View source for Hercules Posey

{{Short description|Enslaved African cook held at Mount Vernon}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Hercules Posey
| birth_date         = c. 1748
| birth_place        = [[Virginia]], [[Thirteen Colonies]]
| death_date         = May 15, 1812 (age 63-64)
| death_place        = [[New York City|New York]], [[United States]]
| nationality        = American
| other_names        = Uncle Harkless
| occupation         = Cook to [[George Washington]]
| years_active       =
| known_for          = Cook<br>[[Fugitive slave]]
| notable_works      =
| children           = 3 (maybe 4)
}}
'''Hercules Posey''' (c. 1748 – May 15, 1812) was a slave owned by George Washington, at his [[plantation]] [[Mount Vernon]] in [[Virginia]]. "Uncle Harkless," as he was called by [[George Washington Parke Custis]], served as chief cook at the Mansion House for many years. In November 1790, Hercules was one of eight enslaved Africans brought by President Washington to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], then the temporary national capital, to serve in the household of the [[President's House (Philadelphia)|third presidential mansion]].
On February 22, 1797, Washington's 65th birthday, Hercules escaped from Mount Vernon and fled to [[New York City]], where he lived under the name "Hercules Posey."  Posey remained a fugitive slave until January 1, 1801, when he was  [[manumitted]] under the terms of Washington's will. Because Posey's late wife Alice had been a "Dower" slave, owned by the estate of [[Daniel Parke Custis|Martha Washington's first husband]], their three children were not freed. Posey died in New York City in 1812 and was buried in the Second African Burying Ground.
==Life at Mount Vernon==
[[File:Mtvernon1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Mount Vernon]] from the north. Hercules was one of two cooks listed in the 1786 ''Mount Vernon Slave Census''.]]
Hercules was probably born around 1748, and was acquired by Washington as collateral for an unpaid loan made to Hercules's original owner, Washington's neighbor John Posey. Hercules first appears on tax records for Mount Vernon in 1771.
Hercules chose Alice, one of Martha Washington's "dower" slaves, as his wife, and they had three children: Richmond (born 1777), Eve (born 1782), and Delia (born 1785). He, Alice, and the three children were listed in the February 1786 ''Mount Vernon Slave Census'', which records him as one of two cooks in the Mansion House.<ref>1786 Mount Vernon Slave Census. ''Diaries of George Washington'', vol. 4, Donald Jackson & Dorothy Twohig, eds., (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press), pp. 277–83.[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0018 1786]</ref> Alice died in 1787.
Following Alice's death, he may have had another daughter. The sole source for this daughter is Louis Philippe's diary (see below).<ref name="LP"/> Louis Philippe's secretary estimated the girl's age as six, but she may have been Hercules's daughter Eve, who was listed in the June 1799 ''Mount Vernon Slave Census'' as "a dwarf."<ref name="1799 Census"/>
==Presidential household==
[[File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg|thumb|left|200px|"[[President's House (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)|Washington's Residence, High Street]]". Lithograph by William L. Breton, from [[John Fanning Watson]]'s ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1830).]]
Hercules was one of nine enslaved Africans brought to Philadelphia in 1790 by Washington to work in the presidential household. The others were his son Richmond (then 13 years old), [[Oney Judge]], Moll, Austin, [[Christopher Sheels]], Giles, Paris, and Joe (Richardson).<ref>Sarah, the wife of "Postilion Joe", and their children took the surname "Richardson" after being free under Washington's Will. Joe was a "dower" slave, and was not freed.</ref>
In the memoirs of Martha Washington's grandson, [[George Washington Parke Custis|G.W.P. Custis]], Hercules was recalled as "a celebrated artiste ... as highly accomplished a proficient in the culinary art as could be found in the United States." The cook was given the privilege of selling the extra food from the Philadelphia kitchen which, by Custis's estimate, earned him nearly $200 a year,<ref name="Hercules biographical sketch">{{cite web |last=Lawler |first=Edward Jr. |title=Hercules |url=http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/slaves/hercules.htm |work=The President's House in Philadelphia |publisher=[[Independence Hall Association]] |date=2014 |accessdate=January 19, 2016}}</ref> the annual salary of a hired cook. According to Custis, Hercules was a dapper dresser and was given freedom to walk about in the city.<ref name="LaBan1"/>
Washington allowed Hercules's son Richmond to work alongside his father in the Philadelphia kitchen for about a year, before returning him to Virginia. In November 1796, Richmond was implicated in a theft of money at Mount Vernon. Washington had suspicions that the father and son were planning a joint escape.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawler |first=Edward Jr. |title=Richmond |url=http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/slaves/richmond.htm |work=The President's House in Philadelphia |publisher=Independence Hall Association |date=2014 |accessdate=January 19, 2016}}</ref>
===Gradual Abolition Act===
