrialists]]
[[Category:Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Welsh constituencies]]
[[Category:Leaders of local authorities of Wales]]
[[Category:Politicians from Swansea]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom|Swansea, Henry Vivian, 1st Baron]]
[[Category:Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies]]
[[Category:History of Swansea]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cornwall]]
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[[Category:UK MPs 1892–1895]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Members of Glamorgan County Council]]
[[Category:Vivian family|Henry]]
[[Category:Welsh justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Swansea constituencies]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:19th-century British businesspeople]]