View source for Hiribya

{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Hiribya
| native_name             = <big>هربيا</big>
| native_name_lang        = ar
| other_name              = Hirbya, Herbieh<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883,  p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/235/mode/1up 235]</ref>
| settlement_type         =
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| etymology               = Herbieh, p.n., from "to take flight".<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/360/mode/1up 360]</ref>
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_map             = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption     = Location within [[Mandatory Palestine]] | image_map               = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption             = A series of historical maps of the area around {{PAGENAME}} (click the buttons)
| pushpin_mapsize         = 200
| coordinates             = {{coord|31|36|21|N|34|32|47|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name               = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
| grid_position           = 107/112
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type        = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Gaza]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1      = Date of depopulation
| established_date1       = late October–November 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p.   [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR20 xx], village No. 379. Also gives causes of depopulation.</ref>
| established_title2      = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| unit_pref               = dunam
| area_total_km2          = 23.3
| area_total_dunam        = 23,312
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of        = 1945
| population_total        = 2,300<ref name=DoS1945p31>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p31.jpg  31]</ref><ref name=Hadawi45>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Gaza/Page-045.jpg  45]</ref>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1         = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1         = Military assault by [[Yishuv]] forces
| blank1_name_sec1        = Secondary cause
| blank1_info_sec1        = Expulsion by [[Yishuv]] forces
| blank3_name_sec1        = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1        = [[Zikim]],<ref name=Khalidi102>Khalidi, 1992, p. 102</ref> [[Karmia]],<ref name=Khalidi102/> [[Yad Mordechai]]<ref name=Khalidi102/>
}}
'''Hirbiya''' ({{langx|ar|هربيا}}) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian Arab]] village in the [[Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Gaza Subdistrict]], located {{convert|14|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of [[Gaza City|Gaza]] along the southern coastal plain of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. Situated where the [[Battle of La Forbie]] took place in 1244,  it was depopulated during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]].<ref name="Khalidi">Khalidi, 1992, p.101.</ref>
==History==
===Prehistory===
{{see|Nizzanim culture}}
===Bronze Age===
Settlement at the site of Hirbiya dates back to the [[Canaan]]ite period.<ref name="Khalidi"/>
===Crusader period===
It was known as "Forbie" to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusaders]]. In 1226, the [[Syria (region)|Syrian]] geographer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] called it "Firbiya" (or "Farbaya") and noted that it was within the administrative jurisdiction of [[Ascalon]].<ref name="Khalidi"/><ref>le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/440/mode/1up 440]</ref>
The village was the site of a crucial battle, called the [[Battle of La Forbie]], between the Crusaders and the [[Ayyubid]]s, which ended in a decisive [[Ayyubid]] victory. Historians consider it second in strategic significance only to the [[Battle of Hattin]] in 1187.<ref name="Khalidi"/>
A circular [[Water well|well]], made of masonry, and the foundations of a small tower{{clarify|reason=Date? Both can be from whatever period. Further down there is a quote from the ccc talking of a ruined "Crusader fortress" still visible in C19. Same?|date=October 2023}} were still found there in the late 19th century.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/251/mode/1up 251]</ref>
===Ottoman period===
Hirbiya was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517 with the rest of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], by the  1596 [[Defter|tax records]] it  was  located in  the  ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of Gaza, a part of the [[Liwa of Gaza]]. It had a population of 160 households and 15 bachelors, an estimated  963 person, all [[Muslim]]. The villagers paid a  fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various products, including wheat, barley, grapes, fruit, and cotton; a total of  35,500 [[akçe]]. All of the revenue went to a [[waqf]].<ref>Hütteroth and  Abdulfattah, 1977,  p. 145. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 101</ref>
During the 17th and 18th centuries, settlement in  the region declined due to [[nomad]]ic attacks on local communities. The residents of abandoned villages moved to elsewhere  but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=Roy |last2=Taxel |first2=Itamar |date=2023-01-01 |title=Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalān's hinterland, 1270 – 1750 CE |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt1hr356xv/qt1hr356xv.pdf?t=s47wuf |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=82 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 1838 Hirbiya was described as part of the Gaza district.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/118/mode/1up 118]</ref>
An Ottoman village list from 1870 showed that ''Herbija'' had 58 houses and a population of 206, which included only men.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/155/mode/1up  155]</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n938/mode/1up  130], also noted 58 houses</ref>
In the late 19th century Hirbiya had a rectangular layout, although some of its adobe brick houses were scattered in surrounding orchards. The village was surrounded by a pond, a well, and several gardens. To the south were remains of the Crusader fortress.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III,  pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/235/mode/1up 235]-236, Also cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 101</ref>
===British mandate===
[[File:Hiribya 1931.jpg|thumb|Hiribya 1931 1:20,000]]
[[File:Ashkelon 1945.jpg|thumb|Hiribya 1945 1:250,000]]
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British mandate]] authorities, ''Herbia''  had a population of 1,037 inhabitants, consisting of 1031 Muslims and 6 Orthodox Christians,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n10/mode/1up  8]</ref><ref>Barron, 1923, Table XIII, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n46/mode/1up 44]</ref> The population had increased in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 1,520; 1,510 Muslims and 10 Christians, in 234 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 3].</ref> Hirbiya had a mosque and elementary school, both located in the village center. The school opened in 1922 and had an enrollment of 124 students in the 1940s.<ref name="Khalidi"/>
In  [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945]] Hiribya had a population of 2,300; 2,200 Muslims, 40 Christians  and 60 Jews,<ref name=DoS1945p31/> with a total of 22,312  [[dunam]]s of land, according to an official land and population survey.<ref name=Hadawi45/> Of this, 2,765 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 6,106 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 2,037  for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Gaza/Page-087.jpg  87]</ref> while 92  dunams were built-up land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi,  1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Gaza/Page-137.jpg  137]</ref>
===1948 war===
Hirbiya was targeted in October 1948 during [[Operation Yoav]], coming under aerial bombardment on October 15–16. A planned attack  was called off when Israeli forces learned that a large [[Egyptian Army]] force was quartered in the village. Khalidi speculates  that the village fell to Israeli forces in early November, shortly after the occupation of Ascalon.<ref name=Khalidi102/>
===Israel===
Following the war the area was incorporated into the [[State of Israel]] and two [[kibbutz]]im, [[Zikim]] and [[Karmia]], were established on village lands in 1949 and 1950 respectively. [[Kibbutz]] [[Yad Mordechai]], established in 1943, expanded onto Hirbiya's lands. According to   Khalidi, only the mosque, which was used as a  warehouse,  and one residential building, remain from earlier times.
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book |last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book |title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=S.|last1=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)  | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ  | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
* {{cite book | title = Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 | url = https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft | first = G.| last = Le Strange | author-link1 = Guy Le Strange | publisher = Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] | location = London | year = 1890 | oclc = 1004386}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B.|last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|  location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite journal | last = Socin | first =A.| author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[https://www.palestineremembered.com/Gaza/Hiribya/index.html Welcome To Hiribya]
*[http://www.zochrot.org/village/view?id=49126 Hiribya], [[Zochrot]]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 19: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8381   IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.19.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/gaza/hiribya.htm Hiribya] from [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
[[Category:District of Gaza]]
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]]