In 1780, [[Pennsylvania]] passed the [[An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery|Gradual Abolition Act]], which freed all future children of the state's slaves.{{efn|Any <u>future</u> child of an enslaved Pennsylvania mother was born free, but also was required to work as an indentured servant for the mother's master until age 28.}} It also prohibited non-resident slaveholders living in Pennsylvania from holding slaves in the state for longer than six months.{{efn|By strict legal interpretation, a slave's residency could be terminated by spending one day outside the state. Non-resident slaveholders exploited this loophole until Pennsylvania eliminated it with a 1788 amendment to the Gradual Abolition Act. It was this amendment that Washington repeatedly violated. He was also careful never to spend six continuous months in Pennsylvania himself (which might be interpreted as establishing legal residency), arguing that he remained a citizen of Virginia, and subject to its laws regarding slavery.<ref name="Hercules biographical sketch"/>}} If held beyond that period, the act empowered those slaves to register as Pennsylvania residents, and claim their freedom. Members of Congress and their slaves were specifically exempted from the act. Officers of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government were not mentioned, since those branches did not exist until the U.S. Constitution was ratified, in 1789.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery. (1780) |url=http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/gradual.htm |work=The President's House in Philadelphia |publisher=Independence Hall Association |date=2014 |accessdate=January 19, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222073819/http://www.ushistory.org//presidentshouse/history/gradual.htm |archivedate=December 22, 2015 }}</ref>
When the national capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790, there was a question about whether the state law would apply to federal officials. Washington argued (privately) that he was a citizen of Virginia, that his presence in Pennsylvania was solely a consequence of Philadelphia's being the temporary national capital, and that the state law should not apply to him. Rather than challenging the state law in court, Washington took the advice of his attorney general, [[Edmund Jenings Randolph|Edmund Randolph]], and systematically rotated the President's House slaves in and out of the state to prevent their establishing a six-month continuous residency.<ref>[[An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery#President Washington's dilemma|President Washington's dilemma]]</ref> The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] later found Pennsylvania's 1788 amendment to the Gradual Abolition Act to be unconstitutional in ''[[Prigg v. Pennsylvania]]''.
==New research==
===2010===
Stephen Decatur Jr.'s book ''The Private Affairs of George Washington'' (1933) stated that Hercules escaped to freedom from Philadelphia in March 1797, at the end of Washington's presidency. Decatur, a descendant of Washington's secretary, [[Tobias Lear V|Tobias Lear]], discovered a cache of family papers unavailable to scholars, and presented Hercules's escape from Philadelphia as fact.<ref>Stephen Decatur, Jr., ''Private Affairs of George Washington'', (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1933), p. 296.</ref>
New research documents that Hercules was left behind at Mount Vernon following Christmas 1796, when the Washingtons returned to Philadelphia.<ref name="LaBan">{{cite web|last=LaBan|first=Craig|title=Hercules. Washington's Chef|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/hot_topics/84718777.html|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=April 25, 2012}}</ref> Historian Anna Coxe Toogood found Hercules and Richmond listed in the Mount Vernon farm records during the winter of 1796–97. With the Washingtons away, they and other domestic servants were assigned as laborers, to pulverize stone, dig brick clay, and grub out honeysuckle.<ref name="LaBan1">Craig LaBan, "Hercules: Master of cuisine, slave of Washington", ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', February 21, 2010, accessed April 2, 2012</ref>
In November 2009, Mary V. Thompson, research specialist at Mount Vernon, discovered that Hercules's escape to freedom was from Mount Vernon, and that it occurred on February 22, 1797 &ndash; Washington's 65th birthday. The president celebrated the day in Philadelphia, but it was also a holiday on the Virginia plantation. An entry in that week's Mount Vernon farm report noted that Hercules "absconded 4 [days ago]".<ref name="LaBan2">[http://www.philly.com/philly/restaurants/20100222_A_birthday_shock_from_Washington_s_chef.html?page=1&c=y Craig LaBan, "A birthday shock from Washington's chef"], ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', February 22, 2010, accessed April 2, 2012</ref>
===2019===
As reported by Craig LaBan in ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' in March 2019, [[Ramin Ganeshram]] uncovered new research about Hercules's likely whereabouts following his escape.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=LaBan|first=Craig|date=March 1, 2019|title=George Washington's enslaved chef, who cooked in Philadelphia, disappears from painting, but may have reappeared in New York|url=https://www.inquirer.com/food/craig-laban/george-washington-slave-chef-cook-hercules-gilbert-stuart-painting-wrong-20190301.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=June 29, 2020|website=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Ganeshram, and her colleague Sara Krasne at the [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport Historical Society]], found compelling evidence suggesting that Hercules, of whom there was no record after 1801, lived and died in New York City. Krasne found an index entry that listed a Hercules Posey of Virginia, aged 64, as having died of [[Tuberculosis|consumption]] on May 15, 1812, and having been buried in the Second African Burying Ground in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/cda1df8694ad406eaed22e4cd19ce2fc|title=Centuries-old mystery solved by Westport Historical Society|date=May 16, 2019|website=AP NEWS|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> Their new research was published by the Westport Historical Society in 2019.
==Freedom for some==
[[Louis-Philippe]], later king of France, visited Mount Vernon in the spring of 1797. According to his April 5 diary entry:
<blockquote>The general's cook ran away, being now in Philadelphia, and left a little daughter of six at Mount Vernon. Beaudoin ventured that the little girl must be deeply upset that she would never see her father again; she answered, "Oh! Sir, I am very glad, because he is free now."<ref name="LP">Louis-Philippe, ''Diary of My Travels in America'', translation by Stephen Becker (New York: Delacorte Press, 1977), p. 32.</ref>
</blockquote>
Hercules remained in hiding. In January 1798, the former President's house steward, Frederick Kitt, informed Washington that the fugitive was living in Philadelphia:
<blockquote>Since your departure I have been making distant enquiries about Herculas but did not till about four weeks ago hear anything of him and that was only that [he] was in town neither do I yet know where he is, and that it will be very difficult to find out in the secret manner necessary to be observed on the occasion.<ref>Frederick Kitt to George Washington, 15 January 1798. ''The Papers of George Washington, Retirement Series'', vol. 2, p. 25.</ref></blockquote>
The 1799 ''Mount Vernon Slave Census'' listed 124 enslaved Africans owned by Washington and 153 "dower" slaves owned by Martha Washington's family.<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0405 1799 Mount Vernon Slave Census], from University of Virginia Press.</ref> Washington's 1799 Will instructed that his slaves be freed upon Martha's death.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Washington's Last Will and Testament |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0404-0001 |work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] |date=July 9, 1799 |accessdate=January 19, 2016}}</ref> Washington died on December 14, 1799. At Martha Washington's request, the three executors of Washington's Estate freed her late husband's slaves on January 1, 1801. It is possible that Hercules did not know he had been manumitted, and legally was no longer a fugitive.
In a December 15, 1801, letter, Martha Washington indicated that she had learned that Hercules, by then legally free, was living in New York City.<ref>Martha Washington to Col. Richard Varick, December 15, 1801. ''"Worthy Partner:" The Papers of Martha Washington'', Joseph E. Fields, ed., (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), pp. 398-99.</ref> Nothing more is known of his whereabouts or life in freedom.
=== Descendants ===
Hercules and his wife Alice had three children: son Richmond (born 1777) and daughters Eve (also Evey; born 1782) and Delia (born 1785). Alice was a "dower" slave, and belonged to the Estate of Daniel Parke Custis, Martha Washington's first husband. [[Louis Philippe I]], later the last King of France, visited Mount Vernon in 1797, and wrote in his diary of Hercules's escape to freedom and how he had left behind his six-year-old daughter.<ref name="LP" /> This may have been Eve, or it may have been an unidentified fourth child fathered by Hercules after his wife's death.
A slave [[census]] taken in June 1799, only a few months before George Washington's death, shows that Richmond, in his early twenties, was working at the River Farm, on the outlying part of Mount Vernon, while Eve and Delia, in their teens, were working at the Mansion House.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Landscapes of Slavery at Mansion House Farm|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery/landscapes-of-slavery-mansion-house-farm/|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=George Washington's Mount Vernon|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Slavery at River Farm|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slavery-at-river-farm/|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=George Washington's Mount Vernon|language=en}}</ref><ref name="1799 Census">{{Cite web|title=Founders Online: Washington's Slave List, June 1799|url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0405|access-date=February 18, 2021|website=founders.archives.gov|language=en}}</ref>
Hercules and the other African Americans enslaved by George Washington were ultimately freed in 1801, but Hercules's children were not freed. Neither Martha Washington nor George Washington owned the "dower" slaves, and because Alice had been a "dower," her children had the same legal status. Following Martha Washington’s death, the Daniel Parke Custis Estate was dissolved and its assets distributed. Richmond, Eve and Delia would have been divided among Martha Washington's four grandchildren, but it is not known who was sent where.
==Legacy==
[[File:Hercules (chef).jpg|thumb|200px|Long thought to be a portrait of Hercules by [[Gilbert Stuart]] but is neither Hercules nor painted by Stuart<ref name="auto" />]]
A new building for the [[Liberty Bell]] opened in Philadelphia in 2003.  During excavation in 2000, remnants of the icehouse of the long-demolished [[President's House (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)|President's House]] were uncovered. A more extensive archeological excavation was undertaken in 2007, which revealed foundations of the kitchen, an underground passage that connected the kitchen to the main house, and foundations of the Bow Window (a precursor to the Oval Office). A memorial has been created on the site of the President's House to commemorate the house and all its residents, and honor the contributions of the slaves there and in Philadelphia's history and American history.
A portrait long attributed to [[Gilbert Stuart]], now at the [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]] in [[Madrid, Spain]], and thought to portray Hercules<ref name="Hercules biographical sketch"/> was examined by experts in 2017 and, in fact, determined not to be Hercules at all. Nor was it painted by Stuart<ref name="auto"/> but a free Dominican man.
A picture book for young children about Hercules, ''[[A Birthday Cake for George Washington]]'' illustrated by Vanessa Brantley-Newton and authored by [[Ramin Ganeshram]], was published by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic Trade Publishing]] in January 2016.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ramin |last=Ganeshram |others=Illustrated by Brantley-Newton, Vanessa |title=A Birthday Cake for George Washington |publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]] |date=January 5, 2016 |isbn=978-0-545-53823-7}}</ref> After receiving severe and widespread criticism for illustrations "depicting happy slaves",<ref>{{cite web |first=Colleen |last=Mondor |url=http://www.chasingray.com/archives/2016/01/we-need-to-stop-publishing-books-depicting-happy-slaves.html |title=We Need to Stop Publishing Books Depicting Happy Slaves |work=Chasing Ray |date=January 14, 2016 |accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> it was pulled by its publisher.<ref name=pulled>{{cite web|title=Scholastic pulls George Washington book over slave cake controversy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/17/scholastic-george-washington-book-slave-controversy|website=Guardian|date=January 18, 2016|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=January 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New statement about the picture book "A Birthday Cake for George Washington" |work=Scholastic |url=http://oomscholasticblog.com/post/new-statement-about-picture-book-birthday-cake-george-washington?linkId=20436400 |date=January 17, 2016 |accessdate=January 19, 2016}}</ref> In 2018, Ganeshram published ''The General's Cook'' the novel she had been working on prior to the publication of ''Birthday Cake.'' In the novel's acknowledgements, the author reprised public statements regarding her objections to and attempts to persuade the publisher to alter what she called the "offensive nature" of the picture book's illustrations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.skyhorsepublishing.com/9781628729771/the-generals-cook/|title=The General's Cook|work=Skyhorse Publishing|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/11/interview-with-ramin-ganeshram-author-of-the-generals-cook-a-novel/|title=Interview with Ramin Ganeshram, author of The General's Cook: A Novel - Journal of the American Revolution|date=November 5, 2018|work=Journal of the American Revolution|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[George Washington and slavery]]
* [[List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon]]
* [[List of enslaved people]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Hercules |url=http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/slaves/hercules.htm |work=[[Independence Hall Association]]}}
* {{cite web |title=Uncle George's Cabin |url=http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/news/fls022203.htm |work=Independence Hall Association}}
* {{cite web |title=Hercules and Hemings: Presidents' Slave Chefs |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18950467 |work=[[NPR]]}}
* {{cite web |title=Hercules' Greatest Feat |url=http://whyy.wordpress.com/category/sixth-square-almanac/ |work=Sixth Square Almanac |publisher= [[WHYY-FM|WHYY]]}}
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{{George Washington}}
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[[Category:1740s births]]
[[Category:1812 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American people]]
[[Category:American male chefs]]
[[Category:Chefs from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
[[Category:Custis family of Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Chefs from Virginia]]
[[Category:Chefs from New York City]]
[[Category:Fugitive American slaves]]
[[Category:People who were enslaved by George Washington]]
[[Category:18th-century American slaves]]